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Rice panicles, a major component of yield, are regulated by phytohormones and nutrients. How mineral nutrients promote panicle architecture remains largely unknown. Here, we report that NIN-LIKE PROTEIN3 and 4 (OsNLP3/4) are crucial positive regulators of rice panicle architecture in response to nitrogen (N). Loss-of- function mutants of eitherOsNLP3orOsNLP4produced smaller panicles with reduced primary and secondary branches and fewer grains compared with wild type, whereas their overexpression plants showed the opposite phenotypes. Notably, the OsNLP3/4-regulated panicle architecture was positively correlated with N availability. OsNLP3/4 directly bind to the promoter ofOsRFLand activate its expression to promote inflorescence meristem development. Furthermore, OsRFL activatesOsMOC1expression by binding to its promoter. Our findings reveal the novel N- responsive OsNLP3/4-OsRFL-OsMOC1 module that integrates N availability to regulate panicle architecture, shedding light on how nutrient signals regulate panicle architecture and providing candidate targets for the improvement of crop yield.

Nutrients must be balanced for optimal plant growth. However, the potential significance of balanced nitrogen-iron (N-Fe) for improving crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has never been addressed. Here, we show that balanced N-Fe substantially increases tiller number and boosts yield and NUE in rice and wheat. NIN-like protein 4 plays a pivotal role in maintaining the N-Fe balance by coordinately regulating the expression of multiple genes in N and Fe metabolism and signaling. Moreover, we show that foliar spraying of balanced N-Fe at the tillering stage can effectively increase rice tillers, yield and NUE in the field, which can be reproduced with wheat. Our findings provide guidelines for innovative fertilization to reduce N fertilizer input and promote yield, thus benefitting environment-friendly and sustainable agriculture worldwide.

Paraquat is one of the most widely used nonselective herbicides and has elicited the emergence of paraquat-resistant weeds. However, the molecular mechanisms of paraquat resistance are not completely understood. Here we report the Arabidopsis gain-of-function mutant pqt15-D with significantly enhanced resistance to paraquat and the corresponding gene PQT15, which encodes the Multidrug and Toxic Extrusion (MATE) transporter DTX6. A point mutation at +932 bp in DTX6 causes a G311E amino acid substitution, enhancing the paraquat resistance of pqt15-D, and overexpression of DTX6/PQT15 in the wild-type plants also results in strong paraquat resistance. Moreover, heterologous expression of DTX6 and DTX6-D in Escherichia coli significantly enhances bacterial resistance to paraquat. Importantly, overexpression of DTX6-D enables Arabidopsis plants to tolerate 4 mM paraquat, a near-commercial application level. DTX6/PQT15 is localized in the plasma membrane and endomembrane, and functions as a paraquat efflux transporter as demonstrated by paraquat efflux assays with isolated protoplasts and bacterial cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that DTX6/PQT15 is an efflux transporter that confers paraquat resistance by exporting paraquat out of the cytosol. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism of paraquat resistance in higher plants and provide a promising candidate gene for engineering paraquat-resistant crops.

Salt stress is a major constraint of plant growth and yield. Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are known to alleviate salt stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that OsNLP4-OsMADS27 module controls nitrate-dependent salt tolerance in rice. The expression of OsMADS27 is specifically induced by nitrate. The OsMADS27 knockout mutants are more sensitive to salt stress than the wild type, whereas the OsMADS27 overexpression lines are more tolerant. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that OsMADS27 controls the expression of a number of known stress-responsive genes as well as those involved in ion homeostasis and antioxidation. We demonstrated that OsMADS27 directly binds to the promoter of OsHKT1.1 and OsSPL7 to regulate their expression. Notably, OsMADS27-mediated salt tolerance is nitrate-dependent and positively correlated with nitrate concentration. We further showed that OsNLP4, a nitrate-responsive key regulator in N metabolism and N use efficiency, positively regulates the expression of OsMADS27 by directly binding to the nitrate-responsive cis-element in its promoter, thereby transmitting the nitrate signal to OsMADS27 and conferring its nitrate dependence. Our results reveal the role of nitrate-responsive OsNLP4-OsMADS27 module and its downstream target genes in salt tolerance, filling the gap in the molecular mechanism of nitrate-dependent salt tolerance of rice. Moreover, OsMADS27 overexpression increased grain yield under salt stress in presence of sufficient nitrate, indicating that OsMADS27 is a promising candidate for the improvement of salt tolerance in rice.

