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To realize large-scale quantum information processes, an ideal scheme for two-qubit operations should enable diverse operations with given hardware and physical interaction. However, for spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots, the common two-qubit operations, including CPhase gates, SWAP gates, and CROT gates, are realized with distinct parameter regions and control waveforms, posing challenges for their simultaneous implementation. Here, taking advantage of the inherent Heisenberg interaction between spin qubits, we propose and verify a fast composite two-qubit gate scheme to extend the available two-qubit gate types as well as reduce the requirements for device properties. Apart from the formerly proposed CPhase (controlled-phase) gates and SWAP gates, theoretical results indicate that the iSWAP-family gate and Fermionic simulation (fSim) gate set are additionally available for spin qubits. Meanwhile, our gate scheme limits the parameter requirements of all essential two-qubit gates to a common J~{\Delta}E_Z region, facilitate the simultaneous realization of them. Furthermore, we present the preliminary experimental demonstration of the composite gate scheme, observing excellent match between the measured and simulated results. With this versatile composite gate scheme, broad-spectrum two-qubit operations allow us to efficiently utilize the hardware and the underlying physics resources, helping accelerate and broaden the scope of the upcoming noise intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computing., Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures

Revealing the quantum regime of photovoltaics is crucial to enhancing the internal quantum efficiency of a double quantum dots (DQDs) photocell housed in a cavity. In this study, the performance of a quantum photovoltaic is evaluated based on the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics in a cavity-coupled DQDs photocell. The results show that the cavity-DQDs coupling coefficient plays a dissipative role in the photovoltaic performance, and the cavity has a limited size for the photovoltaic performance. Additionally, more low-energy photons are easily absorbed by this cavity-coupled DQDs photocell compared with the case without cavity. These results may provide some strategies for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and internal quantum efficiency of cavity-coupled DQDs photocells., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

Double quantum dots (DQDs) have emerged as versatile and efficient absorbing light devices owing to their more multiple adjusting parameters than the single QD's. Using the system-reservoir theory, tunneling effect on the quantum photovoltaic properties is evaluated detailedly in a DQDs photocell with different energy mismatches under different temperatures. Repopulation of photo-generated carriers in two excited states is generated by electron tunneling effect between two coupled QD pairs, which brings out more efficient quantum photovoltaic yields evaluated by the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and output power through the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics. Further discussion reveals that the quantum photovoltaic properties are enhanced by the ambient environment temperatures but weakened by the energy mismatches. However, the weakening effect caused by the energy mismatches can be greatly reduced by tunneling effect. Insights into tunneling effect between two adjacent QD not only facilitate a better understanding of the fundamentals in carriers transport, but also provide novel strategies for efficient artificial assembled QD arrays photocell inspired by this proposed DQDs photocell model., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

Identifying the behavior of photoexcited carriers is one method for empirically boosting their transfer efficiencies in doped double quantum dots (DQDs) photocells. The photoexcited carriers transfer qualities were assessed in this study by the output current, power, and output efficiency in the multi-photon absorption process for a doped DQDs photocell, and an optimization technique is theoretically obtained for this proposed photocell model. The results show that some structure parameters caused by doping, such as gaps, incoherent tunneling coupling, and symmetry of structure between two vertically aligned QDs, can remarkably control the photoexcited carriers transfer properties, and that slightly increasing the ambient temperature around room temperature is beneficial to the transfer performance in this doping DQDs photocell model. Thus, our scheme proves a way to optimized strategies for DQDs photocell., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures

Obtaining the physical mechanism of photoelectric transfer in quantum-dot (QD) photocells may be one strategy to boost the photovoltaic conversion efficiency. In this work, we attempted to formulate a novel theoretical approach to evaluate photocells' performance via evaluating their thermodynamic evolution during the photoelectric conversion process in a double quantum dot (DQD) photocell model. Results demonstrate that the thermodynamic-related quantities can reflect the law of photovoltaic dynamics, i.e., the photoelectric transfer properties can be evaluated by the heat currents indirectly. The merit of this work not only expands our understanding of the physical law of heat currents in the photoelectric transport process, but it may also propose a new method for optimizing photoelectric conversion efficiency in a DQD photocell., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

