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Many studies in recent years have considered the potential relationship between periodontitis and lipid parameters. Currently, it is generally accepted that HDL (High-density lipoprotein) is one of the lipoproteins that play an important role in immunity and an important part of maintaining periodontal homeostasis. In this paper, the protective mechanism of HDL in periodontitis was discussed, and the adjuvant therapeutic effect of HDL in periodontitis with systemic disease was emphasized.

Chronic periodontitis is the most common infectious periodontal disease caused by plaque biofilm. Pili is an important bacterial component of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Epidemiological studies have shown that chronic periodontitis can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of cardiovascular disease. This article will summarize the mechanism of Porphyromonas gingivalis pili protein mediated chronic periodontitis and atherosclerosis, in order to expand new ideas of disease prevention and treatment.

Background Periodontitis is a high prevalence disease, affecting up to 80% of the world's population. Recently studies have shown a connection between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, as oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 - related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the core transcriptional regulator of endogenous antioxidant system and plays a cellular defense role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immune response. Objective To explore Nrf2/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) signaling pathway in periodontitis or periodontitis complicated with atherosclerosis. Method With "Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2), Periodontitis, Atherosclerosis, Oxidative Stress" as the search terms, the authors searched related articles published during 2016-2021 in PubMed, CNKI, Science Direct and other databases by computer, and made the following review through screening, induction and summary. Result & Conclusion Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway is one of the important mechanisms connecting chronic periodontitis and atherosclerosis. Nrf2 can slow down the occurrence and development of periodontitis by promoting osteoblast differentiation, inhibiting osteoclast activation, regulating mesenchymal stem cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, inhibition of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway may increase the risk of periodontitis with atherosclerosis by destroying the integrity of vascular endothelium, increasing lipid accumulation and promoting inflammation

Background: Hypertension and periodontal diseases share several risk factors. Inflammation biomarkers in saliva are related to hypertension and periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to explore the role of the salivary inflammatory biomarkers in the treatment effectiveness of patients with hypertension and periodontal disease. Methods: This observational study enrolled 160 subjects diagnosed with periodontitis, 40 of which had a history of hypertension. All subjects had completed scaling and root planning therapeutic procedures within four weeks. The clinical periodontal parameters (i.e., bleeding on probing, plaque control record (PCR), and probing depth (PD)) were evaluated before and after the treatment. Pro-inflammatory markers were determined using a commercial kit. Results: The recovery rate (PD 4–9 mm) in non-hypertensive subjects was significantly higher than in hypertensive subjects (60.47% vs. 52.60%, respectively, p = 0.04). All clinical parameters, excluding PCR, positively correlated with salivary IL-1β at baseline and after completing treatment. Our results showed that increased salivary IL-1β levels were positively associated with decreased PCR (β = −27.65 and p = 0.05) and PD recovery rate (β = −17.05 and p = 0.02) in hypertensive subjects. Conclusions: The present study sheds important light on the clinical use of salivary pro-inflammatory cytokines as valuable biomarkers for predicting the treatment effectiveness of patients suffering from hypertension and periodontitis.

Background/purpose: Many studies have confirmed that periodontal disease interacts with diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine whether the advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs), which are generated by diabetics, have important effects on the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Materials and methods: In this study PDLSCs were isolated from the periodontal ligaments of extracted third molar teeth. The subjects were divided into two groups, which included the normal control group (N-PDLSCs) and the AGEs-stimulating group (A-PDLSCs). Changes of receptor of AGEs (RAGE) and cumulative ROS in PDLSCs were monitored by western blot and flow cytometry, respectively. Results: In the study AGEs noticeably inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, with significant lower calcification nodules detected in A-PDLSCs (P

Background: The teeth with dental trauma in children are mostly young permanent teeth of school-age children. Once trauma occurs, it will have adverse effects on children's masticatory function, occlusal relationship, beauty, growth and development. Objective: To improve the success rate of replantation of completely dislocated teeth. Methods: Through literature review, we focus on “Tooth Injuries, Complete Dislocation, Replantation” to understand the current rescue measures of dislocated teeth, and conceive a rapid cleaning and portable storage device for dislocated teeth. Results: A device for rapid cleaning and portable preservation of dislocated teeth was successfully designed. Setting the ultraviolet sterilization lamp can play the role of irradiation sterilization and setting the mesh vertical plate can prevent the violent collision of multiple teeth when cleaning. It is possible to divide the storage slot space by setting the baffle, so as to achieve the purpose of classified storage. Conclusion: A rapid cleaning and portable storage device for dropped teeth is described, which solves the problems that the existing rapid cleaning and portable storage device cannot clean teeth uniformly, the cleaning effect is poor, and the cleaned teeth cannot be stored at low temperature.