Salt stress is a major constraint on plant growth and yield. Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are known to alleviate salt stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that nitrate-dependent salt tolerance is mediated by OsMADS27 in rice. The expression of OsMADS27 is specifically induced by nitrate. The salt-inducible expression of OsMADS27 is also nitrate dependent. OsMADS27 knockout mutants are more sensitive to salt stress than the wild type, whereas OsMADS27 overexpression lines are more tolerant. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that OsMADS27 upregulates the expression of a number of known stress-responsive genes as well as those involved in ion homeostasis and antioxidation. We demonstrate that OsMADS27 directly binds to the promoters of OsHKT1.1 and OsSPL7 to regulate their expression. Notably, OsMADS27-mediated salt tolerance is nitrate dependent and positively correlated with nitrate concentration. Our results reveal the role of nitrate-responsive OsMADS27 and its downstream target genes in salt tolerance, providing a molecular mechanism for the enhancement of salt tolerance by nitrogen fertilizers in rice. OsMADS27 overexpression increased grain yield under salt stress in the presence of sufficient nitrate, suggesting that OsMADS27 is a promising candidate for the improvement of salt tolerance in rice.

Plants frequently suffer from environmental stresses in nature and have evolved sophisticated and efficient mechanisms to cope with the stresses. To balance between growth and stress response, plants are equipped with efficient means to switch off the activated stress responses when stresses diminish. We previously revealed such an off-switch mechanism conferred by Arabidopsis PARAQUAT TOLERANCE 3 (AtPQT3) encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase, knockout of which significantly enhances resistance to abiotic stresses. To explore whether the rice homologue OsPQT3 is functionally conserved, we generated three knockout mutants with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The OsPQT3 knockout mutants (ospqt3) display enhanced resistance to oxidative and salt stress with elevated expression of OsGPX1, OsAPX1 and OsSOD1. More importantly, the ospqt3 mutants show significantly enhanced agronomic performance with higher yield compared with the wild type under salt stress in greenhouse as well as in field conditions. We further showed that OsPQT3 expression rapidly decreased in response to oxidative and other abiotic stresses as AtPQT3 does. Taken together, these results show that OsPQT3 is functionally well conserved in rice as an off-switch in stress response as AtPQT3 in Arabidopsis. Therefore, PQT3 locus provides a promising candidate for crop improvement with enhanced stress resistance by gene editing technology.

Nitrogen (N) is indispensable for crop growth and yield, but excessive agricultural application of nitrogenous fertilizers has generated severe environmental problems. A desirable and economical solution to cope with these issues is to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Plant NUE has been a focal point of intensive research worldwide, yet much more has to be learned about its genetic determinants and regulation. Here, we show that rice NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 1 (OsNLP1) plays a fundamental role in N utilization. OsNLP1 protein localizes in nucleus and its transcript level is rapidly induced by N starvation. Overexpression of OsNLP1 improves plant growth, grain yield and NUE under different N conditions while knockout of OsNLP1 impairs grain yield and NUE under N limiting conditions. OsNLP1 regulates nitrate and ammonium utilization by cooperatively orchestrating multiple N uptake and assimilation genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and yeast-one-hybrid assays show that OsNLP1 can directly bind to the promoter of these genes to activate their expression. Therefore, our results demonstrate that OsNLP1 is a key regulator of N utilization and represents a potential target for improving NUE and yield in rice.One-sentence summaryOsNLP1 rapidly responds to N availability, enhances N uptake and assimilation, and holds great potential in promoting high yield in rice.

