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SUMMARY Heat flow data are essential for understanding lithospheric dynamics. As a petroliferous basin, a large number of boreholes have been drilled during hydrocarbon exploration and production in the northern part of Songliao Basin, Northeast China. Meanwhile, the data on crustal structures, core samples and formation temperatures have been accumulated, which provide an opportunity for understanding the thermal state of the basin. Based on the temperature data from both Drilling Stem Test and continuous steady-state logging profiles, together with the systematic analysis of the thermal properties of rock samples, we present a new heat flow map of the northern Songliao Basin with significantly increased number of heat flow sites. The northern Songliao Basin is characterized by relatively high geothermal gradients and high heat flow for sedimentary basins. The heat flow values range from 44.4 to 95.0 mW m–2 with an average of 67.2 ± 12.8 mW m–2, and the geothermal gradients range from 21 to 59 °C km–1 with an overall average of 41.7 °C km–1. Heat production from sedimentary covers accounts for about 4.5 mW m–2 at the site of Well SK-2. Furthermore, based on the crustal structures revealed by previous seismic studies, lithospheric thermal structures are analysed and compared among different structural units of the basin. A thinned thermal lithosphere with a thickness of ∼65 km is found beneath the Central downwarp and the Southeast uplift in which a large part of the heat flow is mantle derived. The Western Slope exhibits a moderate heat flow value and a thicker thermal lithosphere with thickness greater than 110 km. From the perspective of the geothermal state of the lithosphere, the regional geodynamics related to the Mesozoic lithosphere stretching and the subduction of the Pacific Plate are discussed.

As a renewable clean energy associated with coal measures, mine geothermal is being widely developed. Accurate evaluation of coal measures associated geothermal resources can help us realize the effective development and utilization of deep minerals and geothermal energy. The most widely used evaluation method in geothermal resources is the static volume method. However, this approach only assigns specific values to the parameters and ignores the dynamics of the input parameters.Therefore, this paper takes the Cambrian limestone heat storage in the eastern mining area of Pingdingshan Coalfield as a case study. Based on the volume method, monte Carlo method is adopted to reduce the uncertainty of input parameters, so as to more accurately estimate the geothermal resources associated with coal measures in the eastern mining area of Pingdingshan coalfield. When Monte Carlo method is applied to the evaluation of heat storage resources, triangle and uniform distribution model are used as input parameters, and the number of simulation iterations is 10000. The results show that the heat contained in geothermal resources is (5.037 ~ 15.82) × 1014J (most likely 9.538 × 1014J, the probability is greater than 7.8%), in which the heat contained in geothermal water is (0.8806 ~ 6.531) × 1014J (most likely 3.196 × 1014J, probability greater than 7.1%), and the heat contained in the rock matrix of Cambrian limestone is (3.287 ~ 10.36) × 1014J (most likely 6.341 × 1014J, probability greater than 7.3%). On this basis, the theoretical and technical framework of coal thermal co mining is proposed to realize the collaborative mining of coal measures associated geothermal resources.

Hot dry rock is an almost inexhaustible source of geothermal energy. Since the first attempt to extract thermal energy from hot dry rock in America in the 1970s, successive studies have been conducted in many countries. Recently, high-temperature rock (exceeding 180 °C) was drilled in the Gonghe basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, marking a significant breakthrough in the exploration of hot dry rock resources in China. A proper understanding of the origin of the hot dry rock in the Gonghe basin is essential to the evaluation of the geothermal resource potential and to the establishment of an enhanced geothermal system in the basin. In the present research, we attempt to seek clues from the radiogenic heat production of the rocks. In all, 52 core samples collected from the main boreholes in the Gonghe basin were measured for the concentrations of radioisotopes. The heat production values were determined to be 1.21–2.02 μW m−3 for the sedimentary rocks, yielding an arithmetic mean of 1.67 ± 0.29 μW m−3, and 1.17–5.81 μW m−3 for the basal granitic rocks, yielding a mean of 3.20 ± 1.07 μW m−3. The results show that the radiogenic heat production of the granitic rocks is approximately that of global Mesozoic-Cenozoic granites, which is further corroborated by an extensive compilation of heat production data for granitic rocks in the immediate vicinity of the study area (average of 2.07 ± 0.97 μW m−3, n = 136). Based on the heat production data sets combined with available geological and geophysical information, the crustal heat production contribution is determined. The results show that the heat contribution from the crust is about 48.3 mW m−2, accounting for ∼47.3% of terrestrial heat flow. Compared with the regional background heat flow, the high heat flow in the Gonghe basin may be attributed to an additional heat flow contribution (∼27 mW m−2) from a heat anomaly (probably related to partial melting) at shallow depth, which is evidenced by the low-resistivity anomalies in the magnetotelluric survey results. Thus, this study emphasizes that the anomalous heat flow and the hot dry rock geothermal resources in the Gonghe basin may be the combined effects of the radiogenic heat contribution from the thickened crust and the heat contribution from a local heat anomaly beneath the Gonghe basin.