Background Stomatology is a discipline closely combined with theory and practice, and pays attention to students’ operation abilities and clinical skills. Current dental education is encountering the situation of more theory than practice. The evaluation and application of standardized patients (SP) are gradually increasing in medical education. Objective This paper intends to describe the advantages of student standardized patients (SSP), how to construct and apply SSP for dental education. Method Recruit SP of stomatology students, and select appropriate cases based on the actual cases and common dental diseases. SSP training is conducted by experienced clinical teachers. SSP is trained to describe the disease in patient's language and give a reasonable response to enquiry and examination. Result Qualified SSP can be applied in inquiry, physical examination, teaching and evaluation of common dental diseases. SSP not only provide students with repeated practice, but also enable students to understand theoretical knowledge and cultivate clinical thinking more effectively in real clinical reception. This model of SSP application could stimulate learning enthusiasm of on-campus dental student, improve student clinical skills and thinking abilities, as well as reduce education expenses. Conclusion Using SSP is beneficial to help students construct clinical thinking, learn communication skills and build a harmonious doctor-patient relationship.

Background Neuroblastoma is a relatively common and highly belligerent childhood tumor with poor prognosis by current therapeutic approaches. A novel anti-cancer agent of the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone series, namely di-2-pyridylketone 4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT), demonstrates promising anti-tumor activity. Recently, a second-generation analogue, namely di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC), has entered multi-center clinical trials for the treatment of advanced and resistant tumors. The current aim was to examine if these novel agents were effective against aggressive neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo and to assess their mechanism of action. Methods Neuroblastoma cancer cells as well as immortalized normal cells were used to assess the efficacy and selectivity of DpC in vitro. An orthotopic SK-N-LP/Luciferase xenograft model was used in nude mice to assess the efficacy of DpC in vivo. Apoptosis in tumors was confirmed by Annexin V/PI flow cytometry and H&E staining. Results DpC demonstrated more potent cytotoxicity than Dp44mT against neuroblastoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DpC significantly increased levels of phosphorylated JNK, neuroglobin, cytoglobin, and cleaved caspase 3 and 9, while decreasing IkBα levels in vitro. The contribution of JNK, NF-ĸB, and caspase signaling/activity to the anti-tumor activity of DpC was verified by selective inhibitors of these pathways. After 3 weeks of treatment, tumor growth in mice was significantly (p

Nowadays, the qualification examination of practicing doctors has been one of the important criteria for the selection of health talents in China, while teaching reform has always been the priority in the teaching work of colleges and universities. This paper discusses the significant measures of teaching reform in colleges and universities through its examination results. To explore the test strategies for both Chinese and oversea students from Hainan Medical University based on the status of the qualification examination of practicing doctors in The School of Dentistry. Through the National Medical Examination Center, we collected basic information, average scores and the success rates in various medical sections and different subjects tested in the qualification examinations for dental practitioners who graduated from Hainan Medical University in 2011-2016, which were compared with the national corresponding parts. From 2011 to 2016, the number of practicing doctors taking the dental exam nationwide increased, and accounted for 1.2% of the number of candidates nationally. In 2016, the comprehensive written test and total success rates of candidates at Hainan Medical University decreased by nearly 9% compared with the national average, with a statistically significant difference in the written test results (P

Children's oral health is the foundation of a healthy life. Dental caries is a common disease among children, which not only affects children's physical and mental health, but also has a negative impact on their families and the surrounding social environment. The world health organization (WHO) and the international dental union (FDI) have established a 2020 global goal for oral health. At present, the prevalence of dental caries among children in China is high, the awareness rate of oral health knowledge and behavioral development is low, the ability of oral health services at the grassroots level is weak, and the oral health work of children needs to be strengthened. This paper is a review paper and examines the basis of the disease and the recent studies carried out in various parts of The Peoples Republic of China, including the Hong Kong Special Administrative area. It recommended that oral hygiene be included in school curricula as part of children's general education, and called on Chinese teachers and parents to participate. At the same time, it is suggested that oral health care programmes be incorporated into general health education programmes and that children with dental caries be encouraged to take further active treatment in time.

