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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Pairwise sequence identify matrix for plant PR10/Bet v1-like protein sequences. Red and green boxes indicate high and low pairwise identity. Figure S2. Architecture of conserved regions in plant PR10/Bet v1-like proteins.

C-type lectins (CTLs), a class of multifunctional proteins, are numerous in nematodes. One CTL gene, Mg01965, shown to be expressed in the subventral glands, especially in the second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, was further analysed in this study. In vitro RNA interference targeting Mg01965 in the preparasitic juveniles significantly reduced their ability to infect host plant roots. Immunolocalizations showed that Mg01965 is secreted by M. graminicola into the roots during the early parasitic stages and accumulates in the apoplast. Transient expression of Mg01965 in Nicotiana benthamiana and targeting it to the apoplast suppressed the burst of reactive oxygen species triggered by flg22. The CTL Mg01965 suppresses plant innate immunity in the host apoplast, promoting nematode parasitism in the early infection stages.

Holo- and paratypes of the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, 1988 and M. enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983 were morphometrically and morphologically compared. All observed female, male and second-stage juvenile morphometrical and morphological characters are identical for the two studied species. Additionally, contradictions between the original species descriptions were unravelled.The present study of holo- and paratypes confirms the taxonomical status of Meloidogyne mayaguensis as a junior synonym for M. enterolobii.

Bursaphelenchus aberrans n. sp. is described and figured. The nematode was found in dead wood of Pinus massoniana Lamb. from one locality in Fengkai county, Guangdong Province, China. Both sexes are of moderate length ranging from 459-562 μm in the female and 390-556 μm in the male with a slender body (a = 35-42 in female and 31-48 in male) and a medium length tail (c = 13-17 in female and 14-19 in male). The stylet measures 12-14 μm long and the spicule 16-20 μm. The female vulva is located at 71-78% and has the anterior vulval lip posteriorly directed to form a small flap. The conoid tail of both sexes is ventrally curved, tapering gradually to the terminus. The male has a short, terminal, caudal ala. The spicule form is unusual for the genus in that the rostrum and condylus are fused and cap-like. A cucullus is lacking. B. aberrans n. sp. is similar to B. idius Rühm, 1956 in spicule shape, from which it differs in longer spicule length (16-20 vs 14-15 μm) and proportionately longer tail (c = 13-19 vs 23-33). It is also similar to B. bestiolus Massey, 1964 in all essential measurements, but the two species are easily differentiated by spicule shape as well as by the greater number of lateral incisures in B. aberrans n. sp. (4 vs 0).

Zygotylenchus gansuensis sp. n. Figs. 1���2 Measurements. See Table 1. Material examined. Type-material: Holotype female, three paratype females are deposited in the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland; three paratype females in the Canadian National Nematode Collection, Ottawa, Canada. Other voucher specimens are available at the Laboratory of Plant Nematology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. Description. Female. Body straight to curved ventrally after heat relaxation. Body annuli 1.1 �� 0.1 (0.9���1.3) ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral fields 6.7 �� 1.0 (5.0��� 9.5) ��m wide, occupying one-third to two-fifths of the mid-body diameter, with five lines in vulval region and four lines in tail region, outer bands areolated in some specimens. Deirids absent. Labial region with three annuli, low and flattened, slightly offset from body, 2.7 �� 0.2 (2.6���2.9) ��m high and 8.1 �� 0.4 (7.6���8.8) ��m wide. Cephalic framework moderately developed. Stylet short, robust; basal knobs flattened or slightly concave anteriorly, 1.7 �� 0.1 (1.6 ���2.0) ��m high and 3.8 �� 0.1 (3.6 ���4.0) ��m wide. Stylet conus shorter than length of shaft including knobs. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland 2.1 �� 0.2 (1.8���2.5) ��m posterior to stylet base. Procorpus cylindrical. Median bulb large and muscular, oval, occupying half of corresponding body diameter, 13.7 �� 0.6 (12.9���14.9) �� 10.4 �� 0.5 (9.3���11.1) ��m. Isthmus short, nerve ring encircling isthmus just posterior to median bulb. Excretory pore slightly anterior to pharyngo-intestinal junction. Hemizonid ca 2 annuli long, 0���3 annuli anterior to excretory pore. Hemizonion not visible. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine ventrally or ventrolaterally. Vulval lips elevated distinctly. Vulva slightly posterior to middle of body. Ovaries paired, outstretched, oocytes in single row. Spermatheca indistinct; when observed in three specimens, empty and rounded. Tail subcylindrical with 25 �� 3 (21���31) annuli, tail terminus smooth and rounded, hyaline portion of tail terminus indistinct, no more than 2.5 ��m in length. Phasmid minute, dot-like, situated at or near the middle of tail, 12 �� 3 (9���17) annuli posterior to anus. Male. Not found. Diagnosis and relationships. Zygotylenchus gansuensis sp. n. is characterized by the following morphological features: low and flattened labial region with three annuli, stylet 14.1 �� 0.5 (13.0��� 14.9) ��m long, absence of deirids, five lateral lines in the vulval region, ventrally or ventrolaterally pharyngeal glands overlap 58.5 �� 8.1 (43.6���68.3) ��m long, V = 56.4 �� 1.6 (54.0��� 60.8), indistinct spermatheca, subcylindrical tail with smooth and rounded terminus, and absence of males. Z. gansuensis sp. n. is most similar to Z. taomasinae (de Guiran, 1964) Braun & Loof, 1966 in morphology, but it can be differentiated from Z. taomasinae by the shorter tail (27.0��� 35.9 vs 40.4���44.5 ��m), fewer tail annuli (21���31 vs 30���45), lower c��� value (2.3���3.3 vs 3.7���4.5), shorter distance from median bulb valve to anterior end (43.9���51.6 vs 50���58 ��m), stylet conus shorter than length of shaft plus knobs, m = 46.7���49.6 (vs conus longer than shaft plus knobs, m = 50���55), tail terminus shape (rounded vs narrowly rounded), shorter hyaline portion of tail terminus (no more than 2.5 vs 6 ��m) and males absent (vs. present). The new species can be readily distinguished from the other two species of the genus, Z. guevarai (de Guiran, 1964) Braun & Loof, 1966 and Z. natalensis van den Berg & Tiedt, 2003. It differs from Z. natalensis in tail shape (subcylindrical vs conical), tail terminus shape (rounded vs irregularly annulated terminus always with a ventral projection), vulval lips elevated (vs not prominent), males absent (vs. present), lower ���a��� value (24.7���30.1 vs 29.5���40.5 ��m), position of vulva (V = 54���60.8 vs 58���65), and shorter hyaline portion of tail terminus (no more than 2.5 vs 2���6 ��m). From Z. guevarai by spermatheca shape (indistinct in most specimens, rounded and empty in three specimens vs rounded, offset and filled with round sperms), lip region shape (flattened, slightly offset vs rounded, very slightly flattened), shorter stylet (13.0��� 14.9 vs 14.7 ���20.0 ��m), more lateral lines in vulval region (five vs four) and males absent (vs. present). Type-locality and habitat: Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) in Lanzhou City (36 �� 7 ' 30 " N, 103 �� 41 ' 47 " W), Gansu province, China in July, 2013. Etymology: The species name is given to show the type locality of Gansu province. Molecular profiles and phylogenetic status. Three 890 -bp partial SSU sequences from three single females (GenBank accession numbers KJ 129767, KJ 129768 and KJ 129766) were sequenced. Intraspecific variation of the partial SSU for Z. gansuensis n. sp. was 0.1���0.3 % (1���3 bp). A BlastN search of Z. gansuensis n. sp. on the partial SSU GenBank database revealed relatively high-scoring matches with Z. guevarai and P. bolivianus (GenBank accession numbers AF 442189 and KC 875390, respectively). Interspecific sequence variation was 5.8 ���6.0% between the new species and Z. guevarai, and 5.0��� 5.3 % between the new species and P. bolivianus. Figure 3 represents a phylogenetic tree based on partial SSU from a multiple alignment of 926 total characters with 605 constant characters (65.3 %). The average nucleotide composition is as follows: 27.04 % A, 21.76 % C, 25.54 % G and 25.66 % T. In this tree, Z. gansuensis n. sp. and Z. guevarai do not form a monophyletic clade. Z. gansuensis n. sp. forms a highly supported (PP = 100) clade with P. bolivianus, and this clade is sister to Z. guevarai (PP = 76). One 775 -bp and two 774 -bp LSU D 2 D 3 sequences (GenBank accession numbers KJ 129770, KJ 129771 and KJ 129769) from the same females as mentioned above were also sequenced. Intraspecific variation of the D 2 -D 3 LSU segment for Z. gansuensis n. sp. was 0���0.5 % (0���4 bp). A BlastN search of Z. gansuensis n. sp. on the GenBank D 2 -D 3 database returned