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for crop growth and yield. Improving the N use efficiency (NUE) of crops is important to agriculture. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NUE regulation remain largely elusive. Here we report that the OsNLP3 (NIN-like protein 3) regulates NUE and grain yield in rice under N sufficient conditions. OsNLP3 transcript level is significantly induced by N starvation and its protein nucleocytosolic shuttling is specifically regulated by nitrate. Loss-of-function of OsNLP3 reduces plant growth, grain yield, and NUE under sufficient nitrate conditions, whereas under low nitrate or different ammonium conditions, osnlp3 mutants show no clear difference from the wild type. Importantly, under sufficient N conditions in the field, OsNLP3 overexpression lines display improved grain yield and NUE compared with the wild type. OsNLP3 orchestrates the expression of multiple N uptake and assimilation genes by directly binding to the nitrate-responsive cis-elements in their promoters. Overall, our study demonstrates that OsNLP3, together with OsNLP1 and OsNLP4, plays overlapping and differential roles in N acquisition and NUE, and modulates NUE and the grain yield increase promoted by N fertilizer. Therefore, OsNLP3 is a promising candidate gene for the genetic improvement of grain yield and NUE in rice.

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for crop growth and yield, but excessive application of N fertilizer has caused serious environmental pollution and greatly increased the cost of agricultural production. One of the effective and economical solutions to this dilemma is to improve the N use efficiency (NUE) of crops. Although some components involved in regulating NUE have been identified, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely elusive in rice. Here we report that the OsNLP3 (NIN-like protein 3) is an important regulator in NUE and grain yield under nitrate-sufficient conditions. Both NUE and grain yield were significantly improved by enhanced OsNLP3 expression in the field, but reduced in osnlp3 mutants. The expression of OsNLP3 responds to both nitrate and ammonium, while OsNLP3 nuclear retention is only induced by nitrate, not by ammonium. OsNLP3 regulates the expression of a set of genes involved in N transport and assimilation by directly binding to the nitrate-responsive cis-element in the promoters of these genes. Our study demonstrates that OsNLP3 is significant for the regulation of NUE and grain yield, particularly in nitrate-rich conditions, thus providing a candidate for improving NUE and grain yield in rice.

Paraquat is one of the most widely used non-selective herbicides and has elicited the emergence of paraquat resistant weeds. However, the molecular mechanisms of paraquat resistance are not completely understood. Here we report an Arabidopsis gain-of-function mutant pqt15-D with significantly enhanced resistance to paraquat and the corresponding PQT15 encoding the MATE transporter DTX6. A point mutation at +932 bp in DTX6 causing the G311E amino acid residue change brings about the enhanced paraquat resistance of pqt15-D. Overexpression of DTX6/PQT15 in the wild type also confers strong paraquat resistance, whereas the DTX6/PQT15 knockout mutants exhibits hypersensitive phenotype to paraquat. Moreover, heterologous expression of DTX6 and DTX6-D in E. coli significantly enhances bacterial resistance to paraquat. DTX6/PQT15 mainly localizes in the plasma membrane as shown by DTX6-GFP and functions as a paraquat efflux transporter as demonstrated by paraquat efflux assays with isolated protoplasts and bacterial cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that DTX6/PQT15 is an efflux transporter and confers paraquat resistance by exporting paraquat out of cytosol, therefore unraveling a molecular mechanism of paraquat resistance in higher plants and providing a promising candidate of generating paraquat resistance crops.

Summary Nitrogen (N) is one of the key essential macronutrients that affects rice growth and yield. Inorganic N fertilizers are excessively used to boost yield and generate serious collateral environmental pollution. Therefore, improving crop N use efficiency (NUE) is highly desirable and has been a major endeavour in crop improvement. However, only a few regulators have been identified that can be used to improve NUE in rice to date. Here we show that the rice NIN‐like protein 4 (OsNLP4) significantly improves the rice NUE and yield. Field trials consistently showed that loss‐of‐OsNLP4 dramatically reduced yield and NUE compared with wild type under different N regimes. In contrast, the OsNLP4 overexpression lines remarkably increased yield by 30% and NUE by 47% under moderate N level compared with wild type. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that OsNLP4 orchestrates the expression of a majority of known N uptake, assimilation and signalling genes by directly binding to the nitrate‐responsive cis‐element in their promoters to regulate their expression. Moreover, overexpression of OsNLP4 can recover the phenotype of Arabidopsis nlp7 mutant and enhance its biomass. Our results demonstrate that OsNLP4 plays a pivotal role in rice NUE and sheds light on crop NUE improvement.