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) albumin was hydrolyzed by alkaline protease, and three new antioxidant peptides (P1, P2, and P3) were successfully separated from the hydrolysate (TBAH). The sequences of the three antioxidant peptides were Gly-Glu-Val-Pro-Trp (GEVPW), Tyr-Met-Glu-Asn-Phe (YMENF), and Ala-Phe-Tyr-Arg-Trp (AFYRW), and their molecular weights were 586.65, 702.79, and 741.85 Da, respectively. All three peptides have a good antioxidant capacity, and P3 (AFYRW) demonstrates the best antioxidant activity of the three. The IC50 values of AFYRW for scavenging hydroxyl radicals (OH·) and (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH· free radicals were 0.65 and 0.64 mM, respectively. In addition, AFYRW exhibits the strongest lipid peroxidation inhibition ability and the highest reducing power. The results of this research indicate that the three isolated peptides can be used in the development of various antioxidant additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

The reconstruction of thermal history is an important component of basin evolution and hydrocarbon exploration. Based on vitrinite reflectance data, we integrate the paleo-temperature gradient and paleo-heat flow methods to reconstruct the thermal history of Junggar Basin. Compared with present thermal state, the Junggar Basin experienced much a higher heat flow of ca. 80–120 mW/m2 during the Carboniferous. This feature can be attributed to large-scale volcanic events and related thermal effects. The hydrocarbon maturation history of Carboniferous source rocks indicates that the temperature rapidly reached the threshold of hydrocarbon generation during the Late Carboniferous and has never achieved such a high level since then. This characteristic resulted in the early maturation of hydrocarbons in Carboniferous source rocks. Meanwhile, the results reveal that hydrocarbon maturities are different among various tectonic units in Junggar Basin. The kerogen either rapidly broke through the dry gas period so that cracking of gas occurred or remained in the oil maturation window forming oil reservoirs, which depended on the tectonic background and depositional environment. In this study, we present the thermal and hydrocarbon maturation history since the Carboniferous, which has important implications for further hydrocarbon exploration in Junggar Basin.

The Xiong’an New Area is located at the western Bohai Bay Basin, 150 km south of Beijing, China. The area has tremendous high heat flow value within the sedimentary layer, and the average value can reach 90 mW·m-2 within the Niutuozhen Uplift. However, combining the basal heat flow at the top of the metamorphic layer with the heat flow value which was contributed by the radiogenic heat production from the overlying formation, the surface heat flow value was only 65.1 mW·m-2 in this area. Thus, the heat flow value within the sedimentary layer was greatly influenced by other factors. In this study, based on the continuous temperature measurements data from 4 boreholes, thermos-physical parameters (conductivity, radioactive heat production, density, and heat capacity) from 90 rock sample measurements, and the regional stratigraphic development, a two-dimensional thermal-hydraulic modelling was carried out to study the influence of the heat refraction and groundwater convection on the heat flow value. According to calculation results, the heat flow disturbance caused by heat refraction was 10 mW·m-2, and the disturbance value was 20 mW·m-2 for the groundwater convection. Furthermore, when the high-permeability layer thickness was a certain value, with the increasing high-permeability layer buried depth, the influence of the groundwater convection on the temperature field which was used for the heat flow calculation became weak. While when the high-permeability layer buried depth was set up, the influence of the groundwater convection on the above temperature field became stronger with the increasing high-permeability layer thickness.