the highest matches with Pratylenchus sp. DP- 2010 and P. bhattii (GenBank accession numbers HM 469436 and JN 244270, respectively). The new species differed in D 2 D 3 sequences from Pratylenchus sp. DP- 2010 and P. bhattii by 11.3���11.6 % and 11.3���11.7 %, respectively. Compared to congeneric sequences from Z. guevarai (GenBank accession numbers FJ 717823 [Palomares-Rius et al. 2010], JQ 917439 and JX 261956 [Majd Taheri et al. 2013]), interspecific sequence variation ranges from 14.4 % to 19.8 %. Figure 4 represents a phylogenetic tree based on LSU D 2 D 3 from a multiple alignment of 704 total characters with 288 constant characters (40.7 %). The average nucleotide composition is as follows: 16.93 % A, 24.18 %C, 34.58 % G and 24.31 % T. In this tree, Z. gansuensis n. sp. and Z. guevarai do not form a monophyletic clade, as in the tree inferred from SSU. Z. gansuensis n. sp. occupies a basal position within a relatively highly supported (PP = 85) clade together with P. zeae, P. bhattii, P. delattrei and Pratylenchus sp. DP- 2010. Two 991 -bp and one 992 -bp ITS sequences from the same females as above were sequenced (GenBank accession numbers KJ 129773, KJ 129774 and KJ 129772). Intraspecific variation of the corresponding gene for Z. gansuensis n. sp. was 0���1.5 % (0���15 bp). In comparison with sequences from GenBank, ITS sequences of Z. gansuensis n. sp. show very great divergence. Interspecific sequence variations were 27.1���27.3 % between the new species and P. brachyurus (KC 538863), the most similar sequence in GenBank. Comparison of ITS sequences of FIGURE 3. The 10001 st Bayesian consensus tree inferred from partial SSU under the TrN+I+G model (lnL = 5547.4624; AIC = 11108.9248; freqA = 0.2704; freqC = 0.2176; freqG = 0.2554; freqT = 0.2566; R(a) = 1; R(b) = 2.0149; R(c) = 1; R(d) = 1; R(e) = 4.5776; R(f) = 1; Pinvar = 0.424; Shape = 0.6176). Posterior probability values exceeding 50 % are given on appropriate clades. FIGURE 4. The 10001 st Bayesian consensus tree inferred from LSU D 2 D 3 under the GTR+I+G model (lnL = 8138.25; AIC = 16296.5; freqA = 0.1693; freqC = 0.2418; freqG = 0.3458; freqT = 0.2431; R(a) = 1.1441; R(b) = 4.311; R(c) = 2.4485; R(d) = 0.4018; R(e) = 6.4698; R(f) = 1; Pinvar = 0.304; Shape = 0.8623). Posterior probability values exceeding 50 % are given on appropriate clades. the new species with the available ITS sequence of Z. guevarai (FJ 717817, Palomares-Rius et al. 2010) at interspecific level showed divergence between 47.0��� 47.4 %. A phylogenetic analysis was not conducted because of limited availability of comparable sequences., Published as part of Wang, Honghong, Zhuo, Kan & Liao, Jinling, 2014, Morphological and molecular characterization of Zygotylenchus gansuensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchinae) from China, pp. 465-475 in Zootaxa 3821 (4) on pages 466-473, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/231666, {"references":["De Guiran, G. (1964) Mesotylus: nouveau genre de Pratylenchinae (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Nematologica, 9 (1963), 567 - 575. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529263 x 00656","Braun, A. L. & Loof, P. A. A. (1966) Pratylenchoides laticauda n. sp., a new endoparasitic phytonematode. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 72, 241 - 245. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02650210","van den Berg, E. & Tiedt, L. R. (2003) Zygotylenchus natalensis sp. n. (Nemata: Pratylenchidae) from a potato field in South Africa. Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics, 5, 145 - 151.","Palomares-Rius, J. E., Castillo, P., Liebanas, G., Vovlas, N., Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortes, J. A. & Subbotin, S. A. (2010) Description of Pratylenchus hispaniensis n. sp. from Spain and considerations on the phylogenetic relationship among selected genera in the family Pratylenchidae. Nematology, 12, 429 - 451. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 138855409 x 12559479585043","Majd Taheri, Z., Tanha Maafi, Z., Subbotin, S. A., Pourjam, E. & Eskandari, A. (2013) Molecular and phylogenetic studies on Pratylenchidae from Iran with additional data on Pratylenchus delattrei, Pratylenchoides alkani and two unknown species of Hirschmanniella and Pratylenchus. Nematology, 15, 633 - 651. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002707"]}

Wang, Honghong, Zhuo, Kan, Liao, Jinling (2014): Morphological and molecular characterization of Zygotylenchus gansuensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchinae) from China. Zootaxa 3821 (4): 465-475, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3821.4.5

Heterodera guangdongensis n. sp. Figs. 1���3 = Heterodera sp. GD 1 in Zhuo et al. 2013 Measurements. See Table 2. Material examined. Type-material: Holotype cyst, three paratype vulval cones, one paratype male and five paratype J2s are deposited in the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland; three paratype vulval cones, one paratype male and five paratype J2s in the Canadian National Nematode Collection, Ottawa, Canada. Other specimens are available in the Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. Description. Cyst. Lemon-shaped with distinct neck and vulval cone, light brown to dark brown in color. Stylet and other internal structures indistinct. Cuticle with irregular zig-zag pattern, but without remnant subcrystalline layer. Vulval cone ambifenestrate. Underbridge weak. Bullae absent. Eggs packed in the body. Anus distinct. ......continued on the next page White female. Body lemon-shaped, white in color, with prominent neck and vulval cone. Subcrystalline layer present. Head set off, with two annuli, the second annule larger and disc-shaped. Stylet long, with rounded knobs sloping slightly posteriorly. Dorsal pharyngeal gland duct opens 3���4 ��m behind the basal knobs. Median bulb massive, with strongly developed valve plates. Excretory pore indistinct. Egg sac sometimes present, ranging from one-half to two times the size of the female, containing eggs. Male. Body vermiform, slightly curved ventrally when heat-relaxed. Lateral field with four incisures, outer bands areolated, wider than central band. Annulus width at mid-body about 1.8 ��m. Head hemispherical, slightly offset, with a distinct labial disc and four or five postlabial distinct annuli. Stylet developed, with knobs slightly projecting or flat anteriorly. Dorsal pharyngeal gland duct opens 4���6 ��m behind the basal knobs. Median bulb oval, with strong valve plates. Nerve ring slightly posterior to median bulb. Excretory pore 108���152.5 ��m from anterior end of the body. Hemizonid 112���140 ��m from anterior end of the body. Spicules arcuate, with finely bifurcate tip. Gubernaculum straight and simple. Tail very short and bluntly rounded. Phasmids indistinct. J2. Body vermiform, slightly ventrally curved when heat-relaxed. Lateral field with three incisures. Body annuli 1.5���1.7 ��m at mid-body. Head offset, hemispherical, with a labial disc and three or four indistinct postlabial annuli. Stylet robust with knobs slightly projecting or flat anteriorly. Dorsal pharyngeal gland duct opens 5.8���7 ��m behind the basal knobs. Median bulb ovoid and prominent. Pharyngeal glands well developed. Hemizonid situated slightly anterior to excretory pore. Genital primordium oval, 8.0 (7.7���8.3) ��m long, 5.8 (5.7���6.0) ��m wide, 129.8 (100.7���143.7) ��m anterior to tail terminus. Anus distinct. Tail conoid, narrowly tapering to a fine rounded terminus, hyaline terminal section distinct, 24.6 (18.3���33.8) ��m long, occupying 50.1 (43.0���57.1)% of tail length. Phasmids pore-like, 5���8 annuli posterior to anus. Diagnosis and relationships. Heterodera guangdongensis n. sp. belongs to the Cyperi group of Subbotin et al. (2010a). Cysts are characterized by a protruding, ambifenestrate vulval cone with small fenestrae (22.0��� 33.8 ��m in length), weak underbridge, short vulva-anus distance (28.9���35.9 ��m) and a 31.1���41.0 ��m long vulval slit, but without bullae; females are characterized by a 25.1���27.6 ��m long stylet with rounded knobs sloping slightly posteriorly; males are characterized by a 21.5���23.0 ��m long stylet with knobs slightly projecting or flat anteriorly, four incisures in lateral field, a 22.0���26.0 ��m long spicule with bifurcate tip; J2s are characterized by a 19.3���21.3 long stylet with slightly projecting or anteriorly flattened knobs, three incisures in lateral field, a 41.7���61.3 ��m long tail with finely rounded terminus and hyaline portion forming 50.1 (43.0���57.1)% of the tail length. In its morphology, the new species is most closely related to four members of the H. cardiolata Kirjanova & Ivanova, 1969 complex in the Cyperi group, including H. cardiolata, H. graminis Stynes, 1971, H. phragmitidis Kazachenko, 1986 and H. longicolla Golden & Dickerson, 1973. The new species differs from H. cardiolata by the more oblate fenestrae (22���33.8 ��m vs 44���70 ��m in length), the shorter vulva-anus distance (28.9���35.9 ��m vs 42���50 ��m), the longer female stylet (25.1���27.6 ��m vs 