Plants frequently suffer from environmental stresses in nature and have evolved sophisticated and efficient mechanisms to cope with the stresses. To balance between growth and stress response, plants are equipped with efficient means to switch off the activated stress responses when stresses diminish. We previously revealed such an off-switch mechanism conferred by Arabidopsis PARAQUAT TOLERANCE 3 (AtPQT3) encoding an E3 ubiquitin ligase, knockout of which significantly enhances resistance to abiotic stresses. To explore whether the rice homologue OsPQT3 is functionally conserved, we generated three knockout mutants with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The OsPQT3 knockout mutants (ospqt3) display enhanced resistance to oxidative and salt stress with elevated expression of OsGPX1, OsAPX1 and OsSOD1. More importantly, the ospqt3 mutants show significantly enhanced agronomic performance with higher yield compared with the wild type under salt stress in greenhouse as well as in field conditions. We further showed that OsPQT3 expression rapidly decreased in response to oxidative and other abiotic stresses as AtPQT3 does. Taken together, these results show that OsPQT3 is functionally well conserved in rice as an off-switch in stress response as AtPQT3 in Arabidopsis. Therefore, PQT3 locus provides a promising candidate for crop improvement with enhanced stress resistance by gene editing technology.

Plants frequently suffer from environmental stresses in nature and have evolved sophisticated and efficient mechanisms to cope with the stresses. To balance between growth and stress response, plants are equipped with efficient means to switch off the activated stress responses when stresses diminish. We previously revealed such an off-switch mechanism conferred by Arabidopsis PQT3, knockout of which significantly enhances resistance to abiotic stresses. To explore whether the rice homolog OsPQT3 is functionally conserved, we generated three knockout mutants with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The OsPQT3 knockout mutants (ospqt3) display enhanced resistance to oxidative and salt stress with elevated expression of OsGPX1, OsAPX1, and OsSOD1. More importantly, the ospqt3 mutants show significantly enhanced agronomic performance with higher yield compared with the wild type under salt stress in greenhouse as well as in field conditions. We further showed that OsPQT3 was rapidly down regulated in response to oxidative and other abiotic stresses as AtPQT3. Taken together, these results support our previous findings that AtPQT3 acts as an off-switch in stress response, which is well conserved in rice. Therefore, PQT3 locus provides a promising candidate for crop improvement with enhanced stress resistance by gene editing technology.

Nitrogen (N) is one of the key essential macronutrients that affects rice growth and yield. Inorganic N fertilizers are excessively used to boost yield and generate serious collateral environmental pollution. Therefore, improving crop N use efficiency (NUE) is highly desirable and has been a major endeavor in crop improvement. However, only a few regulators have been identified that can be used to improve NUE in rice to date. Here we show that the NIN-like protein OsNLP4 significantly improves the rice NUE and yield. Field trials consistently showed that loss-of-OsNLP4 dramatically reduced yield and NUE compared with wild type under different N regimes. In contrast, the OsNLP4 overexpression lines remarkably increased yield by 30% and NUE by 47% under moderate N level compared with wild type. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that OsNLP4 orchestrates the expression of a majority of known N uptake, assimilation and signaling genes by directly binding to the nitrate-responsive cis-element in their promoters to regulate their expression. Moreover, overexpression of OsNLP4 can recover the phenotype of Arabidopsis nlp7 mutant and enhance its biomass. Our results demonstrate that OsNLP4 is a master regulator of NUE in rice and sheds light on crop NUE improvement.

In order to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2, through adding different concentration of Sn ion, the photocatalytic performances of TiO2 thin films are changed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum of TiO2 thin films before and after doping Sn ion are compared, and the transmission spectrum and optical absorption spectrum of TiO2 thin film are analyzed. The results show that: after the implantation of Sn ion, there is a new compound Ti1-xSnxO2 on the TiO2 film’s surface, which has a higher photocatalytic activity than pure TiO2. In addition, Sn/TiO2 film has broaden the scope of its light response after ion implantation, so that it can be more effectively in using light source to send out the photons of longer waveband, and makes the photocatalytic activity of Sn/TiO2 thin films increase.