One of the promising approaches to revealing the photosynthetic efficiency of close to one unit is to investigate the quantum regime of excitation energy transfer (EET). The majority of studies, however, have concluded that different pigment molecules contribute equally to EET, rather than differently. We investigate the roles of different site-energies in EET by evaluating the correlated fluctuations of site-energies in two adjacent pigment molecules (namely Site 1 and Site 2), and we attempt to demonstrate different site roles in EET with the j-V characteristics and power via a photosynthetic quantum heat engine (QHE) model rather than an actual photosynthetic protein. The results show that fluctuations at Site 1 (the pigment molecule absorbing solar photons) provide ascending and then descending EET. At Site 2, the EET is reduced through the use of correlated fluctuation increments (the pigment molecule acting as the charge-transfer excited state). Furthermore, when investigating the correlated fluctuations at Site 2, the different gap differences of the output terminal play a positive role in EET, but a sharply decreasing EET process is also achieved with less correlated fluctuations at Site 2 compared to those at Site 1.The findings show that different pigment molecules contribute differently to EET. The significance of this work is that it not only clarifies the roles of different pigment molecules in EET, but it also deepens our understanding of the fundamental physics of EET as it transports through the molecular chain in photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes. Furthermore, the results are appropriate to the EET in organic semiconductors, photovoltaic devices, and quantum networks, when these systems couple to the environment of photons via the vibrational motion of sites in the molecular chain., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures

A viable strategy for enhancing photovoltaic performance in a double quantum dot (DQD) photocell is to comprehend the underlying quantum physical regime of charge transfer. This work explores the photovoltaic performance dependent spatially correlated fluctuation in a DQD photocell. A suggested DQD photocell model was used to examine the effects of spatially correlated variation on charge transfer and output photovoltaic efficiency. The charge transfer process and the process of reaching peak solar efficiency were both significantly delayed as a result of the spatially correlated fluctuation, and the anti-spatial correlation fluctuation also resulted in lower output photovoltaic efficiency. Further results revealed that some structural parameters, such as gap difference and tunneling coefficient within two dots, could suppress the delayed response, and a natural adjustment feature was demonstrated on the delayed response in this DQD photocell model. Subsequent investigation verified that the delayed response was caused by the spatial correlation fluctuation, which slowed the generative process of noise-induced coherence, which had previously been proven to improve quantum photovoltaic performance in quantum photocells. While anti-spatial correlation fluctuation and a hotter thermal ambient environment could diminish the condition for noise-induced coherence, as demonstrated by the reduced photovoltaic capabilities in this suggested DQD photocell model. As a result, we expect that regulated noise-induced coherence, via spatially correlated fluctuation, will have a major impact on photovoltaic qualities in a DQD photocell system. The discovery of its underlying physical regime of quantum fluctuation will broaden and deepen understanding of quantum features of electron transfer, as well as provide some indications concerning quantum techniques for high efficiency DQD solar cells., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures

The shock strength dependent formation of diamond represents one of the most intriguing questions in graphite research. Using ab initio DFT-trained carbon GNN model, we observe a strength-dependent graphite transition under shock. The poor sliding caused by scarce sliding time under high-strength shock forms hexagonal diamond with an orientation of (001)G//(100)HD+[010]G//[010]HD; under low-strength shock, cubic diamond forms after enough sliding time, unveiling the strength-dependent graphite transition. We provide computational evidence of the strength-dependent graphite transition from first principles, clarifying the long-term shock-induced hexagonal formation and structural strength-dependent trend source.