19���21.4 ��m) and the J2 stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or anteriorly flattened vs prominently anteriorly directed). It differs from H. graminis by the longer female stylet (25.1���27.6 ��m vs 19���24 ��m), the smaller female DGO (3���4 ��m vs 5���7 ��m), the more oblate fenestrae (22.0��� 33.8 ��m vs 32���63 ��m in length), the shorter vulva-anus distance (28.9���35.9 ��m vs 40���50 ��m), the J2 stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or anteriorly flattened vs prominent anteriorly concave), the male stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or flat anteriorly vs rounded) and the shorter spicules (22���26 ��m vs 31���35 ��m). From H. phragmitidis, it differs by the longer female stylet (25.1���27.6 ��m vs 19.5���21 ��m), the smaller female (223.6���398.5 �� 207.9���367.9 ��m vs 467���812 �� 394���677 ��m), the smaller cyst (266.5���415.1 �� 207���361.2 ��m vs 407���836 �� 318.2���738 ��m), the shorter spicules (22���26 ��m vs 28.6���41.6 ��m), the shorter gubernaculum (7.8���8 ��m vs 11.7���14.3 ��m), the male stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or flat anteriorly vs rounded) and the larger J2 DGO (5.8���7 ��m vs 3.6���4.8 ��m). It can be distinguished from H. longicolla by the longer female stylet (25.1���27.6 ��m vs 19���21 ��m), the more oblate fenestrae (22.0��� 33.8 ��m vs 37 ��m in length), the longer male stylet (21.5���23 ��m vs 17.9���20.2 ��m), more incisures in the male lateral field (4 vs 3), more head annuli in the male (4���5 vs 3), the slightly shorter spicules (22���26 ��m vs 25.2���28.6 ��m), the shorter gubernaculum (7.8���8 ��m vs 9���10.6 ��m), the longer J2 stylet (19.3���21.3 ��m vs 16.8���18.5 ��m) and the larger J2 DGO (5.8���7 ��m vs 3.4���6.1 ��m). The new species is also similar to other members of the Cyperi group, including H. cyperi Golden, Rau & Cobb, 1962, H. elachista Ohshima, 1974 and H. oryzicola Rao & Jayaprakash, 1978. It can be distinguished from H. cyperi by the longer female stylet (25.1���27.6 ��m vs 22���22.4 ��m), the smaller female DGO (3���4 ��m vs 4.5���5.6 ��m), the shorter female (223.6���398.5 ��m vs 459���663 ��m), the shorter cyst (266.5���415.1 ��m vs 459���742 ��m), the shorter males (624.0��� 861.3 ��m vs 874���1159 ��m), the shorter spicules (22���26 ��m vs 28���30.8 ��m), the shorter gubernaculum (7.8���8 ��m vs 8���10 ��m), the male stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or flat anteriorly vs rounded), the shorter J2 (318.1���409.5 ��m vs 414���532 ��m), the slightly larger J2 DGO (5.8���7 ��m vs 3.8���6.1 ��m) and the slightly shorter J2 tail (41.7���61.3 ��m vs 56���79 ��m); from H. elachista by the longer female stylet (25.1���27.6 ��m vs 19���23 ��m), the absence of bullae (vs presence), the absence of subcrystalline in cyst stage (vs presence), the longer male stylet (21.5���23 ��m vs 20���21 ��m), the shorter spicules (22���26 ��m vs 26���29 ��m), the shorter gubernaculum (7.8���8 ��m vs 8���13 ��m) and the male stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or flat anteriorly vs sloping posteriorly); from H. oryzicola by the shorter female (223.6���398.5 ��m vs 414���520 ��m), the longer female stylet (25.1���27.6 ��m vs 18���20 ��m), the absence of bullae (vs presence), the shorter males (624���861.3 ��m vs 896���980 ��m) and the J2 stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or anteriorly flattened vs rounded). Compared with the four Heterodera species from bamboo, i.e. H. bamboosi, H. koreana, H. hainanensis and H. fengi, H. guangdongensis n. sp. can be easily distinguished from the first three species by the presence of fenestrae (vs afenestrate). In addition, the new species further differs from H. bamboosi by the presence of a prominent vulval cone (vs absence of vulval cone) and more incisures in the male lateral field (4 vs 3); from H. koreana and H. hainanensis by more J2 lip annuli (3���4 vs 2). H. guangdongensis n. sp. differs from H. fengi by the longer female stylet (25.1���27.6 ��m vs 23���24 ��m), the smaller fenestrae (22.0���33.8 �� 27.8���35.5 ��m vs 40���65 �� 45���62.5��m), the shorter vulval slit (31.1���41 ��m vs 40���60 ��m), the shorter male stylet (21.5���23 ��m vs 24.5���26.3 ��m), the male stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or flat anteriorly vs rounded, sloping posteriorly), the shorter spicules (22���26 ��m vs 27.5���31.3 ��m), the shorter J2 (318.1���409.5 ��m vs 440���520 ��m), the shorter J2 stylet (19.3���21.3 ��m vs 22���24 ��m), the larger J2 DGO (5.8���7 ��m vs 4.5���5.3 ��m), the shorter J2 tail (41.7���61.3 ��m vs 62.5���77 ��m) and the shorter J2 hyaline tail portion (18.3���33.8 ��m vs 35���45 ��m). Type-locality and habitat: Heterodera guangdongensis n. sp. was originally collected from roots and soils around roots of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) in Guangzhou City (latitude N23��9'23'', longitude E113��21'40''), Guangdong Province, China in 2009. The soil type is sandy loam and the local climate is subtropical. Other locality: Other than the type locality, H. guangdongensis n. sp. was also collected from roots and soils around roots of P. pubescens in Nanning City (latitude N22��52'44'', longitude E108��25'3'') and Hechi City (latitude N24��33'29'', longitude E107��46'30''), Guangxi Province, China in 2011. The soil type is sandy loam and the local climate is also subtropical. Etymology: The specific name refers to the type locality, Guangdong Province. Molecular profiles and phylogenetic status. Three rDNA amplicons of 784-bp LSU D2D3 were sequenced, obtained from single J2s collected from Guangzhou, Hechi and Nanning, respectively. GenBank accession numbers of the three sequences are JX081320, KM224882 and JX081321. The identities among these three D2D3 sequences of H. guangdongensis n. sp. were 99.6���99.7%. A BlastN search of H. guangdongensis n. sp. on the LSU D2D3 showed high-scoring matches with some Heterodera species, the highest being with two sequences of H. elachista (GenBank accession number HM560842 and HM560843). The identities of these two sequences and the three D2D3 sequences from the new species ranged from 96.8% to 97.2%. Three ITS-rDNA sequences, two 1161 bp and one 1163 bp, were obtained, respectively, from the same J2 DNA templates mentioned above. GenBank accession numbers of these three sequences are JX081324, KM224880 and KM224881. The identities among these three ITS sequences of H. guangdongensis n. sp. were 99.7%. A BlastN search of H. guangdongensis n. sp. on the ITS also indicated high-scoring matches with some Heterodera species, but the identities were less than 90%. The highest match was also two sequences of H. elachista (GenBank accession number JN201917 and JN201914) with 87.5% to 88% identities. The molecular phylogenetic relationships of H. guangdongensis n. sp. reconstructed by our analyses are presented in Figures 4 and 5. A phylogenetic tree based on LSU D2D3 from a multiple alignment of 676 total characters was constructed (Figure 4). The average nucleotide composition is as follows: 16.98% A, 22.45% C, 34.34% G and 26.23% T. When Cryphodera brinkmani Karssen & van Aelst, 1999 was used as the outgroup taxon, all Heterodera species form a monophyletic group with strong support [100% posterior probability (PP)]. H. guangdongensis n. sp. is positioned in a 100%-supported clade with several species in the Cyperi group, such as H. elachista, H. fengi and H. oryzicola. A phylogenetic tree based on ITS-rRNA was generated from a multiple alignment of 1174 total characters (Figure 5). The average nucleotide composition is as follows: 17.6% A, 23.15% C, 30. 25% G and 29.01% T. When using H. circeae Subbotin & Sturhan, 2004 as an outgroup taxon, H. guangdongensis n. sp. is sister to H. elachista in the Cyperi group, with high support (94% PP), and they were placed in a moderately supported clade (82% PP) with other species including H. oryzicola, H. cyperi and H. mothi belonging to the Cyperi group. This clade is closely related to another member in the Cyperi group, H. fengi, with 100% support. The RFLP-ITS-rRNA profile of H. guangdongensis n. sp. is presented in Figure 6 and Table 3, and differs from profiles of other known Heterodera species, as seen in Subbotin et al. (2010a), especially from profiles of those species in the Cyperi group, including H. cardiolata, H. cyperi, H. elachista, H. fengi, H. mothi Khan & Husain, 1965 and H. oryzicola, obtained with the same PCR primers and the same set of restriction enzymes, as summarized by Subbotin et al. (2010b) and Wang et al. (2013)., Published as part of Zhuo, Kan, Wang, Honghong, Zhang, Hongling & Liao, Jinling, 2014, Heterodera guangdongensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae) from bamboo in Guangdong Province, China-a new cyst nematode in the Cyperi group, pp. 488-500 in Zootaxa 3881 (5) on pages 489-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3881.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4949951, {"references":["Zhuo, K., Wang, H. H., Ye, W. M., Peng, D. L. & Liao, J. L. (2013) Heterodera hainanensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae) from bamboo in Hainan Province, China - a new cyst nematode in the Afenestrata group. Nematology, 15, 303 - 314. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002678","Subbotin, S. A., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J. G. (2010 a) Systematics of cyst nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae). In: Hunt, D. J. & Perry, R. N. (Series Eds.), Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 8 B. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1 - 512. [The Netherlands]","Kirjanova, E. S. & Ivanova, T. S. (1969) A cyst-forming nematode, Heterodera cardiolata n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Dushanbe, Tadzhikistan. Doklady Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR, 12, 59 - 62.","Stynes, B. A. (1971) Heterodera graminis n. sp., a cyst nematode from grass in Australia. Nematologica, 17, 213 - 218. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529271 x 00053","Kazachenko, I. P. (1986) The reed cyst nematode - Heterodera phragmitidis n. sp. (Nematoda, Heteroderidae) - a new species from the Primorsk Territory. Parazitologiya, 20, 227 - 231.","Golden, A. M. & Dickerson, O. J. (1973) Heterodera longicolla, n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Buffalo-grass (Buchloe dactyloides) in Kansas. Journal of Nematology, 5, 150 - 154.","Golden, A. M., Rau, G. J. & Cobb, G. S. (1962) Heterodera cyperi (Heteroderidae), a new species of cyst-forming nematode. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 29, 168 - 173.","Ohshima, Y. (1974) Heterodera elachista n. sp., an upland rice cyst nematode from Japan. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 4, 51 - 56.","Rao, Y. S. & Jayaprakash, A. (1978) Heterodera oryzicola n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) a cyst nematode on rice (Oryza sativa L.) from Kerala State, India. Nematologica, 24, 341 - 346. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529278 x 00461","Karssen, G. & Van Aelst, A. (1999) Description of Cryphodera brinkmani n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a parasite of Pinus thunbergii Parlatore from Japan, including a key to the species of the genus Cryphodera Colbran, 1966. Nematology, 1, 121 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854199508081","Subbotin, S. A., Sturhan, D., Chizhov, V. N., Vovlas, N. & Baldwin, G. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 as inferred from D 2 and D 3 expansion fragments of the 28 S rRNA gene sequences. Nematology, 8, 455 - 474. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854106778493420","Subbotin, S. A., Vierstraete A., De Ley, P., Rowe, J., Waeyenberge, L., Moens, M. & Vanfleteren, J. R. (2001) Phylogenetic relationships within the cyst-forming nematodes (Nematoda, Heteroderidae) based on analysis of sequences from the ITS regions of ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 21, 1 - 16. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.0998","Subbotin, S. A. & Sturhan, D. S. (2004) Heterodera circeae sp. n. and H. scutellariae sp. n. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) from Germany, with notes on the goettingiana group. Nematology, 6, 343 - 355. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568541042360582","Khan, A. M. & Israr Husain, S. (1965) Heterodera mothi n. sp. (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) parasitising Cyperus rotundus L. at Aligarh, U. P. India. Nematologica, 11, 167 - 172. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529265 x 00032","Subbotin, S. A., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J. G. (2010 b) Systematics of cyst nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae). In: Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 8 A. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1 - 351. [The Netherlands]","Wang, H. H., Zhuo, K., Ye, W. M., Zhang, H. L., Peng, D. L. & Liao, J. L. (2013) Heterodera fengi n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae) from bamboo in Guangdong Province, China - a new cyst nematode in the Cyperi group. Zootaxa, 3652, 179 - 192. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3652.1.7"]}

Zhuo, Kan, Wang, Honghong, Zhang, Hongling, Liao, Jinling (2014): Heterodera guangdongensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae) from bamboo in Guangdong Province, China-a new cyst nematode in the Cyperi group. Zootaxa 3881 (5): 488-500, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3881.5.4

Wang, Honghong, Zhuo, Kan, Ye, Weimin, Zhang, Hongling, Peng, Deliang, Liao, Jinling (2013): Heterodera fengi n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae) from bamboo in Guangdong Province, China a new cyst nematode in the Cyperi group. Zootaxa 3652 (1): 179-192, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3652.1.7

Heterodera fengi n. sp. Figs. 1–4 Measurements. See Table 1. Material examined. Type-material: Holotype vulval cone, three paratype vulval cones, one paratype male and ten paratype J 2 s are deposited in the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland; two paratype vulval cones, one paratype male and ten paratype J 2 s in the Canadian National Nematode Collection, Ottawa, Canada. Other voucher specimens are available at the Plant Nematode Research Laboratory, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. Stage Character Holotype Paratype Cyst n 25 L (including neck) 524.7 481.5 ± 90.5 (370.4–587.5) L (excluding neck) 417.2 371.5 ± 63.7 (280.0–465.0) W 307.3 288.0± 31.4 (225.8 –335.0) Neck 107.5 95.9 ± 20.2 (66.1–122.5) L (including neck)/Diam. ratio 1.7 1.7 ± 0.2 (1.4–1.9) Vulval plate n 10 Fenestrate length 42.5 48.4 ±9.0 (40.0–65.0) Semifenestrate length 17.5 21.9 ± 4.6 (16.3 –30.0) Fenestrate width 53.75 50.9 ±5.0 (45.0– 62.5) Vulval slit length 47.5 47.0± 5.3 (40.0–60.0) Vulval-anal distance 33.75 33.7 ± 4.4 (27.5–42.5) Underbridge 95 91.7.0± 6.9 (85.0–105.0) Female n 10 L (including neck) 467.1 ± 38.2 (429.0– 547.5) L (excluding neck) 378.6 ± 39.2 (340.0–450.0) W 270.8 ± 41.9 (204.8 –343.0) Neck 98.3 ±11.0 (85.0– 116.4) L (including neck)/Diam. ratio 1.8 ± 0.2 (1.3–2.1) Stylet (n= 3) 23.4 ± 0.5 (23.0–24.0) DGO (n= 2) 6.1 ± 0.2 (1.3, 2.1) Anterior end to median bulb (n= 3) 59.8 ± 10.9 (48.8–70.5) Length of median bulb (n= 3) 25.9 ± 1.7 (24.2–27.6) Width of median bulb (n= 3) 23.4 ± 2.1 (21.4–25.6) J 2 n 20 L 481.5 ± 23.3 (440.0–520.0) a 23.4 ± 1.3 (20.7–26.3) b 4.6 ± 0.5 (3.9–5.2) b' 3.3 ± 0.2 (2.8–3.5) c 6.9 ± 0.4 (6.2–7.6) c' 5.0± 0.2 (4.7–5.4) Stylet length 23.2 ± 0.6 (22.0–24.0) Lip height 4.8 ± 0.3 (4.5 –5.0) Lip diam. 9.6 ± 0.5 (9.0–10.0) DGO 4.9 ± 0.3 (4.5–5.3) Anterior end to excretory pore 103.3 ± 5.6 (95.0– 113.8) Anterior end to median bulb 69.4 ± 3.1 (60.0–73.0) ......continued on the next page Description. Cyst. Lemon-shaped with distinct vulval cone, variable in size. Cuticle light brown to dark brown. Neck prominent, stylet and other pharyngeal structures indistinct. Remnant subcrystalline layer present. Cuticle with irregular zig-zag pattern. Ambifenestrate. Underbridge present, thicker in central part and bifurcate at ends. Bullae absent. Eggs packed in the body. Anus small, but distinct. White female. Body lemon-shaped, white, covered with subcrystalline layer. Head set off, with two annuli. Stylet strong, with rounded and backwardly sloping knobs. Median bulb massive. Excretory pore indistinct. Egg sac large, 1.5–2 times size of female. Male. Body vermiform, straight or slightly curved ventrally after relaxation. Labial region hemispherical with a distinct labial disc and four postlabial annuli. Lateral field with four incisures, outer bands areolated. Well developed stylet with rounded basal knobs, sloping posteriorly. Median bulb with strong valve plates. Nerve ring broad, located slightly posterior to median bulb. Hemizonid ca 2 annuli long, situated 7–10 annuli anterior to excretory pore. Tail very short and bluntly rounded with protruding cloacal tubus. Phasmids indistinct. Spicules arcuate, each terminating with a bifurcate tip. Gubernaculum straight and simple. J 2. Body vermiform, straight or slightly ventrally curved after relaxation. Lip region offset, hemispherical, with a labial disc and three or four postlabial annuli. Body annuli 1.8 –2.0 μm at mid-body. Lateral field with three incisures. Stylet robust with knobs slightly projecting or flat anteriorly. Median bulb ovoid and prominent. Hemizonid situated slightly anterior to excretory pore. Anus distinct. Tail elongate conical with rounded terminus, distinct hyaline terminal section 41.2 (35.0–45.0) μm long, occupying 58.9 (50.0– 62.5)% of tail length. Genital primordium oval, 10.0 (9.5–10.2) μm long, 7.5 (7.2–8.2) μm wide, 200 (195.0– 211.3) μm anterior to tail terminus. Phasmids pore-like, 4–7 annuli posterior to anus. Diagnosis and relationships. Heterodera fengi n. sp. belongs to the Cyperi group. Cysts are characterized by prominent vulval cone with ambifenestrate, bifurcate underbridge that is thicker in middle and a 47.0 (40.0–60.0) μm long vulval slit, but without bullae; Second-stage juveniles are characterized by a 23.2 (22.0–24.0) μm long stylet with slightly projecting or anteriorly flattened knobs, three incisures in lateral field, a 70.2 (62.5 –77.0) μm long tail with bluntly rounded terminus and hyaline portion forming 58.9 (50.0– 62.5)% of the tail length; Males are characterized by a 25.1 (24.5–26.3) μm long stylet with rounded knobs sloping posteriorly, four incisures in lateral field, a 29.8 (27.5–31.3) μm long spicule with bifurcate tip. The new species appears morphologically most similar to three species of the Cyperi group, i.e., H. graminophila Golden & Birchfield, 1972, H. oryzae Luc & Brizuela, 1961 and H. graminis Stynes, 1971. Heterodera fengi n. sp. differs from H. graminophila by more incisures in the male lateral field (4 vs 3), the J 2 stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or flat anteriorly vs rounded), the slightly longer J 2 tail (62.5 –77.0 μm vs 52.0–67.0 μm) and the longer J 2 hyaline tail portion (35.0–45.0 μm vs 23.0–38.0 μm); from H. oryzae by the absence of bullae (vs presence), the underbridge ends shape (bifurcate vs dendroid-like), the slightly shorter vulvalanal distance (27.5–42.5 μm vs 33.5 –64.0 μm), the slightly longer J 2 tail length (62.5 –77.0 μm vs 46.2–68.9 μm) and the J 2 tail terminus shape (rounded vs pointed); from H. graminis by the longer vulval slit length (40.0–60.0 μm vs 27.0–46.0 μm), the presence of subcrystalline in cyst stage (vs absence), the presence of a large egg sac containing eggs (vs a small egg sac but no eggs), the J 2 stylet knob shape (slightly projected or flat anteriorly vs concave), the longer J 2 body (440.0–520.0 μm vs 343.0–444.0 μm), the longer J 2 tail (62.5 –77.0 μm vs 44.0–65.0 μm), the longer J 2 hyaline region of tail (35.0–45.0 μm vs 23.0–36.0 μm) and shorter spicule (27.5–31.3 μm vs 31.0–35.0 μm). The new species is also closely related to other members of the Cyperi group, including H. oryzicola Rao & Jayaprakash, 1978, H. elachista Ohshima, 1974, H. pakistansis Maqbool & Shahina, 1986 and H. raski Basnet & Jayaprakash, 1984. It can be distinguished from H. oryzicola by the absence of bullae (vs presence), the J 2 stylet knob shape (slightly projecting or flat anteriorly vs rounded), the longer J 2 hyaline region of tail (35.0–45.0 μm vs 22.0–29.0 μm) and the longer spicule (27.5–31.3 μm vs 19.0–25.0 μm); from H. elachista by the absence of bullae (vs presence), the longer J 2 body length (440.0–520.0 μm vs 330.0–450.0 μm), the longer J 2 stylet (22.0–24.0 μm vs 16.0–21.0 μm) and the longer male stylet (24.5–26.3 μm vs 20.0–21.0 μm); from H. pakistansis by the larger fenestrae length and width (40.0–65.0 × 45.0– 62.5 μm vs 25.0–38.0 × 15.0–20.0 μm), the longer J 2 stylet (22.0– 24.0 μm vs 16.8 –18.0 μm), the smaller J 2 DGO (4.5–5.3 μm vs 5.6–6.8 μm), the male stylet basal knob shape (rounded sloping posteriorly vs anteriorly directed) and more postlabial annuli of male (4 vs 3); from H. raski by the shorter cyst (370.4–587.5 μm vs 710.0–835.0 μm), the lower L/W ration of cyst (1.4–1.9 vs 2.7–3.5), the presence of large egg sac in female (vs absent), the longer J 2 stylet (22.0–24.0 μm vs 17.5 –20.0 μm), the J 2 stylet knob shape (slightly projected or flat anteriorly vs rounded), the tail terminus shape of J 2 (bluntly rounded vs acutely pointed), the shorter spicule (27.5–31.3 μm vs 33.5 –36.0 μm) and longer male stylet (24.5–26.3 μm vs 20.5 –22.0 μm). Compared with the other three species reported from bamboo, namely H. bamboosi (Kaushal & Swarup, 1988) Wouts & Baldwin, 1998, H. koreana (Vovlas, Lamberti & Choo, 1992) Mundo-Ocampo, Troccoli, Subbotin, Cid, Baldwin & Inserra, 2008, and H. hainanensis Zhuo, Wang, Ye, Peng & Liao, 2013, the new species can be easily distinguished from them by the presence of fenestrae (vs afenestrate). In addition, Heterodera fengi n. sp. further differs from H. bamboosi by the presence of a prominent vulval cone (vs absence of vulval cone) and more incisures in the male lateral field (4 vs 3); from H. koreana and H. hainanensis by the longer J 2 stylet (22.0–24.0 μm vs 16.0–20.0 μm in H. koreana and 15.8–17.5 μm in H. hainanensis) and more lip annuli of J 2 (3–4 vs 2). Type-locality and habitat: Heterodera fengi n. sp. was collected from roots and rhizosphere of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel), which were collected from Guangzhou City (latitude N 23 ° 8 ’, longitude E 113 ° 17 ’), Guangdong Province, China from 2009 to 2012. The soil type is sandy loam and the local climate is subtropical. Etymology: The species name is given to show respect to Professor Feng Zhixin for his outstanding contributions to our knowledge of plant nematodes. Molecular profiles and phylogenetic status. The sequenced LSU D 2 D 3 and ITS region are 787 bp and 1039 bp respectively. A Blastn search of H. fengi n. sp. on the LSU D 2 D 3 revealed high-scoring matches with some Heterodera species, the most similar being with Heterodera sp. GX 665 (GenBank accession number JX 081322), which is an unidentified species isolated from the rhizosphere of an unknown weed in Guangxi Province in China. The identities of these two sequences are 96.9 % (756 / 787) with five insertions/deletions (0.6 %). Compared with H. elachista (HM 560842), a member of the Cyperi group, H. fengi n. sp. has 28 variable sites with 96.8 % identity (756 / 784) and five insertions/deletions (0.6 %). A Blastn search of H. fengi n. sp. on the ITS region also revealed similarities with some Heterodera species, but the identities were less than 80 %. The highest match was H. elachista (JN 202917) with only 79.2 % identity (920 / 1161) and 109 insertions/deletions (9.4 %). Compared with Heterodera sp. GX 665 (GenBank accession number JX 081325), H. fengi n. sp. has 126 variable sites with 74.5 % identity (863 / 1158) and 169 insertions/deletions (14.6 %). The molecular phylogenetic relationships of the new species are shown in Figures 4 and 5. Figure 4 represents a phylogenetic tree based on LSU D 2 D 3 from a multiple alignment of 673 total characters with 417 constant characters (62.0%). The average nucleotide composition is as follows: 17.31 % A, 22.31 % C, 34.53 % G and 25.86 % T. When using Cryphodera brinkmani Karssen & van Aelst, 1999 as the outgroup taxon, the molecular phylogeny strongly supports monophyly of Heterodera (100 % posterior probability). H. fengi n. sp. is placed in a 95 %-supported monophyletic clade with H. elachista in the Cyperi group. These species form a 100 %-supported monophyletic clade with H. oryzicola, another member in the Cyperi group, and Heterodera sp. GX 665. Figure 5 represents a phylogenetic tree based on ITS-rRNA from a multiple alignment of 1120 total characters with 411 constant characters (36.7 %). The average nucleotide composition is as follows: 16.99 % A, 23.31 % C, 30.52 % G and 29.18 % T. Using H. circeae Subbotin & Sturhan, 2004 as the outgroup taxon, this tree inferred two main clades. H. fengi n. sp. is also close to H. elachista and other species including H. oryzicola, H. cyperi and H. mothi belonging to the Cyperi group with 100 % support. The RFLP-ITS-rRNA profile obtained for H. fengi n. sp. is presented in Figure 7 and Table 2. This RFLP-ITS pattern distinguished H. fengi n. sp. from RFLP profiles of other known Heterodera species, as shown in Subbotin et al. (2010 b), especially from other species of the Cyperi group, including H.cadiolata, H. cyperi, H.elachista, H. mothi, and H. oryzicola (Table 2). A size comparison of fragments indicates that the enzyme Ava I is the most useful to distinguish the new species from these five Heterodera species. FIGURE 5. The 10001 st Bayesian tree inferred from D 2 D 3 of 28 S rDNA under GTR+I+G model (lnL= 4226.0581; AIC= 8472.1162; freqA= 0.1731; freqC= 0.2231; freqG= 0.3453; freqT= 0.2586; R(a)= 0.4768; R(b)= 3.1814; R(c)= 1.3864; R(d)= 0.236; R(e)= 6.0188; R(f)= 1; Pinva= 0.3884; Shape= 0.6589). Posterior probability values exceeding 50 % are given on appropriate clades. FIGURE 6. The 10001 st Bayesian tree inferred from ITS-rRNA under GTR+I+G model (lnL= 10678.832; AIC= 21377.6641; freqA= 0.1699; freqC= 0.2331; freqG= 0.3052; freqT= 0.2918; R(a)= 1.0035; R(b)= 4.0744; R(c)= 1.9286; R(d)= 0.5549; R(e)= 3.4884; R(f)= 1; Pinva= 0.2339; Shape= 1.8049). Posterior probability values exceeding 50 % are given on appropriate clades. AB 28 for Heterodera fengi n. sp. and five other Heterodera species within the Cyperi group. Species Unrestricted Alu I Ava I Bsh 1236 I Bsu RI (Bst uI) (Hae III) H. fengi n. sp. 1139 592,351,192 647,492 443,250,218, 474,252, 101,26 213,200 H.cadiolata 1025 437,387,201 1025 600,275,150 318,224,182,141, 80,32,24,13, 11 H.cyperi 1103 398,326,193, 1103 753,219,131 455,253,193,97, 148,38 52,29, 24 H.elachista 1074 338,325,187, 1074 319,220,205, 552,236,183, 179,28, 17 201,129 79,24 H.mothi 1087 291,246,145, 1087 430,316, 350,246,195, 117,110,109,69 212,129 191,81, 24 H.oryzicola 1010 326,295,203, 1010 320,276,195,131, 8 358,354,194, *Fragments obtained in results of virtual sequence digestion using Webcutter 2 (http://rna.lundberg.gu.se/cutter 2 /). Bold font-verified by PCR-RFLP study; normal font-not PCR-RFLP verified.

