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Diabetes and its related complications are becoming an increasing public health problem that affects hundreds of millions of people globally. Increased disability and mortality of diabetic individuals are closely associated with various life-threatening complications, such as atherosclerosis, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiomyopathy.Conventional treatments for diabetes are still limited because of undesirable side effects, including obesity, hypoglycemia, and hepatic and renal toxicity. Studies have shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a critical role in the modulation of glycolipid metabolism, pancreatic β-cell functions, and diabetic complications.Preservation of endogenous H2S systems and supplementation of H2S donors are effective in attenuating diabetes-induced complications, thus representing a new avenue to treat diabetes and its associated complications.This review will systematically recapitulate and discuss the most recent updates regarding the therapeutic effects of H2S on diabetes and its various complications, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms that underlie H2S-mediated protection against diabetic complications. Furthermore, current clinical trials of H2S in diabetic populations will be highlighted, and the challenges and solutions to the clinical transformation of H2S-derived therapies in diabetes will be proposed. Finally, future research directions of the pharmacological actions of H2S in diabetes and its related complications will be summarized.

A general and efficient Ni-catalysed arylation of bulky primary and secondary amines with aryl chlorides or phenol derivatives is described. DFT studies suggest that unsymmetric bulky and flexible NHC ligand is critical to promote this reaction.

Herein, we report the first highly enantioselective Ni-catalyzed arylation and alkenylation of simple aldehydes using readily available and stable organoboronic esters. This protocol provides vario...

The transition-metal-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling has revolutionized the construction of amines. Despite the innovations of multiple generations of ligands to modulate the reactivity of the metal center, ligands for the low-temperature enantioselective amination of aryl halides remain a coveted target of catalyst engineering. Designs that promote one elementary reaction often create bottlenecks at other steps. We here report an unprecedented low-temperature (as low as -50 °C), enantioselective Ni-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling of aryl chlorides with sterically hindered secondary amines via a kinetic resolution process (s factor up to >300). A bulky yet flexible chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand is leveraged to drive both oxidative addition and reductive elimination with low barriers and control the enantioselectivity. Computational studies indicate that the rotations of multiple σ-bonds on the C2 -symmetric chiral ligand adapt to the changing needs of catalytic processes. We expect this design would be widely applicable to diverse transition states to achieve other challenging metal-catalyzed asymmetric cross-coupling reactions.

Meteorin-like hormone (Metrnl) is ubiquitously expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose with beneficial roles in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Metrnl is found to protect against cardiac hypertrophy and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. However, its role in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is undefined.We aimed to elucidate the potential roles of Metrnl in DCM.Gain- andloss-of-function experimentswere utilized to determine the roles of Metrnl in the pathological processes of DCM.We found that plasma Metrnl levels, myocardial Metrnl protein and mRNA expressions were significantly downregulated in both streptozotocin (STZ)-induced (T1D) mice and leptin receptor deficiency (db/db) (T2D) mice. Cardiac-specific overexpression (OE) of Metrnl markedly ameliorated cardiac injury and dysfunction in both T1D and T2D mice. In sharp contrast, specific deletion of Metrnl in the heart had the opposite phenotypes. In parallel, Metrnl OE ameliorated, whereas Metrnl downregulation exacerbated high glucose (HG)-elicited hypertrophy, apoptosis and oxidative damage in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Antibody-induced blockade of Metrnl eliminated the effects of benefits of Metrnl in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Metrnl activated the autophagy pathway and inhibited the cGAS/STING signaling in a LKB1/AMPK/ULK1-dependent mechanism in cardiomyocytes. Besides, Metrnl-induced ULK1 phosphorylation facilitated the dephosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation of STING where it interacted with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), a scaffold protein and E3 ubiquitin ligase that was responsible for ubiquitination and degradation of STING, rendering cardiomyocytes sensitive to autophagy activation.Thus, Metrnl may be an attractive therapeutic target or regimen for treating DCM.