Objective: Periodontitis was linked to increased prevalence of diabetes and it is decisive to have a comprehensive cognition on the mutual influence for combined treatment. This study serves to provide accurate guidance data to endocrinologists and diabetic patients on periodontitis and diabetes. Materials and Methods: 50 endocrinologists and 200 diabetic patients were investigated in national public hospitals. Oral health habits, the cognition of diabetes and periodontitis were examined through questionnaires. Results: The cognitive level of diabetic patients on periodontitis and the correlation between periodontitis and diabetes was low. Only 48.6% patients agreed with "Periodontitis may affect normal blood glucose level". 86.2% patients were not clear that "Treatment of periodontitis is beneficial to the prevention of diabetes". 93.6% endocrinologists stressed that they were concerned about their patients' oral health, while only 23.6% patients received suggestions from their doctor on annual comprehensive periodontal evaluation. Conclusion: The cognition of the relationship between periodontitis and diabetes is deficient in public, represented by endocrinologists and diabetic patients in Hainan. Clinicians should strengthen the education on the bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and diabetes into their routine treatment and management.

Ship wakes are large, exist for a long time, and are difficult to disguise or conceal. These characteristics can be used as an important basis for ship tracking and recognition. However, distinguishing between wakes, underwater targets, and sea surface is a difficult problem that currently limits acoustic wake homing technology. To solve this problem, in this study, from the viewpoint of feature recognition, the effects of bubble radius, air volume fraction, frequency, depth, and other parameters on the group bubble were first investigated. The volume scattering intensity of acoustic wakes at different frequencies and depths was also calculated and analyzed, and the results of our theoretical calculations were verified through an experiment using a multifrequency single wave sonar dock. Subsequently, through the single frequency and multibeam sonar sea trial test, a statistical model of target characteristics with a clear physical mechanism was developed. The developed model can be utilized for the guidance and recognition of acoustic wake targets. Thus, this study lays the foundation for the practical application of acoustic wake guidance.

Target acoustic scattering is the primary characteristic of target echo stealth performance, and it is an important sign of the viability of large-scale complex targets underwater. In a test band, owing to the superposition of scattered waves and the elastic echo produced by shells, liquid tanks, partition plates, ribs, etc., a target exhibits an extremely complex echo phenomenon. Accurate measurement and evaluation of the acoustic scattering characteristics of underwater complex targets can be achieved via experimental research on the echo characteristics of large-scale scaled models. In this study, the contribution and regularity of the strong reflection source of underwater complex targets in various azimuths, structures, and locations were analyzed quantitatively as a basis for in-depth research and understanding of the echo characteristics of underwater complex targets.

Background Neuroblastoma currently has poor prognosis, therefore we proposed a new strategy by targeting neuroblastoma with genetically engineered anaerobic Salmonella (Sal-YB1). Methods Nude and nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) orthotopic mouse models were used, and Sal-YB1 was administered via tail vein. The therapeutic effectiveness, bio-safety, and mechanisms were studied. Results No mice died of therapy-related complications. Tumor size reduction was 70 and 30 % in nude and NOD-SCID mice, respectively. No Salmonella was detected in the urine; 75 % mice had positive stool culture if diaminopimelic acid was added, but all turned negative subsequently. Tumor tissues had more Sal-YB1 infiltration, necrosis, and shrinkage in Sal-YB1-treated mice. Significantly higher expression of TLR4, TNF-stimulated gene 6 protein (TSG6), and cleaved caspase 1, 3, 8, and 9 was found in the tumor masses of the Sal-YB1-treated group with a decrease of interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα). There was a high release of TNFα both in human macrophages and mouse tumor tissues with Sal-YB1 treatment. The antitumor effect of the supernatant derived from macrophages treated with Sal-YB1 could be reversed with TNFα and pan-caspase inhibitors. Conclusions This new approach in targeting neuroblastoma by bio-engineered Salmonella with the assistance of macrophages indirectly may have a clinical therapeutic impact in the future.