We present new heat flow and heat production data to constrain the lithospheric thermal structure along the southern Tan-Lu Fault Zone (STLFZ), a continuous active deep crustal fault zone in East Asia, and use these thermal data to infer how the thermal structure of the STLFZ influences regional focal depths. We report five new high-quality heat flow measurements derived from temperature–depth profiles at five well sites and detailed thermal conductivity measurements of 13 outcrop samples and 115 dry core samples from five wells along the STLFZ. We analyze these new data in combination with published data to derive a thermal profile along the STLFZ and map the 350 °C isotherm along the STLFZ, which correlates well with the maximum depth of recorded seismicity. The results indicate that: (1) the thermal gradient along the STLFZ increase from 22.2 °C km–1 in the south to 34.8 °C km–1 in the north; (2) heat flow values are in the 44.0–75.4 mW m–2 range along the STLFZ, with a mean value of 59.9 ± 10.5 mW m–2; (3) the highest heat flow value is located in Lu-Zong Basin, with extremely high radioactive heat production of 15–20 μW m–3 in the upper crust that may be related to local ore bodies; and (4) the bottom boundary of the shallow-earthquake seismic zone in the STLFZ coincides with the 350 °C isotherm.

Terrestrial heat flow is a crucial parameter to indicate the thermal state within the Earth, containing integrated information of the ground temperature, thermal conductivity, and crustal/mantle heat flow. We present an updated heat flow dataset and map in continental China. The data increases from 862 to 1230 observations since the year 1999 and the sites cover the major tectonic units, although their spatial distribution remains uneven. Excluding the local anomalies related to hydrothermal activities, the background heat flow values display a range from 30 to 140 mW m–2 with a mean of 60.4 ± 12.3 mW m–2. The updated heat flow map exhibits a heat flow pattern consisted of four heat flow provinces in continental China: eastern mantle-induced high flow province, southwestern crust-induced high heat flow province, central normal heat flow province and northwestern low heat flow province. The major heat flow provinces correspond to the Cenozoic lithosphere-scale tectonic units. The heat flow shows good correlation with crustal thickness and elevation, agreeing with the thermal isostasy. The heat flow distribution also corresponds with the Meso-Cenozoic tectonic activities. The present heat flow-tectonic pattern in continental China is formed by the Meso-Cenozoic geodynamic processes, including the Cenozoic India-Eurasian collision and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic western subduction of the Pacific Plate.

Seven steady-state temperature profiles are logged in the Harbin Area, Northeast China. The temperature data illustrate high conductive thermal gradients with a mean value of 4.78°C/100 m. Temperature maps at depths of 1000, 1500, and 1800 m are represented. The present temperature field is cooling southeastward, with the highest thermal gradients being observed at the junction zone between the Central Depression and the Southeast Uplift of the Songliao Basin. The recoverable heat is calculated using a volumetric method and Monte Carlo simulation. The mean value for recoverable heat from the detailed exploration area around the Harbin Area is 1.052 × 1019 J (3.59 × 1011 t standard coal). Geological controls on the present temperature fields are discussed.