Dried Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LM) fruits were ground by three different methods. The results showed that LM powders produced by superfine-grinding had smaller particle size (1.78–200.00 μm) as compared to shear-breaking and ball-milling. As a consequence, its bulk density, angle of repose and angle of slide were increased to 0.71 g/mL, 52.99° and 60.38°, respectively. Moreover, the superfine-ground LM powders displayed good dispersibility and infusion properties, showing improved water holding capacity and water solubility index than other powders during infusion. Consequently, the phytochemicals present in the superfine-ground LM powders could be released more easily, leading to the powders with higher anthocyanin and polysaccharide contents (24.50 and 160.54 mg/g) and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP: 34.53, 42.19 and 40.25 mM TE/g, respectively) than other powders. The results suggested that superfine-grinding could be a promising method for producing LM powders with higher contents of bioactive compounds and bioactivity.

Monosaccharides play important roles in biological processes. Sensitive and accurate analyses of monosaccharides remain challenging because of their high hydrophilicities and poor ionization efficiencies. Here, we developed a paired derivatization approach with H/D-labeled hydroxylamines for simultaneous quantification of 12 monosaccharides by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

As a chronic and progressive disorder, hypertension remains to be a serious public health problem around the world. Among the different types of hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease associated with pulmonary arteriole remodeling, right ventricular failure and death. The contemporary management of systemic hypertension and PAH has substantially grown since more therapeutic targets and/or agents have been developed. Evolving treatment strategies targeting the vascular remodeling lead to improving outcomes in patients with hypertension, nevertheless, significant advancement opportunities for developing better antihypertensive drugs remain. Carbon monoxide (CO), an active endogenous gasotransmitter along with hydrogen sulfide (H

In this study, compositional profile, antioxidant activities and α-amylase inhibition of young apple polyphenols (YAP) from five cultivars (Short-branch Fuji, Pink Lady, Jinshiji, Ruiyang and Qinyang) were investigated. The possible inhibition mechanism of YAP on porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) was studied through kinetic analysis, fluorescence quenching (FQ) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that YAP exhibited strong antioxidant activities, and showed a significant inhibitory effect on PPA through a competitive inhibition mode. Jinshiji YAP exhibited the highest inhibitory capacity with the IC50 value of 0.023 mg/mL. Besides, combination of DSC and FQ results demonstrated that the potential unfolding of PPA structure was induced by binding with YAP.

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen (N2) (0.4/99.6, v/v) were flushed in a modified atmosphere packaging (NO-MAP) to preserve tilapia fillets at 4 °C. Compared with vacuum packaged (VAP) samples, NO-MAP samples had higher redness values, lower rigor extent and less drip loss. After storage of 15 days, nitrate levels in the fillets were lower than that of the nitrate/nitrite processed foods like ham and below the China National Standard of the maximum permitted limit. In addition, NO-MAP was more effective in improving tilapia quality than NO euthanasia of live tilapia and saturated NO solution immersion of tilapia fillets. The results suggested that NO-MAP could be a potential novel MAP technique in storage of tilapia fillets to improve the product quality, extend the shelf-life and reduce food safety risks. This technique also has the potential to be used for other fresh fish or meat packaging and storage.

This study aims to develop a fast and simple method to trace the geographical origins, harvest years and varieties of Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LRM) grown in China by employing e-nose and e-tongue assays and their combination. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were applied for qualitative classification and quantitative prediction. The results showed that e-nose and e-tongue assays and their combination failed to recognize harvest years and varieties of LRM, but achieved reliable results for tracing LRM geographical origins with a total classification ability of 86.4%, 86.8% and 92.6% respectively. In addition, the analysis procedure required shorter time and less chemical reagents as compared to high-end instrumental analysis or traditional methods like chemical analytical methods and sensory evaluation. This study demonstrated that the multivariate statistical analysis combined with e-nose and e-tongue assays could be a reliable and simplified method of tracing the geographical origins of LRM.

An efficient and general nBuLi-promoted anti-Markovnikov selective hydroboration of various α-alkenes, 1,1-disubstituted alkenes and internal alkynes with pinacolborane for the synthesis of alkylboronic esters is described. This protocol features easy accessibility of catalysts and substrates, a broad substrate scope, and simple operation as well as scale-up ability.