With one- and two-qubit gate fidelities approaching the fault-tolerance threshold for spin qubits in silicon, how to scale up the architecture and make large arrays of spin qubits become the more pressing challenges. In a scaled-up structure, qubit-to-qubit connectivity has crucial impact on gate counts of quantum error correction and general quantum algorithms. In our toolbox of quantum gates for spin qubits, SWAP gate is quite versatile: it can help solve the connectivity problem by realizing both short- and long-range spin state transfer, and act as a basic two-qubit gate, which can reduce quantum circuit depth when combined with other two-qubit gates. However, for spin qubits in silicon quantum dots, high fidelity SWAP gates have not been demonstrated due to the requirements of large circuit bandwidth and a highly adjustable ratio between the strength of the exchange coupling J and the Zeeman energy difference Delta E_z. Here we demonstrate a fast SWAP gate with a duration of ~25 ns based on quantum dots in isotopically enriched silicon, with a highly adjustable ratio between J and Delta E_z, for over two orders of magnitude in our device. We are also able to calibrate the single-qubit local phases during the SWAP gate by incorporating single-qubit gates in our circuit. By independently reading out the qubits, we probe the anti-correlations between the two spins, estimate the operation fidelity and analyze the dominant error sources for our SWAP gate. These results pave the way for high fidelity SWAP gates, and processes based on them, such as quantum communication on chip and quantum simulation by engineering the Heisenberg Hamiltonian in silicon., Comment: 25 pages, 5 figures

Preserving qubit coherence and maintaining high-fidelity qubit control under complex noise environment is an enduring challenge for scalable quantum computing. Here we demonstrate an addressable fault-tolerant single spin qubit with an average control fidelity of 99.12% via randomized benchmarking on a silicon quantum dot device with an integrated micromagnet. Its dephasing time T2* is 1.025 us and can be enlarged to 264 us by using the Hahn echo technique, reflecting strong low-frequency noise in our system. To break through the noise limitation, we introduce geometric quantum computing to obtain high control fidelity by exploiting its noise-resilient feature. However, the control fidelities of the geometric quantum gates are lower than 99%. According to our simulation, the noise-resilient feature of geometric quantum gates is masked by the heating effect. With further optimization to alleviate the heating effect, geometric quantum computing can be a potential approach to reproducibly achieving high-fidelity qubit control in a complex noise environment., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures

This paper addresses the advancements in on-road trajectory planning for Autonomous Passenger Vehicles (APV). Trajectory planning aims to produce a globally optimal route for APVs, considering various factors such as vehicle dynamics, constraints, and detected obstacles. Traditional techniques involve a combination of sampling methods followed by optimization algorithms, where the former ensures global awareness and the latter refines for local optima. Notably, the Constrained Iterative Linear Quadratic Regulator (CILQR) optimization algorithm has recently emerged, adapted for APV systems, emphasizing improved safety and comfort. However, existing implementations utilizing the vehicle bicycle kinematic model may not guarantee controllable trajectories. We augment this model by incorporating higher-order terms, including the first and second-order derivatives of curvature and longitudinal jerk. This inclusion facilitates a richer representation in our cost and constraint design. We also address roadway compliance, emphasizing adherence to lane boundaries and directions, which past work often overlooked. Lastly, we adopt a relaxed logarithmic barrier function to address the CILQR's dependency on feasible initial trajectories. The proposed methodology is then validated through simulation and real-world experiment driving scenes in real time., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

High-fidelity singlet-triplet state readout is essential for large-scale quantum computing. However, the widely used threshold method of comparing a mean value with the fixed threshold will limit the judgment accuracy, especially for the relaxed triplet state, under the restriction of relaxation time and signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we achieve an enhanced latching readout based on Pauli spin blockade in a Si-MOS double quantum dot device and demonstrate an average singlet-triplet state readout fidelity of 97.59% by the threshold method. We reveal the inherent deficiency of the threshold method for the relaxed triplet state classification and introduce machine learning as a relaxation-independent readout method to reduce the misjudgment. The readout fidelity for classifying the simulated single-shot traces can be improved to 99.67% by machine learning method, better than the threshold method of 97.54% which is consistent with the experimental result. This work indicates that machine learning method can be a strong potential candidate for alleviating the restrictions of stably achieving high-fidelity and high-accuracy singlet-triplet state readout in large-scale quantum computing., Comment: 11 pages,11 figures