The main aim of this paper is to improve the control efficiency of the sewage treatment system, by analyzing the various control parameters of sewage treatment system and comparing different ways of automatic control, Siemens S7-200 Programmable Logic Controller(PLC) is applied to the system. We designed the control flow charts of coarse grid and dewatering system, compiled the total manual program and automatic control program of aerated grit chamber by using STEP 7-Micro/WIN 32 software, and realized the related equipment automatic control in the sewage treatment system which can run the coarse grid machine that runs for 20 minutes and stops for 2 hours alternately et cetera. The results show that the controllability of sewage treatment system is enhanced and the efficiency is improved.

In order to seek a better way of control in sewage treatment, a control system which consisted of water unit, sand unit, the oxidation ditch unit, precipitation unit and sludge dewatering unit was designed. The paper investigates various controllable parameters in sewage treatment system and the way of present common automation control. We designed manual control variable aeration program and two automatic control subroutine which included thickness grille and pumping station by using WIN 32 software. The program is designed in Siemens STEP 7 V5.5 software development platform and chose the 10 input contacts which are I0.0~I0.7, I1.0~I1.1 and 10 output contact which are Q1.0~Q1.1, Q0.0~Q0.7.This design achieves automatic control and improves the purifying efficiency on the premise of ensuring water quality.

In order to improve the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators, a control system of constant current source based on Single Chip Microcomputer (SCM) is designed. In the control process, we use the pulse signal from microcontroller P1 port as digital signals of the switch. By changing the number of contact closure control, we achieve steady flow output of different magnitude. By using closed-loop feedback control, we achieve constant monitoring of dust concentration and ensure it compliance with outlet concentration of national requirements. The results show that microcontroller control system has a strong anti-interference, high accuracy, ease of programming, etc. Used in the electrostatic precipitator, collection efficiency can be further improved.

In order to achieve the automatic control of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) more efficiently and accurately, an ESP system combining hardware and software is designed. According to the requirement of the ESP system,the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) is introduced to the ESP control system and the system is divided into four modules.These sub-modules are designed and the simulation waveform of the system is ananalyzed,based on the Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) programming language and Quartus software.The results show that the security, flexibility and reliabity of the system is improved by using EDA as the control ,which is a great value for generalization.

Dimethyldichlorosilane hydrolysis devices are now faced with problems of incomplete reaction and emulsion between the mixture of siloxane and the hydrochloric acid. This paper adopted ideas of falling film and designed a inclined plate to avoid the problems. CFD software was used to simulate the water-oil falling film on the plate.The simulation results show that using a inclined plate within the reactor can expand the contact area between water and oil effectively. The hydrolysis reaction is completed and there is no emulsified phenomenon happening by using the plate.

In order to improve the level of automation and realize remote control of the transformer temperature control system, a fast remote automatic control system that based on the chip TMS320C6713 was designed by us. Using four temperature sensors (Pt100) tow amplifier and analogy to digital (A/D) convertor detect deal with the signal of the temperature of winding and environmental. According with the temperature of transformer to control the cooling device switch on or off, the service life of the radiator was extended. In the design the digital signal processor (DSP) chip is communication with the central control room through the RS-485 bus, which makes the remote transformer temperature monitor into reality. In addition, this system is more versatility and reliability than the traditional device.

It is urgent to study a new control system for improving the efficiency of electrostatic precipitator. The System-on-a-Programmable-Chip (SOPC) development board, which belongs to the series of Cyclone of Altera Company, is used as the development platform. Analog Digital (AD) conversion module, voltage control module and overall control module of the electrostatic precipitator are designed and the simulation waveform of the system is analyzed, based on the programmable logic device EP1C12Q240C6 and Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) programming language. The results show that: by using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) as the control, transformation of AD is accurate and fast and high voltage power supply is stable, which leads to a certain value for generalization.