Aphelenchoides paradalianensis n. sp. Figs. 1–3 = Aphelenchoides sp. HR 3 in Zhuo et al. 2010 Measurements. See Table 1. Female Male Material examined. Type material: Holotype female, 20 paratype females and 10 paratype males are deposited in the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland; two paratype females in the University of California Nematode Collection, Riverside, California; two paratype females in the Canadian National Nematode Collection, Ottawa, Canada and two paratype females at CABI Bioscience, UK Centre, Surrey, UK. Other voucher specimens and cultures are available at the Plant Nematode Research Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. Description. Female. Body slender and ventrally curved when heat-relaxed, occasionally dorsally curved; annules fine. Lateral fields with four incisures in mid-body. Lip region rounded in lateral view, slightly offset, bearing 6 annules. Stylet 10–12.5 μm long, with small basal swellings, stylet cone comprising ca. 45 % of total stylet. Procorpus cylindrical, ca. 4–5 stylet lengths. Metacorpus oval, with conspicuous valve situated centrally. Nerve ring posterior to metacorpus. Excretory pore level with nerve ring or opposite the posterior level of the nerve ring, the position varying from 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 metacorpus length behind metacorpus. Hemizonid invisible. Pharyngo-intestinal junction immediately posterior to metacorpus. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally for ca. 3–5 body diameters. Monodelphic, ovary outstretched, locating left of intestine, occupying 30–50 % of body length, oocytes in two rows except in anterior part. Oviduct connecting ovary and spermatheca. Spermatheca oval, sperm present in some individuals. Crustaformeria ovate-oblong, posterior to spermatheca, visible in some individuals. Uterus with thick wall, posterior to crustaformeria. Vagina inclined anteriorly at ca. 45 ° to body axis, both anterior and posterior vulval lips slightly protruding, vulval flap absent. Postuterine sac short, 17.5–27.5 μm long, extending 12.9–19.3 % of vulva-anus distance, ca. 1–1.5 vulval body widths or 2–2.5 anal body widths long, sperm sometimes present. Tail conoid, terminus consisting of a short trunk bearing two finely rounded and smooth processes of unequal length. Male. Much less common than females; the ratio of males to females was about one to ten thousand. Body slender, posterior region curved ventrally when heat-relaxed. Anterior region and cuticle similar to female. Testis single, anteriorly outstretched, locating left of intestine, occupying 40–50 % of body length. Spicules smoothly curved, rosethorn-shaped, apex small, rounded. Rostrum short, rounded. Gubernaculum absent. Tail conoid, terminus with a small ventral papillae-like mucronate structure or a short trunk with two fine processes. Three pairs of subventral caudal papillae observed: one pair adanal, the second in the middle of tail, and the third subterminal. Bursal flap absent. Diagnosis and relationships. Aphelenchoides paradalianensis n. sp. is characterised by an unusual tail terminus (the female tail terminus possesses a short trunk with two processes, while the male tail terminus bears a small mucronate structure or just the same as the female), the slightly offset lip region with 6 annules, four incisures in the lateral field, short postuterine sac (extending ca. 13–20 % of vulva-anus distance), medium-sized spicules (14.1–18.6 μm), three pairs of caudal papillae. The new species appears morphologically most similar to A. dalianensis Cheng, Hao & Lin, 2009 because of female tail terminus shape, but the new species is distinguished from A. dalianensis by the size and shape of the male spicule (14.1–18.6 μm vs. 10–12.9 μm; slender vs. thick), the shape of male tail terminus (simple without any mucronate structure in A. dalianensis), shorter postuterine sac (extending for 12.9–19.3 % vs. ca. 25 % of vulvaanus distance, ca. 1–1.5 vulval body widths vs. ca. 2 vulval body widths), smaller female c ratio (14.6–17.7 vs. 17– 20.7). In addition, A. paradalianensis n. sp. is closely related to A. kungradensis Karimova, 1957, A. lilium Yokoo, 1964 and A. variacaudatus Ibrahim & Hooper, 1994 in having four lateral incisures in the lateral field and two mucronate structures on tail terminus of the female. The new species differs from A. kungradensis by the shape of female tail terminus (central section depressed in A. kungradensis), shorter postuterine sac (extending for 12.9– 19.3 % vs. ca. 43 % of vulva-anus distance; ca. 1–1.5 vulval body widths vs. ca. 3 vulval body widths; 2–2.5 anal body widths vs. ca. 5 anal body widths) and the presence of males. From A. lilium by the position of the excretory pore (level with nerve ring vs. obviously posterior to nerve ring), higher b ratio (6.2–7.9 vs. 3.5–4.2 in the female; 5.7–6.8 vs. 4.3–5.6 in the male), smaller T ratio (41.6–55.4 vs. 55.2–67.7) and the shorter body length (485–683 μm vs. 640–750 μm in the female; 393–514 μm vs. 600–800 μm in the male). From A. variacaudatus by the shape of female tail terminus (central section depressed in A. variacaudatus), position of the excretory pore (level with nerve ring, posterior to metacorpus vs. anterior to nerve ring, level with the metacorpus base), higher female a ratio (31.1–46.7 vs. 27.7–32.7), smaller female b ratio (6.2–7.9 vs. 8.6–10.9), smaller stylet length (10–12.5 μm vs. 12.7–14.6) and the presence of males. A. paradalianensis n. sp. is also close to A. goodeyi Siddiqi & Franklin, 1967, A. brevistylus Jain & Singh, 1984, A. parabicaudatus Shavrov, 1967, A. bimucronatus Nesterov, 1985, A. wallacei Singh, 1977 and A. bicaudatus (Imamura, 1931) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941, but the new species can be easily differentiated from these Aphelenchoides species. It differs from A. goodeyi by the shape of female tail terminus (with a short trunk bearing four fine hair-like spikes and somewhat spreading in A. goodeyi), shorter postuterine sac (ca. 1–1.5 vulval body widths vs. ca. 3 vulval body widths), and the presence of males and of sperm in the postuterine sac (both species were cultured on agar with fungi). From A. brevistylus by the number of lateral incisures (4 vs. 2), shorter postuterine sac (extending for 12.9–19.3 % vs. 33–66 % of vulva-anus distance), longer female stylet length (10–12.5 μm vs. 6–8 μm), higher female c ratio (14.6–17.7 vs. 11.1–15.7) and position of the excretory pore (level with nerve ring vs. anterior to nerve ring). From A. parabicaudatus by the shape of female tail terminus (central section constricted in A. parabicaudatus), longer female body length (485–683 μm vs. 310–350 μm), longer female stylet length (10–12.5 μm vs. 8 μm), higher a, c and V ratio (31.1–46.7 vs. 21.4–25 of a ratio; 14.6–17.7 vs. 10.5–12.7 of c ratio and 65–73.3 vs. 61–64 of V ratio) and position of the excretory pore (posterior to metacorpus vs. level with metacorpus). From A. bimucronatus by the number of lateral incisures (4 vs. 2), the size and shape of the male spicule (14.1–18.6 μm vs. 23.8 μm; slender vs. thick), shorter female stylet length (10–12.5 μm vs. 21.7 μm) and higher b ratio (6.2–7.9 vs. 3.4–3.6). From A. wallacei by the shape of female tail terminus (with a short trunk bearing three spikes in A. wallacei), higher a and c’ ratio (31.1–46.7 vs. 22–23 of a ratio and 3.3–4 vs. 2–2.5 of c’ ratio), shorter postuterine sac (ca. 1–1.5 vulval body widths vs. ca. 2 vulval body widths), shorter female body length (485–683 μm vs. 690–730 μm), shorter female stylet length (10–12.5 μm vs. 13.5–14 μm) and the shorter male spicule (14.1–18.6 μm vs. 26 μm). From A. bicaudatus by the shape of female tail terminus (central section constricted in A. bicaudatus), the number of lateral incisures (4 vs. 2), the shorter female tail length (30–40 μm vs. 50 μm; 14.6–17.7 vs. 9.4–12.6 of c ratio and 3.3–4 vs. 4.5–5 of c’ ratio). Type locality and habitat. Type specimens were obtained from a two-week-old culture on Pestalotia sp. The culture was initiated from one female of A. paradalianensis n. sp., which were collected in September 2009 from solid wooden packaging materials exported from South Korea. Etymology. The specific epithet was chosen because the new species is similar morphologically to A. dalianensis. Molecular profiles. Amplification of the ITS region, the near full-length 18 S rDNA and partial mitochondrial COI genes resulted in PCR products of 961 bp, 1707 bp and 710 bp respectively. The closest sequences to these three molecular regions were A. ritzemabosi (EU 186067, EU 186068), A. besseyi (EU 186069), A. sp. (FJ 768943) and A. dalianensis (Cheng et al. 2009) for ITS region; A. sp. (GU 337994), A. sp. (GU 337995), A. besseyi (AY 508035) and A. ritzemabosi (DQ 901554) for 18 S rDNA; A. sp. (GU 367860), A. sp. (GU 367866) and A. sp. (GU 367863) for partial mtCOI. The sequence identities of A. paradalianensis n. sp. and A. dalianensis (the closest species in morphology) are 81 % (651 / 809) with 71 gaps (8.8 %) in the ITS region.