To investigate the histological features of oral leukoplakia which underwent malignant transformation and its correlation with the clinical manifestation.A total of 1832 cases of oral leukoplakia were reviewed and the clinicopathological characteristics of malignant transformation were analyzed.Malignant transformation occurred in 85 cases (4.6%) of the 1832 cases. Thirty cases (2.1%) of 1404 cases with simple epithelial hyperplasia had malignant transformation. Fifty-five cases (12.9%) in 428 cases with epithelial dysplasia were transformed to malignancy, especially in the cases with moderate or severe dysplasia, in which the ratio of malignant transformation was higher than in the cases with simple epithelial hyperplasia (P0.005). Clinical parameters associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation were female gender and epithelial dysplasia was more often seen in non-homogenous leukoplakias than in homogenous (P0.005).Non-dysplastic leukoplakia may become malignant. Epithelial dysplasia was associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Leukoplakia in female may be at a higher risk for malignant transformation.

To investigate the expression patterns of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).The expression of ILK in 170 OSCC cases was examined by immunohistochemistry and periodic acid-schiff histochemistry.ILK immunoreactivity occurred in cancer cells and(or) stroma encircling the malignant tissue. Along with the deteriorated histopathologic grade of oral cancer, there was stepwise aberration exhibiting from ILK-negative, to ILK-positive in epithelia, to ILK-positive in both epithelia and stroma, and to ILK-positive in stroma. Through non-parameter test, in both lymphatic invasion [ILK-positive in stroma in well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated is 2% (1/50), 18% (6/33) and 64% (18/28), respectively] and non-lymphatic invasion group [ILK-positive in stroma in well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated is 16% (4/25), 9/18 and 10/16, respectively), the expression patterns of ILK exhibited significant correlations with histopathology (F = 17.742, P0.001, F = 4.394, P = 0.017). ILK expression between lymphatic metastasis and non-lymphatic metastasis group was significantly different (χ(2) = 14.418, P = 0.002).ILK inclines to express in stroma during the OSCC progress.

To investigate the transmutation and significance of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in oral leukoplakia and early invasive squamous cell carcinoma.Immunohistochemistry accompanied with periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS) histochemistry was applied to detect the expression of ILK in 19 normal oral mucosa, 43 simple hyperplasia, 84 epithelial dysplasia, 54 early invasive carcinoma.Among the oral leukoplakia and early invasive squamous cell carcinoma, dramatic positive expression of ILK was found in 163/181 (90%), but was negative in normal mucosa. ILK staining in stroma exhibited a significantly direct correlation with the exacerbated epithelial dysplasia (chi(2) = 41.585, P0.001). Along with the oral carcinogenesis, there was an obvious tendency of change-overed ILK staining from superfacial to the basal orientation, the stratum basale diverted into positive, and compared with scattering in cytoplasm, the location of ILK was prone to cytomembrane in epithelium. In severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, there was a positive correlation between the basal layer and stroma expression of ILK (P = 0.029). It was not only a weaker tincture of ILK in cancer nest than lesional epithelia, but also an augmentation of stroma staining in early invasive squamous cell carcinoma [76% (41/54)] by contrast with severe dysplasia [45% (18/40)].The pivotal role of ILK in the regulation of oral carcinogenesis is considerable, however, the precise mechanisms through which ILK affects cellular processes remain to be fully characterized.

To investigate the expression of Podoplanin in lesional epithelia of oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with lymph vessels density.The expression of Podoplanin in 40 cases of oral leukoplakia, 27 cases of early stage of squamous cell carcinoma and 32 cases of infiltrated stage of squamous cell carcinoma was examined by immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, the correlation between podoplanin expression in lesional epithelia and its corresponding lymph vessels density was also analysed.Podoplanin expression in epithelia was increased with the exacerbated epithelial proliferation. High expression of Podoplanin in lesional epithelia accounted for 45% in oral leukoplakia, 81% and 78% in early and infiltrated stage of squamous cell carcinoma respectively. Moreover, the lymph vessels density was also increased with the enhanced expression of Podoplanin in oral leukoplakia and early stage of squamous cell carcinoma (P0.05). Podoplanin expression in infiltrated stage of squamous cell carcinoma was positively correlated with the lymph vessels density (P0.05).Podoplanin expression in different proliferative oral epithelia may be related to oral carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis.

Raw Western blot images of Ngb, Cygb, IĸBα, cleaved caspase 9 and 3, phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) and total JNK (t-JNK) expression relative to the loading control, β-actin, in human SK-N-LP neuroblastoma cells following incubation with DpC (25 μM; Lanes 1-3), control medium (Lanes 4-6) or Dp44mT (25 μM; Lanes 7-9) for 24 h/37oC. Triplicates represent protein lysates obtained from 3 separate experiments. (PDF 108 kb)