An unprecedented base-catalysed reductive relay hydroboration of allylic alcohols is described. Commercially available nBuLi was found to be a robust transition metal-free initiator for this protocol, affording various boronic esters in high yield and selectivity. Mechanistically, this methodology involves a one-pot three-step successive process (dehydrocoupling/allylic hydride substitution/anti-Markovnikov hydroboration).

The present work was aimed at developing and characterizing biodegradable citrus pectin films incorporated with young apple polyphenols (YAPs). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed to get acquaintance with the structure of the pectin/YAP films. An increase of tensile strength (TS) and elastic modulus (EM) accompanied with a decrease in elongation at break (% EB) was observed with YAP. FTIR spectrometry exhibited the emergence of new absorbance peak at 1520 cm−1, suggesting some interactions between both constituents of films. An increase in thermal stability of films was also observed by the inclusion of YAP into the film. Moreover, SEM analysis revealed that YAPs were homogenously distributed across pectin matrix. The antioxidant potential of the films was amplified by incorporating YAP. The microbiological assessment of the films confirmed the antimicrobial efficiency of newly developed films against three major food-borne pathogens.

The composition of anthocyanins in cultivated Lycium ruthenicum Murray (CLM) before and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was determined using an HPLC system coupled with an electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition of the anthocyanins before and after digestion were also studied. The results showed that most of the anthocyanins in CLM were found in glycosylated form, containing glycoside ligands. After digestion, the glycosylated anthocyanins were transformed to anthocyanidins (without glycol-ligands) which exhibited higher antioxidant activity comparatively. Interestingly, although the inhibitory activity of anthocyanins against α-glucosidase was increased by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, as suggested by IC50 value, the binding affinity of the anthocyanidins to α-glucosidase remained stable, as demonstrated by fluorescence quenching constant. This suggested that the anthocyanidins might have formed the anthocyanidin-α-glucosidase-substrate tertiary complex. Conclusively, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion may enhance the biological activities of CLM anthocyanins, regarding the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition.

A new porous metal–organic framework (MOF) [Zn2(ad)2(fmdb)(H2O)](DMF)3 (1, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) based on zinc(II) ions, biomolecular adenine (Had) and 4,4′-(fluoromethylene)dibenzoic acid (H2fmdb) has been successfully obtained via a one-pot solvothermal reaction. The structural analysis via the single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that compound 1 locates in the monoclinic space group C2/c and demonstrates a three-dimensional channel-type neutral framework. The as-prepared complex 1 exhibits low toxicity by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, revealing its potential application in human health care. In light of its nano-sized channel space and good stability in biological buffers solution, the activated compound 1 (1a) has been applied as a carrier for loading the anticancer drug 5-Fu (5-Fluorouracil) though a simple adsorption process. The successful loading of 5-Fu was confirmed by the gas sorption measurement and the loading capacity was determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy, which reveals a drug loading capacity of 44.6 wt%. The drug delivery in the simulated cancerous tissues (pH = 5.0) exhibited a more complete release in comparison with that in the normal tissues (pH = 7.4), demonstrating the compound 1a could be potentially used as a pH-controlled drug delivery carrier. In connection to these, in vitro anticancer activity of 5-Fu loaded 1a was also evaluated using MTT assays against two human cervical cancer cells HeLa and SiHa.