Aphelenchoides fujianensis n. sp. Figs. 1���3 Measurements. See Table 2. Material examined. Type-material: Holotype male, 20 paratype males and 20 paratype females are deposited in the USDA Nematode Collection, Beltsville, Maryland; two paratype females in the University of California Nematode Collection, Riverside, California; two paratype females in the Canadian National Nematode Collection, Ottawa, Canada and two paratype females at CABI Bioscience, UK Centre, Surrey, UK. Other voucher specimens and cultures are available at the Plant Nematode Research Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. Description. Male. Body slender, posterior region curved ventrally when heat-relaxed; annules fine. Lateral fields with four incisures in mid-body. Lip region rounded in lateral view, unstriated, slightly offset. Stylet 12.5���14 ��m long, with small basal swellings, stylet cone comprising ca. 45 % of total stylet. Procorpus cylindrical, ca. four stylet lengths. Metacorpus oval, with conspicuous valve situated centrally. Nerve ring posterior to metacorpus. Excretory pore anterior to or level with nerve ring, posterior to metacorpus. Pharyngo-intestinal junction immediately posterior to metacorpus. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally for ca. 3���4 body diameters. Testis single, cells in single row, anteriorly outstretched. Spicules smoothly curved, rosethorn-shaped, apex small, rounded. Rostrum short, pointed. Gubernaculum absent. Tail conoid, terminus with a star-shaped mucro with two to three pointed processes. Three pairs of subventral caudal papillae observed: one pair located just anterior to cloacal aperture, the second slightly behind middle of tail, and the third subterminal. Bursa absent. Female. About equal number as males. Body slender and ventrally curved when heat-relaxed. Anterior region and cuticle similar to male. Monodelphic, ovary outstretched, occupying 40���60 % of body length, anterior end about two third of the distance from head to vulva reaching to pharyngeal glands, oocytes in one or two rows in posterior half of the ovary. Oviduct connecting ovary and spermatheca. Spermatheca oval, filled with sperms. Crustaformeria ovate-oblong, posterior to spermatheca, visible in some individuals. Uterus with thick wall, posterior to crustaformeria. Vagina inclined anteriorly at ca. 45 �� to body axis, both anterior and posterior vulval lips slightly protruding, vulval flap absent. Postvulval uterine sac elongate, 68���110 ��m long, extending 32���44 % of vulva-anus distance, ca. 3���4 vulval body widths or 5���8 anal body widths long, sperms usually present. Tail conoid, terminus with a star-shaped mucro with three pointed processes. Diagnosis and relationships. Aphelenchoides fujianensis n. sp. is characterised by four lateral incisures in the lateral field, elongate postvulval uterine sac (extending ca. 32���44 % of vulva-anus distance), usually filled with sperms, large spicules (24���30 ��m), three pairs of caudal papillae, star-shaped mucro and relatively long body length (653���843 ��m in the male and 803���941 ��m in the female). Aphelenchoides fujianensis n. sp. belongs to the Group 3 category of Aphelenchoides species sensu Shahina (1996), i.e., a group of species with tetramucronate spine or star-shaped terminus of the tail. The identification codes of OEPP / EPPO (2004) for A. fujianensis n. sp. are: A 1 -B 2 -C 1 -D 1 / 3 -E 1 -F 1 / 2. To date, 21 known species in the Group 3 category of Aphelenchoides species sensu Shahina (1996) are described. Species comparisons in the Group 3 are compiled in Table 3 updated from Shahina (1996) and OEPP / EPPO (2004). The new species, on the basis of four lateral lines, star-shaped tail terminus, and conoid, slightly ventrally curved tail, appears morphologically most similar to A. besseyi, A. goodeyi Siddiqi & Franklin, 1967, A. asteromucronatus Eroshenko, 1967, A. siddiqii Fortuner, 1970 and A. silvester Andrassy, 1958. Aphelenchoides fujianensis n. sp. differs from A. besseyi by the size and shape of the male spicule (24���30 ��m vs. 18���21 ��m; short condylus vs. condylus absent), longer stylet (12.5���14 ��m vs. 10���12.5 ��m), longer female tail (46���58 ��m vs 36���42 ��m), longer postvulval uterine sac (5���8 anal body widths vs 2.5���3.5 anal body widths, extending for 32���44 % vs. less than 33 % of vulva-anus distance). It differs from A. goodeyi by the longer female body (803���941 ��m vs. 460���610 ��m), longer stylet (12.5���14 ��m vs. 11.5���12.5 ��m), position of the excretory pore (anterior to or level with nerve ring vs. posterior to or level with hind edge of nerve ring), longer gonad (anterior end reaching about two-thirds the distance from head to vulva, ending close to the pharyngeal glands vs. anterior end reaching one third to a half the distance from head to vulva), longer female tail (46���58 ��m vs. 33���42 ��m), mucro number (2���3 vs. 4), larger female b 1 ratio [total body length divided by the distance from the anterior end to the base of the median bulb (Siddiqi & Franklin, 1967)] (11���13 vs. 8���10 and the presence of males and of sperms in the postvulval uterine sac (both species were cultured on agar with fungi). From A. asteromucronatus, the new species differs by having a longer female body (803���941 ��m vs. 390���530 ��m), higher female c ratio (15.1���18.2 vs. 10.9���14.5), longer stylet (12.5���14 ��m vs. 9 ��m), longer postvulval uterine sac (3���4 vulval body widths vs. 1 vulval body width) and the presence of males. From A. siddiqii, by longer female body (803���941 ��m vs. 370���700 ��m), longer stylet (12.5���14 ��m vs. 11���12.5 ��m), longer postvulval uterine sac (3���4 vulval body widths vs. 0.5���1 vulval body width), longer female tail (46���58 ��m vs. 26 ��m) and longer spicule (24���30 ��m vs. 16���17 ��m). From A. silvester, by the head offset status (slightly offset from body vs. distinctly offset from body), longer female body (803���941 ��m vs. 480���560 ��m), longer stylet (12.5���14 ��m vs. 9.5���10 ��m), smaller female a ratio (31.5���36.3 vs. 37���38), higher female b ratio (9.8���13 vs. 8���9.7) and the presence of males. Type-locality and habitat: Type specimens were obtained from a two-week-old culture on Pestalotia sp. The culture was initiated from one female and one male of A. fujianensis n. sp., which were collected in September 2008 by the first two authors from the wood of dead pine tree (Pinus massoniana), in Xiapu County, Fujian Province (latitude N 26.9 ��, longitude E 120 ��), China. Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from Fujian Province, where the new species was originally collected. TABLE 2 Morphometrics of Aphelenchoides fujianensis n. sp. [Measurements are in ��m and in the format: mean �� SD (range)] Male Female Molecular characterizations and phylogenetic relationships. For molecular analysis, the 1552 bp nearfull-length 18 S rDNA and the 710 bp partial mitochondrial COI genes were sequenced. A Blastn search of A. fujianensis n. sp. on the 18 S rDNA revealed the highest match with A. besseyi (GenBank accession number AY 508035). The identities of the two sequences are 97 % (1528 / 1563) with 13 insertions/deletions (0.8 %). The second highest match is A. ritzemabosi (DQ 9901554) with 93 % identifies (1454 / 1550) and 22 insertions/ deletions (0.9 %). A Blastn search of A. fujianensis n. sp. on the mtCOI revealed the highest match with some Bursaphelenchus species, but the identities are less than 88 %. Comparing with A. besseyi (EU 983281), A. fujianensis n. sp. has 102 variable sites with 83 % identities (520 / 624) and no gaps indicating much higher variations in mtCOI than 18 S. However, there is only 1 amino acid difference out of 197 amino acids between these two species which implied almost all the variations are on the synonymous sites for this protein coding gene and the tight phylogenetic relationships between the two species. Fig. 4 represents a phylogenic tree based on 18 S rDNA from a multiple alignment of 1625 total characters. This dataset has 851 constant characters (52.4 %). The average nucleotide composition is as follows: 25.5 % A, 19.5 % C, 26.1 % G and 28.9 % T. According to previous molecular phylogenetic analysis (Meldal et al., 2007, Zhao et al, 2008, Kanzaki et al., 2009), there is no significantly supported natural outgroup resolved for