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The utilization of underground space is related to geological environment. Identifying the geological safety risk and their influencing factors of underground space utilization can provide scientific basis for underground space management and the safety of underground space facilities. Previous studies have utilized various methods including analytic hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy mathematics, and neural network to analyze the geological environment conditions of urban underground space. However, their methods have limitations in terms of objective weighting. To address this, considering the data correlation, discreteness, and relativity (conflict), an improved analytic hierarchy process incorporating the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method was introduced. The CRITIC-Entropy combination weighting method, which made the weights more scientific and reasonable, was proposed to evaluate the geological safety risk of underground space utilization. In Xiongan New Area, the geological safety risks related to stress variation, bearing capacity, submergence and anti-floating, soil pressure change, and sand liquefaction were analyzed. The evaluation focused on four aspects: space, resources, environment, and disaster. Quantitative indicators, such as aquifer thickness, characteristic value of soil bearing capacity, compression modulus of soil, ground elevation, buried depth of groundwater level, land subsidence rate, and sand liquefaction index were selected to construct the geological safety risk evaluation index system for shallow (0−15 m), sub-shallow (15−30 m), sub-deep (30−50 m), and deep (50−100 m) underground spaces. The study reveals that the geological safety risk of underground space in the study area follows a pattern that deep layers have a lower risk compared to shallow layers. The areas with Ⅰ and Ⅱ risk grades are predominantly located at Baiyangdian and its surrounding areas, east of Nanzhang town, and east of Daying town. The cumulative acreage of Ⅰ and Ⅱ risk grades in shallow, sub-shallow, sub-deep, and deep underground space accounts for 54.49%, 42.51%, 41.06%, and 42.18%, respectively. Additionally, the dominant factors influencing the geological safety risk vary across different layers of underground space, while compression modulus of soil, characteristic value of soil bearing capacity, ground elevation, and buried depth of groundwater level show high weights. It is also important to consider the risk changes caused by the potential changes of land subsidence rate, buried depth of groundwater level, and different excavation ways in the future research. These findings provide a geological foundation for the scientific optimization of underground space utilization and disaster prevention and mitigation in Xiongan New Area and other similar areas.

Abstract Background Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a vision-threatening autoimmune disorder. Orbital tissue fibrosis leading to intractable complications remains a troublesome issue in TED management. Exploration of novel therapeutic targets and agents to ameliorate tissue fibrosis is crucial for TED. Recent work suggests that Ca2+ signaling participates in tissue fibrosis. However, whether an alteration of Ca2+ signaling has a role in fibrogenesis during TED remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Ca2+ signaling in the fibrogenesis process during TED and the potential therapeutic effects of a highly selective inhibitor of the L-type calcium channel (LTCC), nimodipine, through a TGF-β1 induced in vitro TED model. Methods Primary culture of orbital fibroblasts (OFs) were established from orbital adipose connective tissues of patients with TED and healthy control donors. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing were used to assess the genes expression associated with LTCC in OFs. Flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) proliferation assay, wound healing assay and Western blot (WB) were used to assess the intracellular Ca2+ response on TGF-β1 stimulation, and to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of nimodipine in the TGF-β1 induced in vitro TED model. The roles of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in fibrogenesis during TED were determined by immunohistochemistry, WB, flow cytometry and co-immunoprecipitation assay. Selective inhibitors were used to explore the downstream signaling pathways. Results LTCC inhibitor nimodipine blocked the TGF-β1 induced intracellular Ca2+ response and further reduced the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1A1) and collagen type I alpha 2 (Col1A2) in OFs. Besides, nimodipine inhibited cell proliferation and migration of OFs. Moreover, our results provided evidence that activation of the CaMKII/STAT1 signaling pathway was involved in fibrogenesis during TED, and nimodipine inhibited the pro-fibrotic functions of OFs by down-regulating the CaMKII/STAT1 signaling pathway. Conclusions TGF-β1 induces an LTCC-mediated Ca2+ response, followed by activation of CaMKII/STAT1 signaling pathway, which promotes the pro-fibrotic functions of OFs and participates in fibrogenesis during TED. Nimodipine exerts potent anti-fibrotic benefits in vitro by suppressing the CaMKII/STAT1 signaling pathway. Our work deepens our understanding of the fibrogenesis process during TED and provides potential therapeutic targets and alternative candidate for TED.

Abstract Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors among oral cancers, and its treatment is based on radio-chemotherapy and surgery, which always produces more serious side effects and sequelae. Traditional medicine can compensate for the shortcomings of modern medical treatments and play a better therapeutic role. Currently, active ingredients derived from plants are attracting the attention of researchers and clinical professionals. We examined capsaicin (CAP), an active ingredient isolated from Capsicum annuum (family Solanaceae), and explored the effect of CAP combined with cisplatin (DDP) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and TSCC cells migration. Our results demonstrated that Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) induced EMT and promoted cell migration in TSCC cells. CAP combined with DDP inhibits non-TGF-β1-induced or TGF-β1-induced EMT and migration. Mechanistically, the inhibition of non-TGF-β1-induced EMT and migration by CAP combined with DDP was mediated by the AMPK/mTOR pathway, whereas TGF-β1-induced EMT and migration were regulated by the Claudin-1/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. A nude lung metastasis mouse model was established for in vivo validation. These results support our hypothesis that the combination of CAP and DDP inhibits TSCC metastasis. These data set the stage for further studies aimed at validating CAP as an effective active ingredient for enhancing chemotherapy efficacy and reducing the dosage and toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, ultimately paving the way for translational research and clinical trials for TSCC eradication.

Interactions between double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and proteins play an important role in cellular homeostasis by regulating the editing, stability, and splicing of intracellular RNA. The identification of dsRNA-binding proteins (dsRBPs) is key; however, it has long been challenging to purify dsRBPs from cells. In this study, we developed a novel method, dsRBPC (dsRNA-binding protein capture), to purify cellular dsRBPs based on classic phase separation purification procedures. A global dsRNA-binding proteome of LLC-PK1 cells was obtained, and we identified 1326 dsRBPs, including 1303 putative novel dsRBPs. Functional analyses suggested that these enriched dsRBPs are mainly associated with rRNA processing, RNA splicing, transcriptional regulation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. We also found that the ARM (armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeats) motif is a previously unknown dsRNA-binding domain, as demonstrated by biochemical experiments. Collectively, this study provides a useful approach for dsRBP identification and the discovery of a global dsRNA-binding proteome to comprehensively map the dsRNA – protein interaction network.

Abstract Japan’s construction of fortifications throughout its history has been a subject of scholarly interest. Japan has been building fortifications for generations, from Muzuki and stone fortifications at home to Japanese fortifications on the Korean peninsula. While it is commonly believed that the need for castle building in Japan emerged after the Battle of Baekgang, this paper suggests that Japan’s sense of external tensions predates this event. Specifically, this paper examines the construction of defensive fortifications at Itojo and Onojo during the Tang Dynasty and its implications for Japan’s relations with East Asia. Through an analysis of historical records and archeological evidence, this paper argues that the construction of Onojo may have begun as early as around AD 650, challenging the prevailing view in academic circles, which holds that Onojo was built after the defeat of Baekgang. By examining the development of Japan’s relations with East Asia during this period, this paper sheds light on the geopolitical significance of Japan’s construction of defensive fortifications.