Seed germination is a crucial checkpoint for plant survival under unfavorable environmental conditions. Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling plays a vital role in integrating environmental information to regulate seed germination. It has been well known that MCM1/AGAMOUS/DEFICIENS/SRF (MADS)-box transcription factors are key regulators of seed and flower development in Arabidopsis. However, little is known about their functions in seed germination. Here we report that MADS-box transcription factor AGL21 is a negative regulator of seed germination and post-germination growth by controlling the expression of ABA-INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) in Arabidopsis. The AGL21-overexpressing plants were hypersensitive to ABA, salt, and osmotic stresses during seed germination and early post-germination growth, whereas agl21 mutants were less sensitive. We found that AGL21 positively regulated ABI5 expression in seeds. Consistently, genetic analyses showed that AGL21 is epistatic to ABI5 in controlling seed germination. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further demonstrated that AGL21 could directly bind to the ABI5 promoter in plant cells. Moreover, we found that AGL21 responded to multiple environmental stresses and plant hormones during seed germination. Taken together, our results suggest that AGL21 acts as a surveillance integrator that incorporates environmental cues and endogenous hormonal signals into ABA signaling to regulate seed germination and early post-germination growth.

The power plant boiler automatic control system is designed on the basis of Siemens S7-200 in this paper. Based on the introduction of the Siemens S7-200 and the works of the boiler, the total power plant boiler control system is designed in details. Besides the initialized program is designed based on the input and output address of all the switches. The communication program is achieved, including the initialization of the program running parameters, the call of the system subroutine, the calculation of the checksum, the real-time data receiving process, etc. Finally, the heat energy is successfully and automaticly converted to the electricity in the boiler based on the PLC.

Grounded on Labview platform, the grid of technology of solution pH value contributes to a new device----the auto-control technology of solution pH value. This device is easier to operate just by the parameter input in the interface. And it breaks the limit of single admeasuring apparatus, meanwhile adopts the method of picking the average value by multi-metering, which avoids the delay effect caused by solution mixing link. The Acid precipitation-Flocculation process in paper making sewage sets an example for the pH value auto-control and supports PAC control of pH value with software concept.

A novel spatial modulation scheme based on Space-Shift Keying (SSK) modulation is introduced for MIMO system. The proposed scheme doubles the spectrum efficiency of SSK by assigning unique symbols to different combinations of antenna indexes per symbol duration, while retaining the SSK’s inherent advantages. The optimal detector is utilized at the receiver simultaneously. Analytical and simulation results show: 1) in Rayleigh fading channel scenario，the obtained gains in SNR for the same spectral efficiency of the proposed scheme over amplitude/phase modulation (APM), vertical Bell Labs layered structure (V-BLAST) and spatial modulation (SM) systems are obvious; 2) under the correlated channel assumption, the new one still outperforms SM and V-BLAST clearly, which indicates the new one is more robust in the presence of channel correlation.

Grounded on Labview platform, the grid of technology of solution pH value contributes to a new device----the auto-control technology of solution pH value. This device is easier to operate just by the parameter input in the interface. And it breaks the limit of single admeasuring apparatus, meanwhile adopts the method of picking the average value by multi-metering, which avoids the delay effect caused by solution mixing link. The Acid precipitation-Flocculation process in paper making sewage sets an example for the pH value auto-control and supports PAC control of pH value with software concept..

The hardware and software design are introduced about electrostatic precipitator control system. And this monitoring and control system is based on CAN bus. In this system the basic data acquisition and control functions can be achieved. The work status of precipitator can be collected in real time and fed back to the computer control interface, in order to provide reliable data support for the fault diagnosis of the ESP, so information integration level can be improved and the monitoring system can be optimized. Simple structure, high reliability, communication speed are the characteristics, and it have a wide range of application prospects.

A range of mesoporous carbons as potential supports to enhance ultra-deep hydrodesulphurization (HDS) of diesel fuel was synthesized using a sol-gel method. SBA-15 was used as template and sucrose and furfuryl alcohol were used as carbon sources. Various carbon incorporation approaches were used. From the results of nitrogen adsorption, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, the synthesized carbon exhibited good replication of the SBA-15 structure. Loading of Co-Mo into the mesoporous carbons and catalysis dispersion were evaluated using various techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The intrinsic HDS activity was evaluated by NO chemisorption on the prepared catalysts, which showed that the catalyst supported on mesoporous carbon using sucrose as carbon precursor has a higher NO uptake than that supported on commercial activated carbon.