Background To find a succedaneum of present methods for slaughtering tilapia, we have demonstrated the influence of nitric oxide (NO) (saturated NO solution) through euthanasia before slaughter on the animal welfare and muscle color of tilapia. The results suggested that NO euthanasia significantly improved the animal welfare and muscle color. Besides, the investigation of NO postmortem treatment on the muscle color and color stability of tilapia fillets suggested that NO postmortem treatment not only improved the muscle color and color stability but also prolonged the shelf-life of tilapia fillets during the refrigerated storage. Objective To further investigate the effect of NO euthanasia on the quality of tilapia fillets and to estimate the safety of NO treatments (NO euthanasia and NO postmortem treatment) for the application of NO treatments in industrial manufacturing of tilapia and possibly of other fish species. Methods NO euthanasia was adopted in this study following a simulated fish processing line. HbNO and MbNO values were measured to clarify the mechanism and process of NO euthanasia. The blood parameters, muscle pH, rigor index, drip loss and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values were measured to evaluate the quality of the fillets obtained from NO euthanized tilapia. Besides, the nitrate (NO3−) levels in the muscles after the refrigerated storage were detected to estimate the food safety of both NO euthanasia and NO postmortem treatment. Results Fillets obtained from the tilapia euthanized by NO showed a later reduction of muscle pH, a later onset of rigor mortis postmortem and less drip loss during the refrigerated storage than control. NO euthanasia caused less TVB-N than control and prolonged the shelf life of tilapia fillets. Moreover, the NO3− levels in the muscles of both NO euthanasia and NO postmortem treatment after the refrigerated storage were below the maximum permitted limit. Conclusion Both the NO euthanasia and NO postmortem treatment are suitable for improving the quality of tilapia fillets and reducing the food safety threats, which may be valuable for industrial manufacturing of tilapia and may be applicable for other fish species.

Anthocyanin composition in forty-five Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LRM) samples grown in China was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) and quantified by HPLC with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The results showed that the overall pattern of anthocyanin composition of LRM from different provinces was the same, while the individual and total anthocyanin concentrations, were significantly different, indicating an important impact of geographical origin on anthocyanin composition, which can be considered as credible indices for LRM classification. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were applied to develop discrimination models for the anthocyanin concentrations. PCA clearly separated the LRM based on its geographical origins. LDA satisfactorily categorized the samples by providing a 100% success rate based on geographical origins. The results obtained could be used to trace the geographical origin of LRM.

This study aims to explore the preventive and therapeutic effects of Lycium barbarum pigment (LP) and polysaccharides (LBPs) on alcohol-induced fatty liver disease (AFLD) in mice, through the measurement of serum and hepatic biochemical indexes, morphologic pathological observation and expression of metabolism-related genes. The results showed that LP and LBPs were non-toxic. The body weight, liver index, and lipid metabolic indexes were significantly inhibited by LP and LBPs. Besides, LP and LBPs could protect liver from oxidative injury and allergy, as suggested by increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Furthermore, through RT-PCR, LP, and LBPs were found to regulate liver injury related metabolism by increasing expression of AMPKα2 mRNA and reducing expressions of SREBP-1c, CYP2E1, TLR4, and Myd88 mRNA. Therefore, Lycium barbarum may be developed as a potential functional food regarding preventing and treating AFLD.

The increasing demand for bio-based materials to be used in food packaging has stimulated the development of novel, environmentally-friendly edible films. Antimicrobial films were developed by incorporating different levels of clove bud essential oil (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) into the citrus pectin in order to modify the functional properties of the films. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed, together with the determination of physical, optical, mechanical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of pectin emulsified films. The inclusion of oil significantly enhanced the water barrier properties of the films. Addition of oil leads to more opaque films with relatively heterogeneous microstructure, resulting in an increase in film opacity. The composite films were more resistant to breakage and more flexible than the control films. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that films incorporating CEO exhibited improved heat stability with slightly higher degradation temperature, compared with control films. The inhibitory effect of pectin films with CEO was also evaluated on three common foodborne bacteria. These results revealed that clove oil has a good potential to be incorporated into citrus pectin to make antimicrobial edible films or coatings for various food applications.

Phospholipids can act as antioxidants and prooxidants, and they themselves can generate an abundance of lipid-derived volatile compounds. Homogenized pig subcutaneous adipose tissue was extracted by ethanol to remove phospholipids, then the partly de-phospholipids adipose tissue and adipose tissue were dry-rendered, and the volatiles in lard samples were analyzed. Most of lipid-derived odorants, such as (E,E)-2,4-decadienal and 1-octen-3-ol in the conventional dry-rendered partly de-phospholipids lard were higher than those in the conventional dry-rendered lard. In addition, the results of sensory analysis were agreed with the contents of odorants. A comparison between solvent extracted lard and solvent extracted lard with additional pork phospholipids in a simulating dry rendering process was performed to demonstrate the influence of phospholipids, and the results confirmed that pork phospholipids decreased lipid-derived volatiles of lard in dry rendering process. The results of peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid values also proved that pork phospholipids acted as antioxidants to inhibit the oxidation of lard, which could be of great potential use to catering, oil and fat industry.