Puerarin has properties of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, which has been demonstrated protective effects in atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. However, the detail molecular mechanism still remains unclear. Here, we determined whether the atheroprotective effect of puerarin was by reducing monocyte adhesion and explored the underlying mechanism. The results showed that puerarin dose- and time-dependently reduced oxLDL-induced monocyte THP-1 adhesion to HUVECs and the expression of adhesion-related genes such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1 and IL-8 in HUVECs. Puerarin activated ERK5 phosphorylation and up-regulated expressions of downstream KLF2 and its targeted genes endothelial nitric oxide synthase and thrombomodulin. However, the protective effects were reversed by ERK5/KLF2 pathway inhibitor XDM8-92, BIX02189 or KLF2 siRNA suggesting the pathway involved in the function. The ex vivo assay, in which THP-1 adhesion to endothelium isolated from apoE-/- mice received various treatments further confirmed the results from HUVECs. Finally, we found that the atherosclerotic lesions in both cross sections at aortic root and whole aorta were significantly reduced in high fat-diet (HFD) mice with puerarin treatment compared with the HFD-only mice, but were increased respectively by 76% and 71% in XMD8-92 group, and 82% and 73% in BIX02189 group. Altogether, the data revealed that puerarin inhibited the monocyte adhesion in vitro and in vivo and thus reduced atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-/- mice; the protective effects were mediated by activation of ERK5/KLF2 signaling pathway. Our findings advance the understanding of puerarin function in atherosclerosis and point out a way to prevent the disease.

The Gonghe-Guide area, which is located at the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, has the greatest hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal resources exploration and development potential in China. Separated by the Waligong tectonomagmatic belt, the study area includes the Gonghe and Guide basins, which are characterized by distinctly different thermal state and surface thermal manifestations. Although a number of geophysical explorations have been undertaken, studies on fundamental geothermal theory remain scarce, including a lack of high-quality heat flow determinations and thermal structure studies. In this study, we obtained continuous steady-state temperature logs from three deep boreholes (GR2 and DR3 in the Gonghe basin and ZR1 in the Guide basin). The thermal conductivities and radiogenic heat production rates of the outcrop samples gathered from the two basins were measured. The heat-flow values were determined to be 116.3–122.3 mW m−2 for the Gonghe basin, yielding a mean of 119.3 mW m−2. Two existed heat flow sites (R2 and R3 boreholes) gave an average heat flow of 75 mW m−2 for the Guide basin, which is approximately that of the regional background heat flow level of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The 1-D theoretical crustal thermal structures of the Gonghe and Guide basins were constructed by solving steady-state heat conduction equation. The results show that the Moho temperature and mantle heat flow in the Guide basin were 1016 °C and 27 mW m−2, respectively. However, the temperature field in the Gonghe basin indicated partial melting in the crust. The high temperatures and thus heat flow in the Gonghe basin may suggest the existence of anomalous heat source body in crust. Successful inversions of vertical and horizontal temperature variations of boreholes in the Gonghe basin were obtained by numerically simulating a cooling rectangular magma chamber with a buried depth of 5–6 km and horizontal dimensions of 12–14 km. The study emphasizes that the anomalous heat flow in the Gonghe basin may be the joint thermal effect of: (1) the high regional background heat flow level of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which is mainly due to the radiogenic heat of thickened crust; (2) the cooling of a shallow magma chamber, which may be caused by the uplift and denudation of the plateau.

The new discoveries of the high-temperature geothermal resources in the Gonghe-Guide area mark the significant breakthrough in the exploration of geothermal resources in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we systematically reviewed all the available data presented in the geological, geophysical, geochemical and fundamental geothermal works that have been undertaken, in order to fully understand the characteristics of the geothermal resources in this area. The main features of the geothermal resources in this area can be summarized as follows: two distinct types of high-temperature geothermal resources have been identified, i.e., the hot dry rock (HDR) and hydrothermal geothermal resources in the Qiabuqia and Zhacang geothermal areas, respectively. The HDR reservoir in the Qiabuqia geothermal area is mainly composed of the Indosinian granitic rocks with the temperature gradient of 39 to 45.2 °C/km, thermal conductivity of 2.07 to 3.10 W/(m•K), and radiogenic heat production rate (RHPR) of 1.17 to 5.81 μW/m3. The geothermal water in the Zhacang geothermal area is meteoric origin with the relative enrichment of δ18O caused by the fluid-rock interaction under the high temperature condition. The chemical type of the geothermal water is SO4•Cl-Na. The local crustal partial melting or magma chamber at the 15 ∼ 35 km beneath the Gonghe basin, which is characterized with a relatively high geothermal background induced by the continental collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, is the main cause of the HDR resources, whereas the hydrothermal resources in the Zhacang geothermal area are related to the deep circulation of the meteoric water in the damage zone of the west-east trending conductive Zhacang fault and upward transporting at the intersection of the Zhacang and the NNW-trending impermeable Reguang faults. Such a detailed review of the both geothermal resources can provide a glimpse of the geothermal resources of the northeastern Tibetan plateau as well as provide the direction for the subsequent searches for high-temperature resources elsewhere in China.