The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of particle morphology and size of mineral fillers on mastic rheological and creep properties. Experimentally, eight fillers prepared using the same grinding procedure were characterized. Dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer tests were employed to evaluate mastic rheological and creep behavior, respectively. Numerically, a dynamic viscoelastic model and Burgers creep damage model based on fractional derivatives were established. Results demonstrate that the datasets agree well using fewer model parameters, which can illustrate the availability of the proposed numerical method for the response of all analyzed mastic specimens. As the particle size decreases, material parameter and fractional order are increased by 10.31%, 23.45%, 24.72% and 0.68%, 1.46%, 1.48% for mastics containing limestone filler; and that are increased by 7.07%, 15.38%, 38.06% and 0.76%, 0.85%, 1.18% for mastics with granite filler at 45 °C, respectively. Apart from 150 to 200 mesh size range, the mastic with granite filler is less prone to creep damage accumulation inside the specimen than that containing limestone filler during the loading process. As the particle size increases, relaxation time is rapidly increased by 5.41%, 26.35%, 27.99% and 5.55%, 20.98%, −1.33% for limestone filler-asphalt mastics and granite filler-asphalt mastics, respectively. Moreover, form factor is the determining influential factor for mastic anti-rutting performance, temperature susceptibility and creep damage, while fractal dimension is the most relational factor affecting mastic dissipation capacity, regardless of filler lithology. All the results are conducive to designing mineral filler that fabricates mastic with the desired property.

Plant height influences plant architecture, lodging resistance, and yield performance. It is modulated by gibberellic acid (GA) metabolism and signaling. DELLA proteins, acting as central repressors of GA signaling, integrate various environmental and hormonal signals to regulate plant growth and development in Arabidopsis. We examined the role of two DELLA proteins, GmRGAa and GmRGAb, in soybean plant height control. Knockout of these proteins led to longer internodes and increased plant height, primarily by increasing cell elongation. GmRGAs functioned under different light conditions, including red, blue, and far-red light, to repress plant height. Interaction studies revealed that GmRGAs interacted with the blue light receptor GmCRY1b. Consistent with this, GmCRY1b partially regulated plant height via GmRGAs. Additionally, DELLA proteins were found to stabilize the protein GmSTF1/2, a key positive regulator of photomorphogenesis. This stabilization led to increased transcription of GmGA2ox-7b and subsequent reduction in plant height. This study enhances our understanding of DELLA-mediated plant height control, offering Gmrgaab mutants for soybean structure and yield optimization.

Abstract Objective To explore the application and advantages of 5G technology in aeromedical rescue. Methods Through the analysis of 11 rescue cases, especially two cases of 5G rescus cases, such as remote video consultation, 5G module equipment, vital signs data return, and Beidou high‐precision positioning. Results 5G technology significantly optimizes the rescue process, enabling real‐time monitoring, low‐airspace 5G private network coverage, advanced equipment support, collaborative operations, and seamless information connection. Its high‐speed network transmission and high‐precision positioning capabilities have promoted the development of aerial body area network disease perception technology and 5G ground–ground collaborative rapid diagnosis and treatment technology, making telemedicine more convenient, safe, and scalable. Conclusion 5G technology has great potential and promotion value in the field of aeromedical rescue.

Abstract Background This study investigated the clinical application of the indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence navigation technique in bile duct identification during laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) for complex hepatolithiasis. Methods Eighty patients with complex hepatolithiasis were admitted to our department between January 2022 and June 2023 and randomly divided into control and observation groups. The control group underwent conventional LCBDE, while the observation group underwent LCBDE guided by ICG fluorescence. Results Intraoperatively, the observation group had shorter operation and search times for the common bile duct (CBD), as well as reduced intraoperative blood loss and fewer complications, such as conversion to laparotomy and various injuries (gastroduodenal, colon, pancreatic, and vascular) than the control group, with statistical significance (P

Rapid global population growth and urbanization have heightened the demand for emergency medical rescue, with helicopter medical rescue emerging as an effective solution. The advent of 5G communication technology, characterized by large bandwidth, low latency, and high reliability, offers substantial promise in enhancing the efficiency and quality of helicopter rescue operations. However, the full integration of 5G technology into helicopter emergency medical services is still in its nascent stages and requires further development. In this viewpoint, we present our experience from the Shenzhen University General Hospital of the application of 5G low-altitude network communication technology, body area network disease sensing technology, and 5G air-ground collaborative rapid diagnosis and treatment technology in aeromedical rescue. We consider that the 5G air-to-ground collaborative rapid diagnosis and treatment technology enables high-quality remote consultation, enhancing emergency medical rescue and providing strong support for future rescue operations.

Study region: The Daliang Mountain region, characterized by its widespread debris flow-pone catchments, is the primary sediment source area for the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and has experienced intensive human activity over the past half-century. Study focus: Here, we combined lake deposits with sediment source areas to quantify the sediment source and corresponding sediment yield (SY) in response to recent human impacts in a typical debris flow-prone catchment located in the Daliang Mountain region, Southwest China. The fingerprinting techniques, incorporating geochemical elements and their specific ratios, were used to characterize the sediment provenances and corresponding SY. New hydrological insight for the region: The results indicated that gully erosion was the major sediment provenance (90.10 %) in the catchment, followed by cultivated land (6.76 %) and forested land (3.14 %) for the studied period. The temporal variations of SY showed two distinctive erosional stages in response to different human activities over the past 70 years, namely 1950−2004 and 2004−2020. Greater SY values, dominated by gully erosion, occurred from 1950 to 2004, implying that both critical national activities and revegetation projects have limited effects on surface sediment generation. In contrast, gully activity and resulting SY have sharply decreased since 2004 following the implementation of check dams. These comparisons indicate a central role of the check dam in reducing gully activity. The findings have important implications for policymakers to optimize the spatial layout of future soil conservation strategies in the region.

SiCf/SiC composite materials had become a research hotspot in the fields of aerospace materials and nuclear materials in recent years. This materials have high strength, radiation resistance, high temperature resistance and oxidation resistance. However, SiC is a typical brittle material prone to being damaged due to stress concentration in some cases, leading to cracks and even component failure. Therefore, this study employed an accurate and efficient numerical simulation method, phase field cohesive zone method (PFCZM), to investigate the microscopic damage behavior of SiCf/SiC composite materials. This study aimed to illustrate the influence of the thickness of pyrolytic carbon (PyC) interface layer on the failure behavior of SiCf/SiC composite materials. Firstly, this study conducted relevant verification of PFCZM. Secondly, numerical simulations of crack initiation, crack propagation, and final damage were performed by establishing a representative volume element (RVE). Observing the simulation results, it was noted that at low strain, when PyC was thicker, the SiCf/SiC composite materials exhibited slight damage to both the SiC matrix and PyC interface. Conversely, when PyC was thinner, the SiCf/SiC composite materials displayed only slight damage to PyC interface. As the PyC thickness increases, the damage to PyC interface decreases, while the damage to SiC becomes more prominent. Simultaneously, a competitive relationship in the damage behavior of SiCf/SiC composite materials can be found after the SiC matrix has cracked: When PyC is thinner, the damage primarily manifests as interlayer delamination between the SiC matrix and the SiC fiber. Conversely, when PyC is thicker, it manifests in PyC failure. Finally, this study concluded that, in this investigation, a PyC interface layer with a thickness of 0.1 μm exhibited the most effective protective effect on SiCf/SiC composite material.