aphelenchoidoids. For the purpose of this study, a non aphelenchoidoid species Ditylenchus dipsaci was chosen as an outgroup taxon to root the tree. This tree inferred two main clades. Aphelenchoides fujianensis n. sp. is in a 100 % supported monophyletic clade with other Aphelenchoides and Laimaphelenchus species with teramucronate spine or star-shaped terminus, but most closest to A. besseyi. Bursaphelenchus is placed in a separate clade far from A. fujianensis n. sp. Fig. 5 represents a phylogenetic tree based on mtCOI from a multiple alignment of 591 total characters. This dataset has 321 constant characters (54.3 %). The average nucleotide composition is as follows: 24.1 % A, 11.9 % C, 19.4 % G and 44.5 % T. This gene is A-T rich (68.6 %) with a high proportion of Ts. Using Schistonchus caprifici as an outgroup taxon, this tree inferred two main clades. Aphelenchoides fujianensis n. sp. is in a 93 % supported monophyletic clade with two Bursaphelenchus species. This group is in a 100 % supported monophyletic clade with four other Aphelenchoides species including A. besseyi. The same dataset was translated into protein sequences and a Neighbor-joining tree was generated in Fig. 6. This tree revealed A. fujianensis n. sp. is close to A. besseyi and another unidentified Aphelenchoides species. Interestingly, the tree inferred from protein sequences well separated A. fujianensis n. sp. with Bursaphelenchus species which are in the same clade inferred from DNA sequences (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Zhuo, Kan, Cui, Ruqiang, Ye, Weimin, Luo, Mei, Wang, Honghong, Hu, Xuenan & Liao, Jinling, 2010, Morphological and molecular characterization of Aphelenchoides fujianensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from Pinus massoniana in China, pp. 39-52 in Zootaxa 2509 on pages 41-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196021, {"references":["Shahina, F. (1996) A diagnostic compendium of the genus Aphelenchoides Fischer, 1894 (Nematoda: Aphelenchida) with some new records of the group from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 14, 1 - 32.","OEPP / EPPO. (2004) EPPO standards PM 7 / 39 (1) diagnostic protocols for regulated pests Aphelenchoides besseyi. Bulletin OEPP / EPPO Bulletin, 34, 303 - 308.","Siddiqi, M. R. & Franklin, M. (1967) Aphelenchoides goodeyi n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea), a mycetophagous nematode from South India. Nematologica, 13, 125 - 130.","Meldal, B. H. M., Debenham, N. J., De Ley, P., De Ley, I. T., Vanfleteren, J. R., Vierstraete, A. R., Bert, W., Borgonie, G., Moens, T., Tyler, P. A., Austen, M. C., Blaxter, M. L., Rogers, A. D. & Lambshead, P. J. D. (2007) An improved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42, 622 - 636.","Zhao, Z. Q., Ye, W., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Li, D., Thomas, W. K., Davies, K. A. & Riley, I. T. (2008) Morphological and molecular analysis of six aphelenchoidoids from Australian conifers and their relationship to Bursaphelenchus (Fuchs, 1937). Nematology, 10, 663 - 678.","Kanzaki, N., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Scheffrahn, R. H., Center, B. J. & Davies, K. A. (2009) Pseudaphelenchus yukiae n. gen., n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) associated with Cylindrotermes macrognathus (Termitidae: Termitinae) in La Selva, Costa Rica. Nematology, 11, 869 - 881."]}

Neodolichodorus sinensis sp. nov. Figs. 1–31 Measurements. See Table 1. Material examined. Type material: Holotype, adult female, slide NSF04. Paratypes, adult females (slides NSF, NSF01 - NSF03); adult males (NSM & NSM01 - NSM05); juveniles (slides NSJ13, NSJ15 & NSJ16, all putative stage 2 juveniles; NSJ01, NSJ08, NSJ14 & NSJ18-NSJ22, all putative stage 3 juveniles; NSJ03, NSJ04, NSJ06, NSJ07, NSJ09, NSJ10, NSJ23, all putative stage 4 juveniles). Type locality: Found in sandy soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of Kandelia candel in Futian Mangrove Reserve of Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China (22º31’35.04’’ N, 113º59’53.77’’ E). All specimens are deposited in Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. Description. Female. Body slightly ventrally curved to C-shaped when heat relaxed, tapering at both ends. Cuticle with striae about 1.6 µm apart at mid-body. Lateral fields with four incisures, originating behind lip region and ending on tail, not areolated at mid-body, irregularly areolated anteriorly and posteriorly, inner band obviously wider than outer bands posteriorly. Lip region continuous or slightly offset from body contour, bearing five to six transverse striae. Labial disc not prominent. Cephalic framework sclerotized. Stylet elongate, conus longer than shaft, basal knobs sloping posteriorly. Precorpus cylindrical, median bulb well developed with conspicuous valve, ovate in profile. Basal bulb elongate-pyriform. Excretory pore at level of median bulb, between base and valves. Hemizonid conspicuous, posterior to excretory pore, 192–235 µm from anterior end. Vulva a transverse slit, vagina almost one-half body width long, with asymmetrical vaginal sclerotization in lateral view. Two ovaries opposite and outstretched with oocytes in two or three rows. Tail elongate-conoid, tapering, slightly narrowing 13–15 annuli posterior to anus. Phasmids pore-like, level with or slightly anterior to anus, in middle of lateral field. Male. Body similar to female in lip region, annulation, location of excretory pore, hemizonid, and lateral field, but slightly smaller. Testis outstretched, about 60% of body length. Bursa trilobed, lateral lobes rounded, crenate, prominently striated externally, extending from posterior to the head of the retracted spicules to just anterior to the tail tip and the maximum extent of the median lobe. Median lobe elongate-conoid, without spinules, terminus bifurcate or not. Spicules paired, slightly ventrally curved, bending at distal tip. Gubernaculum large, slender, straight, slightly protruding from cloaca. Gubernaculum accessory piece absent. Phasmids pore-like, located about half distance from cloacal aperture to tail tip. Tail short, pointed in lateral view. Juvenile (all stages). Body similar to female except for reproductive system and location of excretory pore. Excretory pore about at level with anterior edge of basal bulb. Hemizonid invisible. Diagnosis. Neodolichodorus sinensis sp. nov. is characterized by the continuous or slightly offset head with five to six transverse striae; female stylet 84–92 µm long (82.5–87.5 µm in male); female tail elongateconoid, slightly narrowing at 13–15 annuli posterior to anus; lateral fields with four lines; female phasmids pore-like at level with or slightly anterior to anus and relatively long spicules, between 60–70 µm; and a straight gubernaculum, between 32–33.8 µm. Relationships. The new species differs from all other species of Neodolichodorus except N. leiocephalus Doucet, 1981, N. paralongicaudatus, Rashid, 1990 and N. rageshi Siddiqi, 2000 in having a elongate-conoid female tail (all other species have a obtuse or mammillate tail). N. sinensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the above three elongate-tailed species by the continuous or slightly offset head (vs. strongly set off from body). In addition, the new species differs from N. leiocephalus in having five or six transverse striae on the head (vs. none), a more anterior vulva (v=49–50 vs. 53.3–57.7), longer female tail (c=25.6–30.9 vs. 39–52 and c’=3.3–3.6 vs. 1–2.1), and longer spicules (60–70 µm vs. 55–57 µm) and gubernaculum (31–33.8 µm vs. 21.5– 23.5 µm) in the male. It differs from N. paralongicaudatus in having the excretory pore located between the base and middle of median bulb in the female (vs. at basal part of isthmus), longer female stylet (84–92 µm vs. 73–75.5 µm), shorter female tail (c =25.6–30.9 vs. 21.2–21.5) and having phasmids level with or slightly anterior to anus in the female (vs. posterior to anus). From N. rageshi, the new species differs by the number of transverse striae on the head (five to six vs. none), longer female stylet (84–92 µm vs. 66 µm), anteriorly positioned vulva (V=49–50 vs. 56), and longer female tail (c=25.6–30.9 vs. 45.3 and c’=3.3–3.6 vs. 1.7). Etymology. The specific name refers to the geographic location (adj. sinensis = Chinese, from China).