The Jizhong depression in the western Bohai Bay Basin has a high thermal state. Heat flow is one of the most important parameters in geothermics, its measurement can help obtain a better understanding of the regional lithospheric thermal structure. In this study, continuous steady-state temperature logs were obtained from 14 deep boreholes. 136 core samples were measured for thermal conductivity and radiogenic heat production. The temperature data indicated that heat transfer within the sedimentary layer was dominated by heat conduction, with a geothermal gradient of approximately 31.5 ℃•km−1. The gradient value was almost 0 ℃•km−1 in the dolomite strata, due to their abnormally high thermal conductivity and permeability. Average thermal conductivity values was 2.46, 5.51 and 3.21 W•m−1•K−1, and the radiogenic heat production were 1.05, 0.26, and 0.74 μW•m−3 for the sandstone, dolomite and metamorphic rocks, respectively. Higher heat flow in the Jizhong depression is mainly distributed around the subsurface structure of sub-uplift region, which is near the fault between the sub-uplift region and the sub-depression region, and the value can reach 120.0 mW•m−2. With an increase in the dolomite buried depths or an increase in the overlying sandstone thickness, the surface heat flow value decreases. Finally, we discuss the factors influencing the shallow temperature: the lateral sediment thickness variations can markedly influence the temperature distribution. The influence of magma activity that happened long ago can be neglected.

The study of thermal conductivity anisotropy is of great importance for more accurate heat flow calculations, geodynamic studies, development and utilization of hot dry rock, and simulation of heat transfer in geological reservoirs of nuclear waste, and so on. To study the thermal conductivity anisotropy of rocks, 1158 cores from 60 boreholes in East China were tested for thermal conductivity, including thermal conductivity values parallel to (λ∥) and perpendicular to (λ⊥) structural planes of basalt, mudstones, gneisses, sandstones, carbonates, evaporites, and metamorphic rocks. The thermal conductivity anisotropy is not obvious for sand, clay, and evaporate, and the average anisotropic factors of 1.19 ± 0.22, 1.18 ± 0.17, and 1.18 ± 0.17 for tuff/breccia, granitoid and contact metamorphic rocks, respectively, indicate that these three rocks have strong anisotropy characteristics. Finally, the effect of thermal conductivity anisotropy on heat flow is studied and discussed in detail, showing that the results of thermal conductivity tests have a significant effect on the calculation of heat flow and thermal structure, and the data show that a deviation of about 10% in thermal conductivity causes a deviation of about 11% in heat flow, which may lead to a misperception of deep thermal structure studies. The regular and anisotropic characteristics of thermal conductivity of various rocks in Eastern China obtained in this paper can provide parameter support for projects such as heat flow calculations, thermal structure studies, and geothermal resource development and utilization.

Operational optimization is the essential factor to maximize the heat production from the thermal reservoir. Well spacing and the arrangement of the production well are the two most pivotal factors for the thermal reservoir which can ensure long-term production at economically acceptable levels. The Xiong'an geothermal area, located in the western margin of the Bohai Bay Basin, is the most developed region of the carbonate stratum and also is one of the areas that have the greatest hydrothermal geothermal resources in China. In this study, based on the temperature data of the carbonate formation and thermosphysical data from the core samples measurement, a three dimensional thermo-hydraulic coupled numerical model was established to assess the geothermal potential of the carbonate reservoir and the effect of different exploitation schemes (mainly involved the injection fluid temperature, injection mass flow rate and lateral well distance) on the thermal reservoir performance was analyzed over a period of 40 years. The effect of permeability heterogeneity on the thermal reservoir performance was also discussed as a case study. The calculation results were then analyzed on the basis of the output temperature decline curves and the cumulative energy production over the entire period from the production well. Among the three important influence factors on the carbonate reservoir performance, the injection temperature has the most significant effect on the energy production rate, followed by the injection mass flow rate and the lateral well spacing.