Abstract The Silent Information Regulator 2 (SIR2) protein is widely implicated in antiviral response by depleting the cellular metabolite NAD+. The defense-associated sirtuin 2 (DSR2) effector, a SIR2 domain-containing protein, protects bacteria from phage infection by depleting NAD+, while an anti-DSR2 protein (DSR anti-defense 1, DSAD1) is employed by some phages to evade this host defense. The NADase activity of DSR2 is unleashed by recognizing the phage tail tube protein (TTP). However, the activation and inhibition mechanisms of DSR2 are unclear. Here, we determine the cryo-EM structures of DSR2 in multiple states. DSR2 is arranged as a dimer of dimers, which is facilitated by the tetramerization of SIR2 domains. Moreover, the DSR2 assembly is essential for activating the NADase function. The activator TTP binding would trigger the opening of the catalytic pocket and the decoupling of the N-terminal SIR2 domain from the C-terminal domain (CTD) of DSR2. Importantly, we further show that the activation mechanism is conserved among other SIR2-dependent anti-phage systems. Interestingly, the inhibitor DSAD1 mimics TTP to trap DSR2, thus occupying the TTP-binding pocket and inhibiting the NADase function. Together, our results provide molecular insights into the regulatory mechanism of SIR2-dependent NAD+ depletion in antiviral immunity.

Abstract The real atomic scale details of molecular junctions would be of much complexity and can yield a plethora of “counterintuitive” results. Here, we provide an overview of four unconventional intentional or unintentional transport phenomena in molecular junctions, in particular, unconventional tunneling length-dependent transport behavior, deviation from Kirchhoff’s superposition law, dual roles of imperfect engineering, and masked quantum interference. These abnormal phenomena are not engaged in a dead end. On the contrary, it offers plenty of research opportunities in molecular electronics.

Abstract Background Earthen heritage sites have high cultural and scientific value. However, most of earthen heritage sites have been severely damaged and are in urgent need of restoration. To address this issue, a novel rockbolt, bamboo-steel composite rockbolt (BSCR), was proposed and widely employed in earthen site protection. However, the research on the anchorage mechanism of BSCR lags behind engineering practice, particularly with regard to its behavior under the coupled effect of tensile and shear stress. Case Presentation In this study, based on centrifugal test results, a numerical model was established and validated and a comparative analysis of the anchorage mechanism between conventional rockbolt (CR) and BSCR was also conducted. Various parameters, including rockbolt diameter, bending stiffness, inclination angle, and length, were systematically investigated to elucidate their influence on protective efficacy. Conclusion BSCR has a larger diameter and bending stiffness, and is superior to CR in protecting earthen heritage sites. In addition, reducing the rockbolt inclination angle and increasing the number of rockbolt layers can reduce slope deformation caused by the coupling effect of tensile and shear stress. Increasing the length of BSCR can enhance the stability of the anchored slopes; however, due to the influence of the effective anchorage length of the rockbolt, excessively extending the rockbolt length is inefficient. These research results provide valuable insights into the application of BSCR in earthen site protection and can provide a reference for further research on its anchorage mechanism under complex stress conditions.

Abstract Leaf senescence is a crucial trait that has a significant impact on crop quality and yield. Previous studies have demonstrated that light is a key factor in modulating the senescence process. However, the precise mechanism by which plants sense light and control senescence remains largely unknown, particularly in crop species. In this study, we reveal that the reduction in blue light under shading conditions can efficiently induce leaf senescence in soybean. The blue light receptors GmCRY1s rather than GmCRY2s, primarily regulate leaf senescence in response to blue light signals. Our results show that GmCRY1s interact with DELLA proteins under light-activated conditions, stabilizing them and consequently suppressing the transcription of GmWRKY100 to delay senescence. Conversely, LBL reduces the interaction between GmCRY1s and the DELLA proteins, leading to their degradation and premature senescence of leaves. Our findings suggest a GmCRY1s-GmDELLAs-GmWRKY100 regulatory cascade that is involved in mediating LBL-induced leaf senescence in soybean, providing insight into the mechanism of how light signals regulate leaf senescence. Additionally, we generate GmWRKY100 knockout soybeans that show delayed leaf senescence and improved yield under natural field conditions, indicating potential applications in enhancing soybean production by manipulating the leaf senescence trait.

Abstract Background Universal stress proteins (USPs) are a class of stress-induced proteins that play a crucial role in biotic and abiotic stress responses. These proteins have previously been reported to participate directly in responses to various stress and protect plants against unfavorable environmental conditions. However, there is limited research on USPs in cotton, and systematic characterization of USPs in Gossypium species is lacking. Results In the present study, the USP genes in Gossypium hirsutum were systematically identified and classified into six distinct subfamilies. The expansion of USPs in Gossypium species is mainly caused by dispersed duplication and whole genome duplication. Notably, the USPs that have expanded through allotetraploidization events are highly conserved in the allotetraploid species. The promoter regions of GhUSPs contain a diverse range of cis-acting elements associated with stress response. The RNA-Seq analysis and RT-qPCR assays revealed a significant induction of numerous GhUSPs expressions in response to various abiotic stresses. The co-expression network of GhUSPs revealed their involvement in stress response. Conclusions This study systematically analyzed the biological characteristics of GhUSPs and their response to abiotic stress. These findings serve as a theoretical basis for facilitating the breeding of cotton varieties in future research.

ABSTRACTCoinfection with multiple viruses is a common phenomenon in clinical settings and is a crucial driver of viral evolution. Although numerous studies have demonstrated viral recombination arising from coinfections of different strains of a specific species, the role of coinfections of different species or genera during viral evolution is rarely investigated. Here, we analyzed coinfections of and recombination events between four different swine enteric coronaviruses that infect the jejunum and ileum in pigs, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), and a deltacoronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). Various coinfection patterns were observed in 4,468 fecal and intestinal tissue samples collected from pigs in a 4-year survey. PEDV/PDCoV was the most frequent coinfection. However, recombination analyses have only detected events involving PEDV/TGEV and SADS-CoV/TGEV, indicating that inter-species recombination among coronaviruses is most likely to occur within the same genus. We also analyzed recombination events within the newly identified genus Deltacoronavirus and found that sparrows have played a unique host role in the recombination history of the deltacoronaviruses. The emerging virus PDCoV, which can infect humans, has a different recombination history. In summary, our study demonstrates that swine enteric coronaviruses are a valuable model for investigating the relationship between viral coinfection and recombination, which provide new insights into both inter- and intraspecies recombination events among swine enteric coronaviruses, and extend our understanding of the relationship between coronavirus coinfection and recombination.