In allusion to the defects of the slow convergence speed and the local minimum for traditional BP algorithm, a new algorithm is proposed. The new algorithm is designed by hierarchical genetic algorithm together with the algorithm of automatically adjusting the S form function, which combines with the BP network to improve the efficiency of fault detection. With calculation and simulation, compared with the traditional BP algorithm, the new algorithm has high precision of training, low training times, and small relative mean square error, which achieves better optimization results.

The working efficiency of electrostatic precipitator can be affected by many factors, and the dust particle size is one of the important factors. The coal dust is used to subject investigated in this test, Dust particle size distribution is tested through experiment combining the theories foundation of the dust particle charge, and the relation between the size of the coal dust particle and the dust collecting efficiency of electrostatic precipitator is analyzed. When electric-field intensity is 32.857 kV and 60 kV, dust collecting efficiency with augment of dust particle size first increase then reduce, but when electric-field intensity is 30 kV, particle size has little effect on dust collecting efficiency. While particle size is 300.0–109.0 µm, dust collecting efficiency is steady when the electric fields have the same intensity.

The fieldbus technology is applied to the auto-control system of the coal unload workshop. The setting-up of the model, the design and the realization of the fieldbus control system are discussed. High-low voltage control systerm structure is analysed. Hardware of fieldbus and communication cards is designed. And the key points of the realization of the system are designated. The prospect of the fieldbus in controlling is also discussed. This technology can be well applied in practicality.

Foundation fieldbus (FF) is applied to the control system of high voltage electrostatic precipitator coal ash. FF technology is composed of intelligent sensor, computer and network technology. The theory of electrostatic precipitator and FF is explained. FF is compared with distributed control system(DCS). The whole model of the control system is probed. The design and the realization of the model are mainly discusses. The model is made up of four parts: host computer, interface card, fieldbus and field device. This technology can be well applied.

Fieldbus technology is a whole, which is composed of intelligent sensor, computer and network technology. The way of the fieldbus technology is applied to high-voltage Electrostatic Precipitator system of coal is given. The process of fieldbus standardization is introduced. The theory of the electrostatic precipitator and fieldbus technology is explained. The setting-up of the model, the design and the realization of the fieldbus control system are discussed. The key points of the realization of the system are designated. This technology can be well applied in practicality.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the analysis of the structure of fieldbus control system (FCS) and electrostatic precipitator. It also explains the development of FCS auto-control system and discusses the design and realization of the FCS electrostatic dust-collection system. Fieldbus technology is a new rising subject, which is developed with intelligence sensor, computer, network technology, and especially with the technology of the large scale integrated circuit in recent years. Electrostatic precipitator is widely applied because of its high-efficiency to purification and energy-conservation and because it is easy to operate, especially in the trades, such as electric power industry, metallurgy, steel, chemical industry, and building materials.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the effect of discharge-electrode interval on corona current. According to the researches on characteristic of the distribution of electric field between wire-plate electrodes different discharging interval will greatly affect the homogeneous degreases of electric field. Thus, it produces the remarkable change to the unit corona current and the total current. Depending on a series of experiments and formulae analysis, the optimum value of corona current achieved through different interval of wire-plate electrode under natural conditions is defined. The surface current and the line current are discussed though two groups of the given data. The dust collection efficiency of a precipitator is mainly determined by surface current and the effective total energy of a precipitator is mainly determined by line current. The chapter also offers certain theoretical direction for the optimum design of electrostatic precipitator of wire-plate electrode.

A sewage treatment control system is designed to improve the efficiency of papermaking wastewater treatment system. The automation control system is based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), coded with Very-High-Speed Integrate Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL), compiled and simulated with Quartus. In order to ensure the stability of the data used in FPGA, the data is collected through temperature sensors, water level sensor and online PH measurement system. The automatic control system is more sensitive, and both the treatment efficiency and processing power are increased. This work provides a new method for sewage treatment control.

In order to improve the reliability, stability and automation of electrostatic precipitator, circuits of vibration motor for ESP and vibration control ladder diagram program are investigated using Schneider PLC with high performance and programming software of Twidosoft. Operational results show that after adopting PLC, vibration motor can run automatically; compared with traditional control system of vibration based on single-chip microcomputer, it has higher reliability, better stability and higher dust removal rate, when dust emission concentrations ≤ 50 mg m−3, providing a new method for vibration controlling of ESP.