Reducing blood glucose level is an important strategy to control type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to explore the potential of Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LM) anthocyanins to reduce blood glucose levels. LM anthocyanins effectively inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase of Caco-2 cells (IC50 value was 25.3 μg/mL), and promoted glucose consumption and uptake of Hep-G2 cells with insulin resistance (IR). Furthermore, LM anthocyanins effectively improved glycometabolism by alleviating IR through 1) activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine specific protein kinase B pathway, and inhibiting the activity of downstream glycogen synthase kinase-3 β and forkhead box protein O1; and 2) improving mitochondrial function by reducing cell and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and restoring ATP production and the mitochondrial membrane potential. The results suggested that LM anthcoyanins are helpful in reducing blood glucose levels and therefore could be used to control T2DM.

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were euthanized with saturated nitric oxide (NO) solution prior to slaughter. The behavior, heart rate, plasma cortisol, and color values were used to evaluate the welfare and fillet color of the fish. Tilapia were unconscious after 20 min of NO euthanasia which was much shorter than with carbon monoxide (CO) treatment. Tilapia remained quiet during the euthanasia process. The heart rate reduced from 41 to 7 beats/min after 20 min of NO euthanasia, and the cortisol level in the NO-euthanized fish plasma was significantly lower than that of the percussively stunned fish sample. Moreover, both the red and white muscles of NO-euthanized tilapia fillets had a brighter red color than those of control, and showed a significant increase in redness (a* values) postmortem at 0 °C for 15 days. The results suggested that NO euthanasia prior to slaughter is a good procedure to improve both the animal welfare and tilapia fillet color. In summary, NO treatment resulted in shorter euthanasia time, less stress, enhanced a* values, and stabilization of tilapia fillet red color. This procedure is valuable for aquaculture of tilapia and possibly other fish species.

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of curcumin on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats and its influence on the expression of leptin in liver. Methods We used high fat diet induced NAFLD model in rats, and established normal control group, NAFLD model group and three treatment groups with different concentrations of curcumin. The liver indexes were calculated by weighing the body masses and the liver masses of the rats in each group. We detected the triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in the serum of rats by biochemical methods. Pathological changes of the liver tissues were detected by HE staining. We detected the leptin protein and mRNA in liver tissues of rats by immunohistochemical method and PCR method respectively. Results Compared with the NAFLD model group, the liver indexes and the contents of TC and TG were decreased in the different treatment groups, and fatty degeneration of the liver tissue was significantly reduced. Compared with the normal control group, the expression levels of leptin mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the NAFLD model group (P

Insulin resistance (IR) has an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the effect of young apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji) polyphenols (YAP) on IR in HepG2 cells. It was found that YAP and its two main components, phlorizin and chlorogenic acid, could increase glucose uptake, glucose consumption and glycogen content. YAP and phlorizin activated the insulin receptor substrate 2/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphorylation of the protein kinase B (IRS2/PI3K/AKT) signal pathway, as well as its downstream proteins glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), which were further confirmed by application of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. YAP and phlorizin also improved mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, restoring ATP production and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). This study suggested that YAP has the potential to alleviate T2DM symptoms.

The effectiveness of pectin coatings enriched with clove essential oil (CEO), as new edible coatings were investigated to preserve bream (Megalobrama ambycephala) fillets during refrigeration over a period of 15 days. All samples were analyzed for physicochemical (pH, PV, TBA and TVB-N), microbiological (Total viable count, Psychrophilic bacteria, Lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., H2S producing bacteria) and organoleptic attributes. The results revealed that the CEO incorporation reduced the extent of lipid oxidation, as judged by PV, TBA and TVB-N, thus extending the shelf life of bream fillets by at least 15 days. Moreover, the application of pectin coatings with CEO improved the weight loss, water holding capacity, textural and color attributes of the bream samples significantly compared to untreated sample. Pectin coating along with CEO was effective in inhibiting bacterial growth especially in gram-negative bacteria, while the growth of lactic acid bacteria remained constant for most of the storage period. The effect on the microorganisms during storage was in accordance with biochemical indexes of the quality, representing the viability of these coatings for bream preservation. Thus, the coatings developed in present study could inhibit the development of lipid oxidation during cold storage, representing an option as a seafood preservative.