Purpose PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a type of noncoding small RNA that can interact with PIWI-like RNA-mediated gene silencing (PIWIL) proteins to affect biological processes such as transposon silencing through epigenetic effects. Recent studies have found that piRNAs are widely dysregulated in tumors and associated with tumor progression and a poor prognosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of piR-1919609 on the proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells. Methods In this study, we used small RNA sequencing to screen and identify differentially expressed piRNAs in primary ovarian cancer, recurrent ovarian cancer, and normal ovaries. A large-scale verification study was performed to verify the expression of piR-1919609 in different types of ovarian tissue, including ovarian cancer tissue and normal ovaries, by RT–PCR and to analyze its association with the clinical prognosis of ovarian cancer. The expression of PIWILs in ovarian cancer was verified by RT–PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The effects of piR-1919609 on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and drug resistance were studied through in vitro and in vivo models. Results (1) piR-1919609 was highly expressed in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer tissues (p

In order to control the occurrence of ginseng root rot caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., the antifungal compounds of the mushroom Suillus bovinus were investigated. And three new alkaloids (1–3), named bovinalkaloid A–C, along with one known analog (4), were isolated and identified by bioassay-guided isolation and spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 strongly inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of F. solani with minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.08 mM. Increases in electrical conductivity, nucleic acid, and protein contents, and decreases in lipid content showed that the membrane permeability and integrity were damaged by compound 1. Compound 1 also increased the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, indicating that lipid peroxidation had taken place in F. solani. Compound 1 may serve as a natural alternative to synthetic fungicides for the control of ginseng root rot.

The immunoglobulins (Ig) and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) are crucial in protecting organisms against pathogen invasion. However, further clarification regarding their mucosal immune responses is required, particularly when considering various vaccine administration routes. Herein, polyclonal antibodies against largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) recombinant pIgR and IgM were prepared, respectively. Moreover, pIgR and IgM response features were investigated after immunization via bath and intraperitoneal injection with Aeromonas hydrophila. The findings indicated that the pIgR transcription level was comparable to that of IgM in the skin, gills, intestine, liver, spleen, and head kidney. Nonetheless, pIgR increased at a quicker rate and peaked earlier than IgM. The pIgR was overexpressed in the skin in the bath immersion group and the spleen in the intraperitoneal immunization group. Meanwhile, IgM expression levels exhibited higher results in the skin and gills in the bath immersion group as well as the liver and spleen in the intraperitoneal immunization group. The ELISA results demonstrated an elevation of IgM and pIgR protein concentrations in the bile as well as skin, gill, and intestine mucus. The bath immersion group exhibited earlier peak levels in skin and gill mucus, whereas the intraperitoneal immunization group displayed a greater peak extent in the bile. Secretory component molecules (SC) were found at about 37 kDa in the bile as well as skin, gill, and intestine mucus, excluding serum, which was close to the theoretical molecular mass derived from the largemouth bass pIgR sequence. The findings have revealed that both bath immunization and intraperitoneal administration vaccination could induce pIgR and IgM production in mucus and bile. Nevertheless, variations within pIgR and IgM responses were detected via various immunization pathways, providing valuable insights into teleost mucosal immunity and strategies for safeguarding against pathogen invasion.

Edible mushrooms are an important source of nutraceuticals and for the discovery of bioactive metabolites as pharmaceuticals. In this work, six new polyphenolic metabolites suillusol A-D (1–4), suillusinoic acid (5), ethyl suillusinoate (6), were isolated from the Suillus granulatus. The structures of new compounds were elucidated using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance data, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. As far as we know, compound 1 represents an unprecedented type of natural product and compound 3 represents a new type of polyphenol fungal pigment, which may be biosynthetically related to thelephoric acid. The cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells of the new compounds were also evaluated. Compound 2 demonstrate significant inhibitory activity against HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 10.85 μM, surpassing that of positive control cisplatin. Moreover, compound 1 and 3 also exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity with their IC50 values measured at 35.60 and 32.62 μM, respectively. Our results indicate that S. granulatus is a rich source of chemical constituents that may provide new lead compounds for the development of anticancer agents.

Highlights Novel customized metamaterial gelatin-based conductive film (GCF) was developed to ensure good biocompatibility and biodegradability for implantable bioelectronics integrating monitoring with tissue repair. The metamaterial property demonstrated high conformal with soft tissues to promote the signal-to-noise ratio. The GCF revealed elastic modulus regulated from 20 to 420 kPa and Poisson's ratio from − 0.25 to 0.52. It was fabricated by embedding different 3D printing ultrafine fiber networks with metamaterial design into ultra-low modulus Gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel.

High-frequency start-up strategy is usually used to limit the current overshoot in the resonant tank of LLC converter. However, the strong coupling among start-up frequency, initial duty cycle, and current limit increases the design complexity of parameters. This paper proposes a parameter optimization strategy of the LLC converter soft start-up process based on the numerical calculation method. With this strategy, the initial switching frequency and duty cycle are determined adaptively according to the given maximum current requirements during the start-up process. The current overshoot is suppressed and soft switching is achieved in the whole process. After the second switching period, 50% duty cycle operation occurs without oscillation. Furthermore, exponential frequency reduction is used in the process, and the current overshoot limiting condition in the initial period is discussed. Finally, a 240 W LLC converter prototype is built to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis in this paper. In terms of current limiting, soft switching, and initial switching frequency, the comprehensive performance of the soft start-up control strategy proposed in this paper is better. Compared to the traditional control strategy, the current overshoot is reduced by 45.6%. The theoretical calculation, simulation, and experimental results are consistent.

Growth-regulating factor (GRF) is a plant-specific family of transcription factors crucial for meristem development and plant growth. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a cereal species widely used for food, feed and fuel. While sorghum stems are important biomass components, the regulation of stem development and the carbohydrate composition of the stem tissues remain largely unknown. Here, we identified 11 SbGRF-encoding genes and found the SbGRF expansion driven by whole-genome duplication events. By comparative analyses of GRFs between rice and sorghum, we demonstrated the divergence of whole-genome duplication (WGD)-derived OsGRFs and SbGRFs. A comparison of SbGRFs’ expression profiles supports that the WGD-duplicated OsGRFs and SbGRFs experienced distinct evolutionary trajectories, possibly leading to diverged functions. RNA-seq analysis of the internode tissues identified several SbGRFs involved in internode elongation, maturation and cell wall metabolism. We constructed co-expression networks with the RNA-seq data of sorghum internodes. Network analysis discovered that SbGRF1, 5 and 7 could be involved in the down-regulation of the biosynthesis of cell wall components, while SbGRF4, 6, 8 and 9 could be associated with the regulation of cell wall loosening, reassembly and/or starch biosynthesis. In summary, our genome-wide analysis of SbGRFs reveals the distinct evolutionary trajectories of WGD-derived SbGRF pairs. Importantly, expression analyses highlight previously unknown functions of several SbGRFs in internode elongation, maturation and the potential involvement in the metabolism of the cell wall and starch during post-anthesis stages.

The Paleocene ore deposits related to the India–Asia continental collision are widely distributed in the Gangdese metallogenic belt. Among these, Sinongduo is the first discovered epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in the Lhasa terrane. However, there is still controversy over the ore-forming magma in this deposit. This study mainly reports new zircon U-Pb isotopic ages, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr-Nd isotopic data for the granite porphyry from the Sinongduo deposit, aiming to discuss the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the granite porphyry and its genetic link between the Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization. The results show that zircon U-Pb analyses yield ages of 62.9 ± 0.5 Ma and 59.0 ± 0.7 Ma for the granite porphyry, indicating that it formed during the Paleocene period. The timing of the granite porphyry intrusion is contemporaneous with the mineralization, suggesting that it is most likely the ore-forming magma in the Sinongduo deposit. The granite porphyry has high SiO2 and K2O, moderate Al2O3, and low Na2O, CaO, and FeOT contents, and it displays significant enrichments in LREEs and LILEs and depletions in HREEs and HFSEs, with negative Eu anomaly. The granite porphyry is a peraluminous series and can be classified as S-type granite. Moreover, the granite porphyry shows relatively high ratios of (87Sr/86Sr)i and low values of εNd(t). The geochemical and isotopic compositions of the granite porphyry from the Sinongduo area are similar to those of the upper continental crust, which suggests that the granite porphyry was most likely derived from the melting of the upper continental crust in the Lhasa terrane during the India–Asia collisional tectonic setting.

The VIVACE device, which utilizes flow-induced vibration for harvesting ocean current energy, has been a research hotspot in the field of renewable energy. In this study, the flow-induced vibration characteristics and energy conversion efficiency of a D-section prism were investigated using the k-ω SST turbulence model and Newmark-β method. The vibration amplitude, frequency, equilibrium position offset, and energy conversion efficiency of the two-degree-of-freedom cylinder were systematically analyzed at seven angles of attack between 0 and 180 degrees. The Reynolds number ranged from 368 to 14,742, corresponding to equivalent speeds of 2 to 20. The results indicate that the angle of attack has a significant influence on the flow-induced vibration response of the D-section prism. As the angle of attack changes, the vibration amplitude of the cylinder continuously increases, and the cylinder sequentially enters the vortex-induced vibration, vortex-induced vibration-galloping, and fully galloping branches. The change in the angle of attack disrupts the symmetry of the cylinder’s vibration in the streamwise direction, leading to a shift in the equilibrium position of the cylinder’s vibration. When the angle of attack is 0°, the energy conversion efficiency of the column reaches a maximum of 11.75%. Additionally, at high Reynolds numbers, the vibration of the cylinder is not self-limiting, making it more advantageous for energy conversion devices compared to cylinders with circular cross-sections.

Au–Sn alloy is an important high-temperature solder, but it has some disadvantages such as high cost and brittleness. Multicomponent alloying is often performed to improve performance and reduce their cost. However, due to the absence of an atomic structure model, there has been a lack of effective theory to guide their composition design. Since Au–Sn solders are typically eutectic-based, understanding the Au–Sn eutectic at the atomic level is of great significance for clarifying the composition origin of Au–Sn solders and the subsequent multi-component composition design. In the present work, the short-range order of Au–Sn eutectics is characterized using a dual-cluster model. In the dual-cluster formulism, the two eutectics Au69.6Sn30.3 and Sn94.6Au5.4 at. % are interpreted in terms of the hypoeutectic [SnAu12]Sn2Au3 + [Au–Au2Sn6]Au3 = Au70.0Sn30.0 and [Au–Sn8]Au1 + 2{[Sn–Sn10]Sn5} = Sn95.2Au4.8 alloys, respectively. The compositions of Au–Sn solders are then analyzed based on the interpreted dual-cluster formulas, which indicate that the number of atoms of the alloying elements that replace the atoms in the dual-cluster formulas is always an integer. The present method provides a quantitative approach toward developing a practical composition interpretation and design tool for Au–Sn-based solders.

Background: Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a primary metric for diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa). Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc can impact PSA levels in PCa patients. However, it is unclear whether this effect also occurs in men without PCa, which may lead to the overdiagnosis of PCa. Method: Data on a total of 5089 American men who had never been diagnosed with PCa were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed from 2003–2010. The relationship between serum PSA levels (dependent variable) and concentrations of lead (μmol/L), cadmium (nmol/L), and mercury (μmol/L) were investigated with dietary zinc intake being used as a potential modifier or covariate in a weighted linear regression model and a generalized additive model. A series of bootstrapping analyses were performed to evaluate sensitivity and specificity using these models. Results: Regression analyses suggested that, in general, lead, cadmium, or mercury did not show an association with PSA levels, which was consistent with the results of the bootstrapping analyses. However, in a subgroup of participants with a high level of dietary zinc intake (≥14.12 mg/day), a significant positive association between cadmium and serum PSA was identified (1.06, 95% CI, P = 0.0268, P for interaction=0.0249). Conclusions: With high-level zinc intake, serum PSA levels may rise in PCa-free men as the exposure to cadmium increases, leading to a potential risk of an overdiagnosis of PCa and unnecessary treatment. Therefore, environmental variables should be factored in the current diagnostic model for PCa that is solely based on PSA measurements. Different criteria for PSA screening are necessary based on geographical variables. Further investigations are needed to uncover the biological and biochemical relationship between zinc, cadmium, and serum PSA levels to more precisely diagnose PCa.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been widely used in therapy to treat hereditary retinal diseases. But its transduction efficiency by intravitreal injection still needs to be improved. In this study, we investigated the transduction efficiency of AAV-DJ (K137R)-GFP in different retinal cells of normal mice, as well as the therapy effection of AAV-DJ (K137R)-Rs1 on retinal function and structure in Rs1-KO mice. The intravitreal injection of AAV-DJ (K137R)-GFP demonstrated that this vector transduced cells in all layers of the retina, including the inner nuclear layer and photoreceptor layer. The intravitreal injection of AAV-DJ (K137R)-Rs1 found that 3 months post-injection of this vector improved retinal function and structure in Rs1-KO mice. Our conclusion is that AAV-DJ (K137R) vector can efficiently and safely penetrate the inner limiting membrane and transduce different layers of retinal cells in the long term, as well as being able to continuously and efficiently express target therapeutic proteins, making it a candidate therapeutic vector for X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS).

In the process of horizontal well construction, the working environment in the well is very complicated. It is difficult to determine the actual deformation and force of the coiled tubing in the wellbore from the load change at the wellhead along. In addition, the coiled tubing wrapped around the reel and entering the wellbore through the injection head may cause an initial residual bending. In this paper, the mathematical model of the coiled tubing under axial load during buckling deformation is established, and the analytical solution with the time term is derived by reasonable simplification of the model. The effect of residual bending on the post-sinusoidal buckling of the coiled tubing in the horizontal well was investigated using the separation variable method. The effect of residual bending variations on the well wall contact forces is analyzed. The research shows that the initial parameter Г is the main factor influencing the post-sinusoidal buckling of the coiled tubing with residual bending. The larger the parameter value Г, the greater the effect of the residual bending on the post-sinusoidal buckling deformation of the coiled tubing, and the earlier the critical point of the mixed sinusoidal-helical buckling of the coiled tubing appears. The compression velocity of the coiled tubing has a significant effect on the well wall contact force. The faster the compression, the greater the contact force. By introducing the time term and the separation variable, this paper provides a new method and theoretical basis for further study of the process of entering sinusoidal-helical buckling of the coiled tubing with initial residual bending.

The special operation mode of high-speed railway will generate a large amount of harmonics. The harmonics will be transmitted to the 220kV side high-voltage cables through the traction transformer, and harmonic voltages will be generated on the cable sheath, threatening the safe operation of the cables. In this paper, on the basis of the measured harmonic data of the traction substation, a harmonic source model based on the measured data is established, which solves the complex problem of harmonic source modeling and can accurately reflect the actual operating conditions of high-speed trains. On this basis, the harmonic voltage characteristics of the cable sheath on the 220kV side of the high-speed railway under the three working conditions of traction, regenerative braking and inertia are simulated and calculated, and the effects of cable length, cable grounding method, and harmonic current parameters on the harmonic voltage are explored. Affect the law. The results show that under different operation modes of high-speed rail, the harmonic voltage of the sheath far exceeds the normal operation of the power frequency, and the maximum value of the harmonic voltage of the cable sheath can reach 454V under the traction condition; Under working conditions, the overvoltage of the metal sheath is greatly affected by the grounding method of the cable, the length of the cable and the harmonic current content. The above research results have important reference significance for the safe operation of electrified railways.

To improve the performance of blanket: maximizing the tritium breeding rate (TBR) for tritium self-sufficiency, and minimizing the Dose of backplate for radiation protection, most previous studies are based on manual corrections to adjust the blanket structure to achieve optimization design, but it is difficult to find an optimal structure and tends to be trapped by local optimizations as it involves multi-physics field design, which is also inefficient and time-consuming process. The artificial intelligence (AI) maybe is a potential method for the optimization design of the blanket. So, this paper aims to develop an intelligent optimization method based on an improved multi-objective NSGA-III algorithm and an adaptive BP neural network to solve these problems mentioned above. This method has been applied on optimizing the radial arrangement of a conceptual design of CFETR HCSB blanket. Finally, a series of optimal radial arrangements are obtained under the constraints that the temperature of each component of the blanket does not exceed the limit and the radial length remains unchanged, the efficiency of the blanket optimization design is significantly improved. This study will provide a clue and inspiration for the application of artificial intelligence technology in the optimization design of blanket.

Objective To investigate the correlation of peripheral blood lymphocyte, T-cell, Th-cell, and Ts-cell counts with the development of checkpoint-inhibitor-related pneumonitis in NSCLC. Methods The clinical data of 85 patients with NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were retrospectively analyzed.Paired t-test was used to analyze lymphocyte changes.ROC curves were utilized to analyze predictive performance.The Spearman correlation coefficient test was conducted to analyze the linear relationship between lymphocyte changes and CIP grade. Results A statistically significant decrease in lymphocyte, T-cell, Th-cell, and Ts-cell counts from the baseline was observed in patients at the onset of CIP (P < 0.05), whereas no such change was observed in the control group.ROC curve analysis revealed AUCs of 0.867, 0.843, 0.865, and 0.843 for lymphocyte, T-cell, Th-cell, and Ts-cell counts, respectively.A linear relationship was found between the percentage decrease in lymphocyte, T-cell, and Ts-cell counts from the baseline and the severity of CIP (P < 0.05). Conclusion Decreased lymphocyte, T-cell, Th-cell, and Ts-cell counts have a predictive value for the development of CIP, and the lymphocyte count change has the greatest predictive value.The percentage decrease in lymphocyte, T-cell, and Ts-cell counts from the baseline is correlated with the severity of CIP.

Abstract Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), an autosomal dominant genetic disease, is the main cause of sudden death in adolescents and athletes globally. Hypoxia and immune factors have been revealed to be related to the pathology of HCM. There is growing evidence of a role for hypoxia and inflammation as triggers and enhancers in the pathology in HCM. However, the role of hypoxia- and immune-related genes in HCM have not been reported. Methods Firstly, we obtained four HCM-related datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for differential expression analysis. Immune cells significantly expressed in normal samples and HCM were then screened by a microenvironmental cell population counter (MCP-counter) algorithm. Next, hypoxia- and immune-related genes were screened by the LASSO + support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Single-gene enrichment analysis and expression validation of key genes were then performed. Finally, we constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of key genes. Results In this study, 35 differentially expressed hypoxia genes were found. By using LASSO + SVM-RFE analysis, 10 more targets with differentially expressed hypoxia genes were identified. The MCP-count algorithm yielded five differentially expressed immune cells, and after assessing them for WGCNA characteristics, 612 immune genes were discovered. When hypoxia and immune genes were combined for cross-tabulation analysis, three hypoxia- and immune-related genes (ATP2A2, DDAH1, and OMA1) were identified. Conclusion Based on hypoxia characteristic genes, three key genes were identified. These were also significantly related to immune activation, which proves a theoretical basis and reference value for studying the relationship between HCM and hypoxia and immunity. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Biochar and biochar-based materials have been studied extensively in multidisciplinary areas because of their outstanding physicochemical properties. In this review article, biochar and biochar-based materials in the removal of environmental pollutants, hydrogen generation and carbon dioxide capture were summarized and compared. The interaction mechanisms were discussed from the experimental results and characterization analysis. The high porous structures, active surface sites, (co)doping of single metals/nonmetals, and incorporation of metal oxides or other materials improved the high activity of biochar-based materials in their applications. However, there are still some challenges such as: (1) the fact that H2 generation with high selectivity or the produced syngas to meet the real application requirement in industrial is the main challenge in H2 production; (2) the fact that the selective capture of CO2 with high stability, high adsorption capacity and recyclability at low-cost should be considered and focused on; (3) the sorption-(photo)degradation of the organic chemicals; and (4) the fact that the sorption-reduction-extraction/solidification of metals/radionuclides are efficient methods for the elimination of environmental pollutants. In the end, the perspectives, challenges and possible techniques for biochar-based materials’ real application in future were described. Graphical Abstract

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have been associated with high mortality, highlighting the urgent need for developing novel antifungal strategies. Herein the first light-responsive antifungal agents were designed by optical control of fungal ergosterol biosynthesis pathway with photocaged triazole lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) inhibitors. The photocaged triazoles completely shielded the CYP51 inhibition. The content of ergosterol in fungi before photoactivation and after photoactivation was 4.4% and 83.7%, respectively. Importantly, the shielded antifungal activity (MIC80 ≥ 64 μg/mL) could be efficiently recovered (MIC80 = 0.5–8 μg/mL) by light irradiation. The new chemical tools enable optical control of fungal growth arrest, morphological conversion and biofilm formation. The ability for high-precision antifungal treatment was validated by in vivo models. The light-activated compound A1 was comparable to fluconazole in prolonging survival in Galleria mellonella larvae with a median survival of 14 days and reducing fungal burden in the mouse skin infection model. Overall, this study paves the way for precise regulation of antifungal therapy with improved efficacy and safety.

To enhance fault detection in slewing bearing vibration signals, an advanced noise-reduction model, HRCSA-VMD-WT, is designed for effective signal noise elimination. This model innovates by refining the Chameleon Swarm Algorithm (CSA) into a more potent Hybrid Reinforcement CSA (HRCSA), incorporating strategies from Chaotic Reverse Learning (CRL), the Whale Optimization Algorithm’s (WOA) bubble-net hunting, and the greedy strategy with the Cauchy mutation to diversify the initial population, accelerate convergence, and prevent local optimum entrapment. Furthermore, by optimizing Variate Mode Decomposition (VMD) input parameters with HRCSA, Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF) components are extracted and categorized into noisy and pure signals using cosine similarity. Subsequently, the Wavelet Threshold (WT) denoising targets the noisy IMFs before reconstructing the vibration signal from purified IMFs, achieving significant noise reduction. Comparative experiments demonstrate HRCSA’s superiority over Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), WOA, and Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) regarding convergence speed and precision. Notably, HRCSA-VMD-WT increases the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) by a minimum of 74.9% and reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) by at least 41.2% when compared to both CSA-VMD-WT and Empirical Mode Decomposition with Wavelet Transform (EMD-WT). This study improves fault detection accuracy and efficiency in vibration signals and offers a dependable and effective diagnostic solution for slewing bearing maintenance.

This study evaluates the effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum on growth performance and intestinal health in triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Administered in a 12-week trial, five isonitrogenous and isolipidic feeds contained different C. butyricum levels [G1 (0), G2 (1.6 × 106 CFU/g), G3 (1.2 × 107 CFU/g), G4 (1.1 × 108 CFU/g), and G5 (1.3 × 109 CFU/g)]. Significant enhancements in growth performance, including improved feed conversion ratios and specific growth rates in the G4 group, were indicative of enhanced nutrient utilization, corroborated by optimal digestive enzyme activity levels. Antioxidant capabilities were also enhanced in the G4 group, indicated by increased serum superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, along with a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels. Gut microbiota analysis indicated a probiotic concentration-dependent modulation of microbial communities, with a marked enrichment in beneficial bacterial phyla like Firmicutes in the G4 group. This microbial shift correlated with significant downregulations in immune-related gene expressions, including interleukins (IL-1β, IL-8), NF-κB, MyD88, and TNF-α, highlighting an activated immune response. Correspondingly, serum lysozyme and immunoglobulin M contents were significantly elevated in the G4 group. Challenge tests with Aeromonas salmonicida exhibited the higher disease resistance of fish fed the G4 diet. In conclusion, the study shows the potential of dietary C. butyricum, especially at 1.1 × 108 CFU/g, in enhancing the growth, health, and disease resistance of triploid rainbow trout through modulating gut microflora and stimulating immune responses.

Double-layer primary support is proposed to control the deformation of surrounding rock in tunnels within weak geological conditions, where engineering challenges such as large deformations, tunnel faces, and arch collapse are encountered. This approach is based on the principle of combined resistance and release. A combined approach of numerical modeling and on-site surveillance was utilized to analyze the displacement and stress state of the tunnel support structure at different construction stages of primary support for the second layer, using Xiejiapo Tunnel as an engineering case. The findings indicate that the implementation of two-layer primary support can mitigate the progression of large deformations effectively in weak surrounding rock; the sooner the primary support for the second layer is applied, the better the deformation control, and the later the application takes place, the more effectively the tension in the surrounding rock is diminished, whereby the self-supporting capacity of surrounding rock comes into its own. The force of the shotcrete is reduced. Considering the structural deformation and stress state, as well as combination of resistance and release, it is best to implement the primary support for the second layer 10 feet behind the primary support for the first layer.

In large-scale wind farms, the voltage fluctuations caused by the uncertainty of wind speed at the turbine terminals pose a pressing challenge. This article presents a localized voltage control strategy tailored toward rapid adjustments in turbine terminal voltage in wind turbine generators. Based on relative voltage observation, this strategy achieves voltage coordination between the high and low ends of the transformer in wind turbine generators. Firstly, the overall structure of the wind farm and the characteristics of terminal voltage are analyzed. Secondly, the principles and feasibility of the relative voltage control strategy are examined. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is validated through simulation results from a specific wind farm. The results demonstrate its capability to achieve a fast and stable voltage dynamic response within the wind farm based on local information, thus mitigating the risk of voltage out of limit.

Cadaverine is the key monomer for the synthesis of nylon 5X. Efficient and alkaline stable lysine decarboxylases are highly desirable for cadaverine production as the reaction pH increasing from 6.3 to 8.5. However, the most studied lysine decarboxylase CadA (E. coli) lost almost all activity at pH 8.0, which is the foremost challenge for the industrial-cadaverine production. In this study, we first found that the Na+-microenvironment significantly improved the alkaline stability of the disulfide engineered lysine decarboxylase ΔLdcEt3 (P233C/L628C) (half-life 362 h), compared to the conventional buffer (half-life 0.66 h) at pH 8.0. Meanwhile, the whole-cell conversion efficiency of the industrial-grade l-lysine with ΔLdcEt3 could reach up to 99% in 2 h in the fermenter. Experimental investigation and molecular dynamics confirmed that Na+-microenvironment could improve active-aggregation state and affect secondary structure of ΔLdcEt3. Therefore, Na+-microenvironment stabilizes ΔLdcEt3 providing a great potential industrial application for high-level cadaverine production.

In order to realize real-time and multi-dimensional control of substation risk early warning, a substation risk early warning and control system based on edge computing is designed. The sensing layer collects the operation data of substation equipment through the Internet of Things equipment, and transmits the data to the edge layer through the communication between edge equipment and external equipment. After receiving data, edge layer parses the data through the communication protocol to complete data consistency, and packages cloud services downstream data sending to the cloud computing layer. The layer uses cloud computing to compute and analyze substation equipment data and transmit it to the application layer. The application layer adopts support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to establish a risk early warning mechanism, divide the risk data attribute, and obtain warning value. Based on this, the risk situation corresponding to the early warning value is predicted by the logistic regression risk prediction model, and the probability of failure is obtained to complete the substation risk warning. Meanwhile, the early warning results are presented on the visual interface, and the corresponding risk warning is controlled and controlled by the control channel. The test results show that the communication jitter results of the system are all below 15 ms, which can realize the calculation of risk probability, obtain the number of various risk warnings of the substation, have good work energy efficiency, and realize the multi-dimensional risk warning and control of the substation.

Abstract Background Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been effective in tendinopathy, the mechanisms by which MSCs promote tendon healing have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that MSCs transfer mitochondria to injured tenocytes in vitro and in vivo to protect against Achilles tendinopathy (AT). Methods Bone marrow MSCs and H2O2-injured tenocytes were co-cultured, and mitochondrial transfer was visualized by MitoTracker dye staining. Mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption rate, and adenosine triphosphate content, was quantified in sorted tenocytes. Tenocyte proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation were analyzed. Furthermore, a collagenase type I-induced rat AT model was used to detect mitochondrial transfer in tissues and evaluate Achilles tendon healing. Results MSCs successfully donated healthy mitochondria to in vitro and in vivo damaged tenocytes. Interestingly, mitochondrial transfer was almost completely blocked by co-treatment with cytochalasin B. Transfer of MSC-derived mitochondria decreased apoptosis, promoted proliferation, and restored mitochondrial function in H2O2-induced tenocytes. A decrease in reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-6 and -1β) was observed. In vivo, mitochondrial transfer from MSCs improved the expression of tendon-specific markers (scleraxis, tenascin C, and tenomodulin) and decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the tendon. In addition, the fibers of the tendon tissue were neatly arranged and the structure of the tendon was remodeled. Inhibition of mitochondrial transfer by cytochalasin B abrogated the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in tenocytes and tendon tissues. Conclusions MSCs rescued distressed tenocytes from apoptosis by transferring mitochondria. This provides evidence that mitochondrial transfer is one mechanism by which MSCs exert their therapeutic effects on damaged tenocytes.

In this study, a high-molecular-weight Pueraria lobata polysaccharide (PLP) with a molecular weight of 273.54 kDa was degraded by ultrasound, and the ultrasonic degradation kinetics, structural characteristics and hepatoprotective activity of ultrasonic degraded PLP fractions (PLPs) were evaluated. The results showed that the ultrasonic treatment significantly reduced the Mw and particle size of PLP, and the kinetic equation of ultrasonic degradation of PLP followed to the midpoint fracture model (the fist-order model). The monosaccharide composition analysis, FT-IR, triple helix structure and XRD analysis all indicated that the ultrasound degradation did not destroy the primary structure of PLP, but the thermal stability of degraded fractions improved. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the surface morphology of PLP was altered from smooth, flat, compact large flaky structure to a sparse rod-like structure with sparse crosslinking (PLP-7). The degraded PLP fractions (0.5 mg/mL) with lower Mw exhibited better antioxidant activities and protective effects against palmitic acid-induced hepatic lipotoxicity, which may be due to the increased exposure of active groups such as hydroxyl groups of PLP after ultrasound. Further investigation showed that PLPs not only increased Nrf2 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation, thereby activating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, but also enhanced HO-1, NQO-1, γ-GCL gene expressions and promoted superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, which protected hepatocytes against PA-induced oxidative stress and lipotoxicity. Overall, our research might provide an in-depth insight into P. Lobata polysaccharide in ameliorating lipid metabolic disorders, and the results revealed that ultrasonic irradiation could be a promising degradation method to produce value-added polysaccharide for use in functional food.

Tight sandstone reservoir has the characteristics of low porosity, low permeability and strong reservoir heterogeneity, which leads to a rapid decline in single well production after hydraulic fracturing. Adding nano emulsion to fracturing fluid can not only realize the dual function of fracturing and imbibition oil displacement, but also effectively prolong the stable production time of oil wells. In order to improve the understanding of the interaction between nano emulsion and reservoir, this paper based on the basic physical property test and analysis of nano emulsion, macroscopic and microscopic spontaneous imbibition oil displacement experiments, the mechanism of imbibition displacement of nano emulsion in tight sandstone reservoirs and the influence of related factors is clarified. The results show that: ①The particle size of the three types of nano emulsions ranges from 11 to 16 nm, and they can enter the nanopore throats deep in the reservoir, and can achieve good injectivity in tight reservoirs. The anionic AES nano emulsion is superior to cationic ADT and nonionic AEO-9 nano emulsion in terms of injectability, oil-water interfacial tension and wetting modification effect in tight sandstone cores, and the optimal concentration is 0.30 wt%. ②Spontaneous imbibition oil displacement experiments show that the nano emulsion concentration is not the higher the better. Since the nano emulsion adsorption on the solid surface reaches a dynamic equilibrium, the excessive nano emulsion cannot further change the wettability of the solid surface, and the lower oil-water interfacial tension has the opposite effect on the imbibition displacement. ③The migration and gathering of emulsified oil droplets in solution mainly included five processes: Saturated oil core/Nano-surfactant fluid emulsion reaction, Aqueous/Emulsified oil droplets, Emulsified oil droplet gathering phase, Demulsifying and emulsifying oil droplets, Oil phase after demulsification. The generation of remaining oil in porous media is due to the non-uniform wetting modification in different regions. This study further improves the understanding of the mechanism of spontaneous imbibition of nano emulsion in tight sandstone reservoirs.

Phenol red (PR) is a standard acid-base indicator in cell and tissue culture media, as well as multiple detection protocols. Meanwhile, catalytic nanomaterials such as nanozymes demonstrate great potential in biomedical applications, but there were few studies about the direct impact of nanozymes on the ubiquitous pH indicators. We demonstrate for the first time the degradation of phenol red by highly active nanoceria. The results provide evidence that phenol red is a redox active molecule and it may be oxidized quickly by nanoceria so that its pH-indicating functionality may be lost. Investigators need to be cautious in their routine use of phenol red, particularly when it is exposed to active nanozymes. Herein, we construct a PR-hydrogel as a protective strategy for phenol red against oxidation. Results show that the PR-hydrogel maintained the quantitative acid-base indicating capability while resisting the degradation by nanoceria. The hydrogel exhibits high stability, good pH sensitivity and recyclability, negligible cytotoxicity and dye leaching, which provides a strong practical resolution to the application of phenol red in future challenges of nanomedicines.

A synthetic octoploid rapeseed, Y3380, induces maternal doubled haploids when used as a pollen donor to pollinate plant. However, the mechanism underlying doubled haploid formation remains elusive. We speculated that double haploid induction occurs as the inducer line’s chromosomes pass to the maternal egg cell, and the zygote is formed through fertilization. In the process of zygotic mitosis, the paternal chromosome is specifically eliminated. Part of the paternal gene might have infiltrated the maternal genome through homologous exchange during the elimination process. Then, the zygote haploid genome doubles (early haploid doubling, EH phenomenon), and the doubled zygote continues to develop into a complete embryo, finally forming doubled haploid offspring. To test our hypothesis, in the current study, the octoploid Y3380 line was back bred with the 4122-cp4-EPSPS exogenous gene used as a marker into hexaploid Y3380-cp4-EPSPS as paternal material to pollinate three different maternal materials. The fertilization process of crossing between the inducer line and the maternal parent was observed 48 h after pollination, and the fertilization rate reached 97.92% and 98.72%. After 12 d of pollination, the presence of cp4-EPSPS in the embryo was detected by in situ PCR, and at 13–23 d after pollination, the probability of F1 embryos containing cp4-EPSPS gene was up to 97.27%, but then declined gradually to 0% at 23–33 d. At the same time, the expression of cp4-EPSPS was observed by immunofluorescence in the 3rd to 29th day embryo. As the embryos developed, cp4-EPSPS marker genes were constantly lost, accompanied by embryonic death. After 30 d, the presence of cp4-EPSPS was not detected in surviving embryos. Meanwhile, SNP detection of induced offspring confirmed the existence of double haploids, further indicating that the induction process was caused by the loss of specificity of the paternal chromosome. The tetraploid-induced offspring showed infiltration of the induced line gene loci, with heterozygosity and homozygosity. Results indicated that the induced line chromosomes were eliminated during embryonic development, and the maternal haploid chromosomes were synchronously doubled in the embryo. These findings support our hypothesis and lay a theoretical foundation for further localization or cloning of functional genes involved in double haploid induction in rapeseed.

Pumping-induced normal fault reactivation and the resultant ground fracture have been observed in faulted basins worldwide, but the process and mechanism are poorly understood thus far. In this study, we conducted centrifuge model tests to investigate and analyze these issues. Two simplified faulted models, Models 1 and 2, were developed based on an actual event that occurred in the Beijing Plain, China. Our model tests reproduced the pumping-induced normal fault reactivation, characterized by localized hanging wall subsidence with new fault scarp formation in the models. The monitoring results showed that water table decline drastically accelerated uneven subsidence. Although the deformation pattern did not respond to variations in the material properties of the hanging wall and footwall, the magnitude of the reactivated normal faulting was influenced. The maximum vertical offset in Model 2 was much larger than that in Model 1 due to a larger compression modulus in the hanging wall and footwall in Model 2. Furthermore, the reactivation mechanism was revealed based on Anderson’s faulting theory. Normal faulting occurs once the maximum principal stress becomes vertical and the intermediate and minimum principal stresses become horizontal. Groundwater pumping increases the effective stress, leading to the addition of vertical stress and the resultant normal fault reactivation. Our findings provide a better understanding of human interactions with the Earth’s surface and are helpful for mitigating faulting-caused disasters.