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Exhaustive exercise is known to induce muscle damage characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. Although "regular" and "weekend warrior" exercise regimens have been shown to confer comparable health benefits in human studies, such as reduced risks of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality, their differential impacts on muscle damage post-exhaustive exercise remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the effects of long-term, moderate-intensity (LTMI) and short-term, high-intensity (STHI) training modalities, matched for total exercise volume, on gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and exhaustive exercise-induced muscle damage in mice, as well as to evaluate the correlation between these factors. LTMI is considered a regular exercise regimen, while STHI shares some similarities with the "weekend warrior" pattern, such as promoting exercise intensity and condensing training sessions into a short period. Our findings indicate that LTMI training significantly enhanced the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, including Akkermansia, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Odoribacter, Alistipes, and Lactobacillus, thereby increasing SCFA levels and attenuating muscle damage following exhaustive swimming. In contrast, STHI training increased the abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Bilophila, without altering SCFA levels, and was associated with exacerbated muscle damage. Moreover, we observed a significant negative correlation between the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFA levels with the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the muscle of mice post-exhaustive exercise. Conversely, the abundance of Staphylococcus and Bilophila showed a notable positive correlation with these cytokines. Additionally, the effects of LTMI and STHI on exhaustive exercise-induced muscle damage were transmissible to untrained mice via fecal microbiota transplantation, suggesting that gut microbiota changes induced by these training modalities may contribute to their contrasting impacts on muscle damage. These results underscore the significance of selecting an appropriate training modality prior to engaging in exhaustive exercise, with implications for athletic training and injury prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the existing CNN（Convolution Neural Network） based rolling bearing fault diagnosis method，it is difficult to effectively excavate and utilize the multi-scale information contained in the data，a multi-scale convolution feature fusion method for rolling bearing fault diagnosis is proposed. A convolutional neural network （MSCNN） structure with multi-scale feature extraction and fusion ability is built by adding the upper sampling layer，which improves the understanding ability of the model to the input signal. CWRU database is used to verify the validity of the proposed method. The short-time Fourier transform is used to analyze the spectrum of rolling bearing signals. The spectrum samples are input into MSCNN network. The data analysis shows that the method can effectively improve the fault diagnosis accuracy.

Objective To investigate the effects of pterostilbene (PST) intervention and treadmill exercise on browning of white adipose in rats and explore the molecular mechanisms. Methods Twenty-four 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sedentary control group (C), 50 mg/kg PST treatment group, treadmill exercise (EX) group, and treadmill exercise with PST treatment (EX+PST) group. After corresponding treatments for 4 consecutive weeks, the rats were evaluated for changes in food intake, body weight and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) mass. The morphological features of the iWAT were analyzed with HE staining. The mRNA and protein levels of the marker genes and the regulatory molecules for white fat browning in the iWAT were determined using real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results The body weight gain and iWAT index in the 3 treatment groups were all significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05), while food intake did not differ significantly among the 4 groups. Compared with those in the control group, the adipocytes within the iWAT in the 3 treatment groups showed a smaller size and a more spherical morphology accompanied by the presence of cellular compartmentation, which were all characteristics of brown adipocytes. The mRNA and protein levels of the marker genes and regulatory molecules for white adipose browning, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A (CIDEA), cluster of differentiation 137 (CD137), transmembrane protein 26 (TMEM26), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), cytochrome c (Cyto c), silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1), peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), PR domain-containing 16 (PRDM16) and phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) were all significantly increased in the iWAT in the 3 treatment groups (P < 0.05). These changes were more obvious in EX+PST group than in EX group and PST group (P < 0.05). Conclusion PST intervention and treadmill exercise, either alone or in combination, can induce the browning of iWAT and reduce fat accumulation and body weight gain in rats through a mechanism possibly involving the activation of AMPK signal transduction pathway. PST combined with treadmill exercise produces more pronounced effects than either PST or treadmill exercise alone

Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), an emergent two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor, holds great promise for transcending the fundamental limits of silicon electronics and continue the downscaling of field-effect transistors. To realize its full potential and high-end applications, controlled synthesis of wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 single crystals on general commercial substrates is highly desired yet challenging. Here, we demonstrate the successful epitaxial growth of 2-inch single-crystal MoS2 monolayers on industry-compatible substrates of c-plane sapphire by engineering the formation of a specific interfacial reconstructed layer through the S/MoO3 precursor ratio control. The unidirectional alignment and seamless stitching of MoS2 domains across the entire wafer are demonstrated through cross-dimensional characterizations ranging from atomic- to centimeter-scale. The epitaxial monolayer MoS2 single crystal shows good wafer-scale uniformity and state-of-the-art quality, as evidenced from the ~100% phonon circular dichroism, exciton valley polarization of ~70%, room-temperature mobility of ~140 cm2v−1s−1, and on/off ratio of ~109. Our work provides a simple strategy to produce wafer-scale single-crystal 2D semiconductors on commercial insulator substrates, paving the way towards the further extension of Moore’s law and industrial applications of 2D electronic circuits.2D MoS2 is being intensively investigated as a promising candidate to extend the downscaling of electronic devices. Here, the authors report a buffer-layer-control method for the growth of wafer-scale single-crystalline MoS2 monolayers on industry-compatible sapphire substrates with competitive optical and electronic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]