The chemical compositions and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of anthocyanins extracted from blueberry, blackcurrant and blue honeysuckle fruits and their acid hydrolysates (anthocyanidins) were analysed. Those anthocyanins were glycosidic anthocyanins that converted to anthocyanidins during acid hydrolysis, leading to increases in their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (expressed as IC50 values) from 0.232, 0.152 and 0.188 to 0.113 to 0.005 and 0.025 mg/mL. The potential inhibitory mechanism of these anthocyanidins was then investigated through inhibition kinetics, fluorescence quenching and docking simulations. The results showed the following: 1) all anthocyanidins were mixed-type inhibitors of α-glucosidase and they bind more tightly to free α-glucosidase as compared to the α-glucosidase-substrate complex; 2) anthocyanidin inhibition of α-glucosidase was a static procedure, presumably driven by hydrophobic associations and hydrogen bonding; and 3) all anthocyanidins were inserted into the active site of α-glucosidase and avoided the entrance of p-nitrophenyl-a-D-glucopyranoside. This study is valuable for anthocyanidins as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets were treated by soaking in 2% sodium pyrophosphate (SPP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) and a mixture (SPP + STP, 1:1) solutions before ice storage. Compared with control (without pyrophosphate), pyrophosphates especially SPP treatment effectively inhibited the lipid oxidation as evidenced by lower peroxide values (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBRAS). The pyrophosphate treated samples also had higher water holding capacity and bright red color, with less off-flavor. In addition, the electronic-nose (e-nose) measured offer-flavor demonstrated a good correlation with PV and TBRAS, suggesting that e-nose assay might be an alternative method to detect lipid oxidation. The verification results showed that lipid oxidation could be well predicted by using e-nose assay combined with linear discriminant analysis. This study proposed an effective method for inhibition of lipid oxidation and a simplified method for its measurement in tilapia fillets during ice storage.

The composting of sewage sludge and maize straw was investigated in forced-aeration composting systems at aeration rates of 0.28, 0.56 and 0.83 l min-1kg-1organic matter, corresponding to pile A, pile B and pile C. The composting temperature in three piles met the hygienic safety criterion, and final electrical conductivity did not exceed the limit value of 3000 μS cm-1. The final NH4+-N content in pile C exceeded the limit value of 400 mg kg-1. The final NO3--N content, cation exchange capacity and germination index in pile B were superior to those in pile A and pile C.

Removal of perchlorate from drinking water in an ion exchange membrane bioreactor (IEMB) was investigated at different influent ClO4- concentrations when the hydraulic retention time was 5h. Except the 49th day and the 51st day, the effluent ClO4- concentrations met standard of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) required 18µg/L. In the initial stages of the influent ClO4- concentration increase, the ClO4- concentration in the anaerobic bioreactor, the effluent Cl- concentration and the effluent electrical conductivity increased suddenly. As the operating time increased, the ClO4- concentration in the sludge supernatant kept below 10µg/L after steady operation; the effluent Cl- concentration declined slowly and finally stabilized at about 90 mg/L; the effluent electrical conductivity decreased gradually and finally stabilized at about 279µs/cm.

A study on the decolorization of azo dye wastewater by sponge iron was carried out in order to establish a model of decolorization kinetics, and to investigate the effects of particle size of sponge iron, the initial pH of azo dye wastewater and reaction temperature on the reaction rate constant. The results showed that the decolorization processes of azo dye wastewater by sponge iron was first order kinetic reaction, and reaction rate constant presented high value on the condition of small particle size of sponge iron, low initial pH of azo dye wastewater and high reaction temperature.