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Patulin, a toxic secondary metabolite of fungi, exists widely and stably in fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and Chinese medicinal materials. Patulin enters the body through skin contact or food intake, posing a great threat to the health of humans and animals. Previous studies have shown that patulin can induce genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity, damaging the intestine, kidney, liver and other organs in the body. The toxic mechanism of patulin involves inducing damage to biological macromolecular structures, oxidative stress injury and cell autophagy as well as damaging intestinal flora homeostasis. In this article, the recent status of patulin contamination in foods is reviewed, with an emphasis on the latest progress in research on the toxicity and mechanism of action of patulin. It is hoped that this review will provide a theoretical basis for patulin detoxification.

Summary: In order to investigate the hypoglycaemic mechanism and potential applications of four hypoglycaemic flavonoid glycosides, namely myricitrin, Cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (C3G), hyperoside and quercitrin in Myrica rubra pomace, the stability of these four flavonoid glycosides and their binding mechanisms were studied using molecular docking. The results demonstrated that pH value affects on the stability of these four components in M. rubra pomace. C3G exhibited the most significant inhibitory effect on α‐glucosidase at pH 5, with myricitrin, hyperoside and quercitrin showing the highest inhibitory effect at pH 7. Moreover, an increase in temperature and storage time reduced the inhibitory effect of these four glycosidic components on α‐glucosidase. Molecular docking analysis revealed that myricitrin formed hydrogen bonds with the active site residues of α‐glucosidase, namely Phe550, Ile552, Asp555, Ser574 and Arg576, and also engaged in hydrophobic interactions with Lys551. Hyperoside formed hydrogen bonds with α‐glucosidase, formed hydrophobic interactions with Lys50 and exhibited π‐cation interaction with Lys53. Quercitrin formed hydrogen bonds with α‐glucosidase, formed hydrophobic interactions with Lys500 and established salt bridges with Lys50. C3G formed hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with α‐glucosidase and showed π‐π interactions with Phe301. These findings will provide valuable insights for the application of these four chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their distinctive flavors, edible mushrooms have gained attention in flavor-related research, and the quality of their flavors determines their consumption. The odor is a vital element of food flavor that significantly impacts consumers' perceptions and purchase decisions. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the odorant ingredient is the primary factors affecting scent characteristics. VOCs analysis and identification require technical assistance. The production and use of edible mushrooms can be aided by a broader examination of their volatile constituents. This review discusses the composition of VOCs in edible mushrooms and how they affect flavors. The principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various methods for extraction, isolation, and characterization of the VOCs of edible mushrooms are also highlighted. The numerous VOCs found in edible mushrooms such as primarily C-8 compounds, organic sulfur compounds, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and esters are summarized along with their effects on the various characteristics of scent. Combining multiple extraction, isolation, identification, and quantification technologies will facilitate rapid and accurate analysis of VOCs in edible mushrooms as proof of sensory attributes and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), due to its high theoretical specific capacity (670 mA h g−1), has evoked considerable investigation interest in the area of Na+ storage. Nonetheless, the irreversible conversion of the original material MoS2 into Mo/Na2S during sodium insertion incurs rapid capacity degradation. Herein, to avoid this severe irreversibility, NayMoS2 is employed to replace the above irreversible products to facilitate subsequent sodium extraction, achieving reversible transformation of the raw material. In order to accomplish this goal, tremella-like hollow MoS2(1−x)Se2x@C (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5) spheres are elaborately prepared and then act as an appropriate anode material exhibiting good sodium storage capacity. It is proved that doping with Se and regulating the cut-off voltage improve the layer spacing and bond strength, so that the Mo–S bond is maintained without irreversible change during the sodium storage process. This work delivers a practical strategy to modify the energy storage ability via reversible transformation of the original material and proposes an appropriate Se doping amount, demonstrating effective measures for constructing a relevant advanced anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]