Geothermal extraction assessment is of considerable importance for the reservoir operation management. Based on the data of the high-temperature reservoir of the Zhacang geothermal field in the Guide basin, northeastern Tibetan plateau, this study explores the effects of the heterogeneity in the reservoir parameters on the assessment of the reservoir extraction ability via a 3D thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) fully coupled model and compares the prediction discrepancies between the heterogeneous reservoir models with the constant and stress-dependent permeability. Modeling results show that the variance of the specific heat capacity has a negligible impact on the reservoir performance, whereas the changes in the correlation length can result to relatively apparent difference in both the outlet temperature and effective electric power rate. Compared with the specific heat capacity, the spatial heterogeneity in permeability has greater significant effect on the reservoir performance, which may be related to the occurrence of the preferential flow with the increasing variance and correlation length of the permeability. The prediction difference of the reservoir performance emphasizes the great importance of the stress-dependent reservoir permeability in a THM coupled reservoir numerical model to accurately assess the extraction ability of a geothermal reservoir concerned.

Investigation into the thermal regime of lithosphere is an essential part of geothermal research. The thermal state of lithosphere can be expressed as the vertical distribution of temperature. It has been found that the thermal regime of lithosphere can control the heat flow distribution and the geothermal mechanism of local geothermal fields. In this work, equilibrium temperature logs were obtained from 27 wells, and thermal conductivity and heat generation data were collected from 148 rock samples from different wells. Besides, 55 high-quality terrestrial heat flow values were extracted. Based on these data, the distribution of heat flow across Xiong'an New Area was mapped. Later, the thickness of the thermal lithosphere in Xiong'an and the deep crustal temperature were analyzed using the one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation. The crustal structure beneath this area was derived from the seismic wave velocity profile, and it was then used to illustrate the connection between the geothermal fields’ heat sources and regional tectonic setting. The results indicate that high heat flow is mainly distributed around the basement uplifts, such as Niutuozhen uplift and Rongcheng uplift. The average heat flux in the study area is 70.5 mW/m2, higher than the 61.5 mW/m2 in mainland China. The temperature-depth profiles show great temperature variation across the new area. At the depth of 40 km, the crustal temperature ranges from about 750°C to 1100°C. Despite the large temperature variation, this area shows high thermal state. The temperature variation with depth may be attributed to the heat flow variability and the high thermal state may be caused by the large residual heat flow from the lithosphere boundary. The average reduced heat flow in the new area is high at around 44.35mW/m2, which is associated with the high thermal state of this area.

Geothermal energy has been recognized as an important clean renewable energy. Accurate assessment of geothermal resources is an essential foundation for their development and utilization. The North Jiangsu Basin (NJB), located in the Lower Yangtze Craton, is shaped like a wedge block of an ancient plate boundary and large-scale carbonate thermal reservoirs are developed in the deep NJB. Moreover, the NJB exhibits a high heat flow background because of its extensive extension since the Late Mesozoic. In this study, we used the Monte Carlo method to evaluate the geothermal resources of the main reservoir shallower than 10 km in the NJB. Compared with the volumetric method, the Monte Carlo method takes into account the variation mode and uncertainties of the input parameters. The simulation results show that the geothermal resources of the sandstone thermal reservoir in the shallow NJB are very rich, with capacities of (6.6–12) × 1020 J (mean 8.6 × 1020 J), (5.1–16) × 1020 J (mean 9.1 × 1020 J), and (3.2–11) × 1020 J (mean 6.6 × 1020 J) for the Yancheng, Sanduo and Dai’nan sandstone reservoir, respectively. In addition, the capacity of the geothermal resource of the carbonate thermal reservoir in the deep NJB is far greater than the former, reaching (9.9–15) × 1021 J (mean 12 × 1021 J). The results indicate capacities of a range value of (1.2–1.7) × 1021 J (mean 1.4 × 1022 J) for the whole NJB (

Heat flow and thermal state complement seismic information and provide strong constraints on the thickness, geophysical properties, and tectonic evolution of the lithosphere. The North Jiangsu Basin (NJB) is located in the Lower Yangtze Craton as a wedge block of ancient plate boundary-adjacent to the southeast corner of the North China Craton experienced destruction in the Late Mesozoic, and it is of great interest to learn the geothermal characteristics of the basin. We present 71 new heat flow measurements derived from temperature logs and detailed thermal conductivity measurements of 189 dry core samples and 24 outcrop samples. We analyze these new data in combination with published data to plot the temperature gradient and heat flow distribution maps. The results show that: (1) temperature gradient values in the NJB are in the 21.5–59.2 °C km−1 range, with a mean value of 30.2 ± 6.5 °C km−1; (2) heat flow values are in the 45.7–109.7 mW m−2 range, with a mean value of 67.9 ± 7.7 mW m−2; (3) the highest temperature gradient and heat flow value is located in or around the Jianhu Uplift, and thermal refraction is the leading cause; and (4) the destruction of the North China Craton at the end of the Late Mesozoic was likely to affect the NJB, and the unified deep dynamic mechanism makes the NJB and the Bohai Bay Basin now in a similar thermal state.

In this article we report 5 terrestrial heat flow points along the southern Tan-Lu Fault Zone based on the first systematic deep borehole temperature measurements and thermal conductivities of 128 rock samples. All the temperature logs after 1 m spacing is plotted. The thermal properties test data of all samples have been collated separately, and the thermal conductivity correction data for different depths is presented. In combination with steady state temperature and thermal properties testing, the vertical variation of heat flow is calculated. Detailed interpretation of this data can be found in a research article titled “Heat flow, heat production, thermal structure and its tectonic implication of the southern Tan-Lu Fault Zone, East–Central China” (Wang et al., 2019) [1]. Keywords: Tan-Lu Fault Zone, Heat flow, Temperature logs, Thermal conductivity, Heat production

In the current study, we investigated whether 17beta-estradiol (E2) induces cyclin E expression and triggers cyclin E processing via calpain in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We found that E2 induced increased expression of cyclin E in a slow and persistent manner, and a rapid yet sustained processing of cyclin E. In addition, estrogenic ethanol was able to stimulate cyclin E truncation. Calpeptin or ALLN greatly suppressed the E2-triggered cyclin E processing and its expression, suggesting a calpain-mediated action for E2. Finally, the E2-induced effects could also be significantly suppressed by BAPTA or U0126, indicating involvement of calcium/ERK signaling. Taken together, these results show that estrogen may contribute to both up-regulation and proteolysis of cyclin E through calpain in MCF-7 cells.

A new test method about the time constant of the solar collector has been presented in this paper. It is simple and has been validated through experiments. With the new method it is not necessary to adjust the inlet temperature of the transfer fluid as closely as possible to the ambient air temperature. Also, it is not necessary to know the characteristic parameters of the collector in advance. The model used in the paper is a first order system model, as in most cases. The experimental data obtained from the test of solar collector time constant shows that the solar collector is not a strictly first order system. A criterion is proposed to decide whether the system is a first order system or not and the resemblance of the system to the first order system.

The photophysical properties of hexadecyl 4-biphenylamino benzoate (HBAB), the molecule of which possesses a polar end composed of donor (triphenylamino group) and acceptor (ester group) and a long non-polar alkyl tail, have been carefully studied in different conditions. The results show that the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) emission is given in polar solvents at room temperature and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) emission is given at 77 K. These can be supported by the solvent effect, temperature effect and the quenching process.

Three copolymers containing alternating rigid and flexible blocks and five PPVs oligomers have been designed and synthesized for the best understanding the relationship of molecular structure and properties of as LED. The results showed that the solubility was improved and the peak positions of absorption and emission spectra were shifted to longer wavelength with different groups substituting.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.