Pulse distortion, as one of the coherent error sources, hinders the characterization and control of qubits. In the semiconductor quantum dot system, the distortions on measurement pulses and control pulses disturb the experimental results, while no effective calibration procedure has yet been reported. Here, we demonstrate two different calibration methods to calibrate and correct the distortion using the two-qubit system as a detector. The two calibration methods have different correction accuracy and complexity. One is the coarse predistortion (CPD) method, with which the distortion is partly relieved. The other method is the all predistortion (APD) method, with which we measure the transfer function and significantly improve the exchange oscillation homogeneity. The two methods use the exchange oscillation homogeneity as the metric and are appropriate for any qubit that oscillates with a diabatic pulse. With the APD procedure, an arbitrary control waveform can be accurately delivered to the device, which is essential for characterizing qubits and improving gate fidelity., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures

Autonomous driving has long grappled with the need for precise absolute localization, making full autonomy elusive and raising the capital entry barriers for startups. This study delves into the feasibility of local trajectory planning for level-2+ (L2+) semi-autonomous vehicles without the dependence on accurate absolute localization. Instead, we emphasize the estimation of the pose change between consecutive planning frames from motion sensors and integration of relative locations of traffic objects to the local planning problem under the ego car's local coordinate system, therefore eliminating the need for an absolute localization. Without the availability of absolute localization for correction, the measurement errors of speed and yaw rate greatly affect the estimation accuracy of the relative pose change between frames. We proved that the feasibility/stability of the continuous planning problem under such motion sensor errors can be guaranteed at certain defined conditions. This was achieved by formulating it as a Lyapunov-stability analysis problem. Moreover, a simulation pipeline was developed to further validate the proposed local planning method. Simulations were conducted at two traffic scenes with different error settings for speed and yaw rate measurements. The results substantiate the proposed framework's functionality even under relatively inferior sensor errors. We also experiment the stability limits of the planned results under abnormally larger motion sensor errors. The results provide a good match to the previous theoretical analysis. Our findings suggested that precise absolute localization may not be the sole path to achieving reliable trajectory planning, eliminating the necessity for high-accuracy dual-antenna GPS as well as the high-fidelity maps for SLAM localization., Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, github url: https://github.com/codezs09/l2_frenet_planner

Connected vehicle (CV) technology is among the most heavily researched areas in both the academia and industry. The vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle to pedestrian (V2P) communication capabilities enable critical situational awareness. In some cases, these vehicle communication safety capabilities can overcome the shortcomings of other sensor safety capabilities because of external conditions such as 'No Line of Sight' (NLOS) or very harsh weather conditions. Connected vehicles will help cities and states reduce traffic congestion, improve fuel efficiency and improve the safety of the vehicles and pedestrians. On the road, cars will be able to communicate with one another, automatically transmitting data such as speed, position, and direction, and send alerts to each other if a crash seems imminent. The main focus of this paper is the implementation of Cooperative Collision Avoidance (CCA) for connected vehicles. It leverages the Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication technology to create a real-time implementable collision avoidance algorithm along with decision-making for a vehicle that communicates with other vehicles. Four distinct collision risk environments are simulated on a cost effective Connected Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) Hardware in the Loop (HIL) simulator to test the overall algorithm in real-time with real electronic control and communication hardware.

The single-shot readout data process is essential for the realization of high-fidelity qubits and fault-tolerant quantum algorithms in semiconductor quantum dots. However, the fidelity and visibility of the readout process is sensitive to the choice of the thresholds and limited by the experimental hardware. By demonstrating the linear dependence between the measured spin state probabilities and readout visibilities along with dark counts, we describe an alternative threshold-independent method for the single-shot readout of spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots. We can obtain the extrapolated spin state probabilities of the prepared probabilities of the excited spin state through the threshold-independent method. Then, we analyze the corresponding errors of the method, finding that errors of the extrapolated probabilities cannot be neglected with no constraints on the readout time and threshold voltage. Therefore, by limiting the readout time and threshold voltage we ensure the accuracy of the extrapolated probability. Then, we prove that the efficiency and robustness of this method is 60 times larger than that of the most commonly used method. Moreover, we discuss the influence of the electron temperature on the effective area with a fixed external magnetic field and provide a preliminary demonstration for a single-shot readout up to 0.7 K/1.5T in the future., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures