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Insects are key pollinators to ecosystem function, but much work remains to determine the most cost-effective, reliable scheme to monitor them. Pan traps (PT) and flight interception traps (FIT) are two of the most popular insect sampling methods used. However, their relative sampling performance and cost is poorly known for agroecosystems in China. We conducted a study across 18 oilseed rape fields in smallholder farmland in Zhejiang, China using these two traps. Our results showed that a single FIT had a greater sampling efficiency (more individuals and higher species richness) than a single PT, but controlling for cost, four PTs (the cost for four PTs is close to one FIT) showed a greater sampling efficiency than FITs. PTs collected more small-bodied individuals while FITs and PTs did not significantly differ in terms of monitoring pollinator insects with large body size. When exploring whether semi-natural habitat embedded in the agricultural landscape affected these results, results from both trap types shows that semi-natural habitat had a significant positive impact on wild pollinator diversity and rarefied species richness. Future studies that examine the effects of agricultural landscape on the wild pollinator community should combine PTs with netting or other active methods for long-term wild pollinator monitoring strategies.

Pleurotroppopsis lankensis (Kerrich, 1974) (Fig. 10) Cotterellia lankensis Kerrich, 1974: 678. Holotype ♀, NHMUK (B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2347, examined). Pleurotroppopsis lankensis (Kerrich, 1974), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna brown except scape predominantly white,brown in apical 1/4.Protibia predominantly dull metallic, mesotibia predominantly white with dusky base, and metatibia entirely whitish; all tarsomeres white except for blackish claws (Fig. 10a). Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced. Frontovertex with raised reticulation, and with a very fine median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina. Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed; upper margin of scrobes not incised in the middle and hence frontal carina straight. Ocelli in a slightly obtuse-angled triangle. MLM with engraved transverse reticulation, and with a broad median groove extending nearly to pronotal collar (Fig. 10b). Scutellum with engraved transverse striation in anterior 1/2 and engraved reticulation in posterior 1/2; scutellum with sublateral and posterior grooves expressed as punctures (Fig. 10b). Axilla polished anteriorly and with only one seta (Fig. 10b). Dorsellum polished. Propodeum with submedian areas polished in anterior 1/2 and with raised reticulation in posterior 1/2; spiracular areas smooth even along posterior margin (Fig. 10b). Gt 1 dorsal surface polished (Fig. 10a). Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Scape dark brown and swollen. Wings hyaline. Mid and hind legs with tibiae entirely white, fore leg with tibia brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum with very weak reticulation. Scutellum with posterior groove reduced, almost absent. Propodeum with submedian areas smooth, without reticulation along posterior margin. Gastral tergites with a few setae only, and not punctate. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Sri Lanka, 6.VI.1972, ex. larva or pupa Promecotheca cumingi (NHMUK, B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2347); paratypes 3♀, same data as holotype (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♂, same data as holotype (NHMUK); 1♀, CHINA, Hainan, det. Bouček (NHMUK); 1♀, Sri Lanka, 7°57’N 80°46’E, Sigiriya, 21.III.1999, coll. C.J. Burwell (QMB). Biology. The type specimens of P. lankensis were recorded from Promecotheca cumingi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae). Distribution. China: Hainan (new distribution record); Sri Lanka. Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis lankensis is characterized by the hind legs having completely white tibiae. The result of the parsimony analysis groups this species with the clade formed by P. japonica, P. maculatipennis, and P. nitifrons, with a high bootstrap value, thus supporting their possible close relationship. However, because of insufficient nonhomplasious changes between these branches, the putative relationship requires testing with molecular data (Fig. 19). In addition to its white hind tibiae, P. lankensis is differentiated from the other three species by having a distinct median groove on the MLM and a posterior groove on the scutellum. See also remarks under P. nitifrons., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 467-468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kerrich, G. (1974) Systematic studies on Eulophidae of economic significance (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 63, 629 - 639. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300047866","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Key to species of Pleurotroppopsis 1 Female............................................................................................. 2 - Male.............................................................................................. 15 2(1) Mesoscutum covered with dense setae (e.g. Figs 6d, 18a)...................................................... 3 - Mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae: one pair on MLM, one pair on triangular notaular depressions, and remaining 2 pairs on LLM (one pair on the prominent shoulder of mesoscutum) (e.g. Fig. 10b)............................................. 4 3(2) Upper margin of scrobes deeply incised in the middle (Fig. 18b and figs 5, 6 in Kamijo 1977); lateral ocelli moderate in size (OOL as long as maximum width of lateral ocellus); scape whitish in basal 1/2; fore leg with tarsomeres 1–3 white and tarsomere 4 brown (Fig. 18b); East Asia.................................................. P. tischeriae (Kamijo) - Upper margin of scrobes shallowly incised in the middle (Fig. 6c); lateral ocelli small (OOL much longer than maximum width of lateral ocellus (5: 3), Fig. 6a); scape entirely blackish (Fig. 6c); fore leg with tarsomeres dark brown with blue tinge (Fig. 6b); Japan.............................................................................. P. hirta (Kamijo) 4(2) Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin (e.g. Fig. 7c).................................................... 5 - Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin (e.g. Fig. 5b)..................................................... 11 5(4) Scutellum with broad foveae (Figs 14a, 15b); Malaysia................................... P. peukscutella Cao & Zhu - Scutellum without foveae (e.g. Fig. 2b).................................................................... 6 6(5) Propodeum with about 13 setae on each submedian area (Fig. 11a); Japan........................... P. lunata (Kamijo) - Propodeum with submedian areas bare, without setae......................................................... 7 7(6) Metatibia completely and mesotibia mainly whitish (Fig. 10a); frontovertex with distinct raised polygonal reticulation, individual meshes shallow with flat bottom; Sri Lanka......................................... P. lankensis Kerrich - All tibiae predominantly or completely dark brown; frontovertex with different sculpture............................ 8 8(7) Frontovertex shiny, with engraved reticulation only vaguely indicated; in anterior view width of upper face up to 0.35× width of head; ocellar triangle distinctly acute, with OOL less than largest width of lateral ocellus (4: 5); Malayan Peninsula........................................................................................... P. nitifrons Bouček - Frontovertex slightly dull, with very fine engraved reticulation or conspicuous piliferous punctation; in anterior view width of upper face relatively greater than in alternate, more than 0.4× width of head; ocellar triangle right-angled or slightly obtuse, with OOL at least as long as largest diameter of lateral ocellus.................................................. 9 9(8) MLM with a distinct median groove in at least posterior 2/3 (Figs 16a, 16b); scape brown with ventral area paler in basal 1/3 (Fig. 16d); pronotal collar with dense setae (Fig. 16b) compared to alternate; dorsellum sculptured; gaster stout and distinctly piliferous-punctate (Figs 16d, 16e); East Africa and Madagascar................................... P. pilosa (Risbec) - MLM with a reduced median groove, indicated posteriorly only (e.g. Fig. 8b); scape whitish with brown apex; pronotal collar with less dense setae compared to alternate; dorsellum smooth; gaster slender and less piliferous-punctate than in alternate (e.g. Fig. 7a)............................................................................................ 10 10(9) Scutellum with nearly uniform engraved reticulation, without distinct transverse striation (Fig. 8b); MLM faintly sculptured and smooth only along posterior margin (Fig. 8b); lateral margin of dorsellum straight (Fig. 8b); Asia.. P. japonica (Kamijo) - Scutellum with transverse engraved striation in middle 1/3; MLM with a distinct smooth apex (Fig. 12c); lateral margin of dorsellum rounded (Fig. 12a); Australia................................................. P. maculatipennis Girault 11(4) MLM with a median groove posteriorly (e.g. Fig. 17b), though sometimes irregular and ill-defined (Fig. 11a)........... 12 - MLM without any trace of a median groove (e.g. Fig. 4b).................................................... 13 12(11) Frontovertex with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to straight frontal carina (Fig. 3c); posterior 1/2 of MLM with a narrow median groove that is narrower than 1/2 the width of a notaular depression (Fig. 2b); scutellum with sublateral grooves narrow because of small punctures (Fig. 2b) and row of punctures outside sublateral grooves distinct (Fig. 2b); China................................................................................ P. dactylispae Cao & Zhu - Frontovertex without a median groove and face with frontal carina sinuate; posterior 1/2 of MLM with a broad median depression that is wider than 1/2 the width of a notaular depression (Fig. 17b); scutellum with sublateral grooves broad because of broad punctures and row of punctures outside sublateral grooves indistinct (Fig. 17b); Africa.... P. podagrica (Waterston) 13(11) Scutellum with numerous setae (Fig. 5a), and without sublateral grooves and transverse posterior groove (Fig. 5a); India............................................................................ P. femorata (Surekha & Narendran) - Scutellum with one pair of setae (e.g. Fig. 9b), and with sublateral grooves and transverse posterior groove (e.g. Fig. 9b).. 14 14(13) Face between frontal carina and toruli distinctly depressed; Gt 6 with a horn at each posterolateral corner (Figs 4a, 4b); South Asia...................................................................... P. dentata (Surekha & Narendran) - Face between frontal carina and toruli not depressed; posterior margin of Gt6 straight, without horns posterolaterally (Fig. 9a); Indonesia............................................................................... P. javana Bouček 15(2) Mesoscutum covered with dense setae (Fig. 18f); Japan...................................... P. tischeriae (Kamijo) - Mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae: one pair on mid lobe, one pair on triangular notaular depressions, and remaining 2 pairs on LLM (one pair on the prominent shoulder of mesoscutum) (e.g. Fig. 2j)......................................... 16 16(15) Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin (e.g. Fig. 3f)..................................................... 17 - Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin............................................................. 19 17(16) Mesoscutum with a median groove posteriorly (e.g. Figs 2h, 17d); scutellum with one pair of setae................... 18 - Mesoscutum without any trace of a median groove; scutellum with numerous setae; India. P. femorata (Surekha & Narendran) 18(17) Legs with tibiae white, in contrast to metallic coxae (Fig. 3f); China.......................... P. dactylispae Cao & Zhu - Legs with tibiae dark brown (Fig. 17e); Africa........................................... P. podagrica (Waterston) 19(16) Propodeum with one seta on each submedian area; Japan........................................ P. lunata (Kamijo) - Propodeum without setae on submedian areas.............................................................. 20 20(19) Scutellum with broad foveae (Fig. 15g); Malaysia....................................... P. peukscutella Cao & Zhu - Scutellum without foveae (e.g. Fig. 2h)................................................................... 21 21(20) Axilla with numerous setae; tibiae dark brown; fore wing infuscate below MV; scutellum with distinct engraved reticulation and a distinct groove posteriorly; East Africa and Madagascar..................................... P. pilosa (Risbec) - Axilla with one seta; tibiae whitish to pale brown; fore wing hyaline; scutellum with weak engraved reticulation, and without posterior groove..................................................................................... 22 22(21) MLM with a reduced median groove that is distinct in posterior 1/5 (Fig. 7f); metatibia dark brown; Asia................................................................................................... P. japonica (Kamijo) - MLM with a distinct narrow median groove in posterior 2/3; metatibia entirely whitish; Sri Lanka...... P. lankensis Kerrich, Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 455-456, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kamijo, K. (1977) Five new species of Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Japan. Kontyu, 45 (2), 253 - 261."]}

Pleurotroppopsis tischeriae (Kamijo, 1977) (Fig. 18) Cotterellia tischeriae Kamijo, 1977: 258–260. Holotype ♀, HUMJ (examined). Pleurotroppopsis tischeriae (Kamijo, 1977), Bouček, 1988: 710. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna brown with scape predominantly whitish, infuscate only apically. Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 18c). Upper margin of scrobes incised medially, hence frontal carina sinuate (Fig. 18b). Ocelli in a right-angled triangle. Mesoscutum with numerous setae evenly distributed over surface, including notaular depressions; MLM without a trace of a median groove (Fig. 18a). Axilla evenly tuberculate with numerous setae (Figs 18a, 18c). Scutellum with posterior groove. Dorsellum smooth with posterior margin weakly carinate (Fig. 18a). Propodeum with plicae angled inwards in the middle, and with a transverse weak carina usually extending from the angulation to the median carina (Fig. 18a, fig. 6 in Kamijo 1977). Gt 1 smooth with a row of setae posteriorly (Fig. 18c). Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Vertex transverse with ocelli in an obtuse-angled triangle (Fig. 18f). Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed, and frontal carina not raised or incised. Antenna with scape metallic in apical 2/5, and white in basal 3/5; funiculars stalked apically, with long, erect, white setae (Fig. 18e). Fore and mid legs white except for metallic blue coxae and infuscate claws; hind leg with coxa and femur metallic blue, tibia and tarsomeres white but claws infuscate (Fig. 18e). Gastral tergites almost smooth. Wings hyaline (Fig. 18e). Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Bibai, Hokkaido, ex. Tischeria sp. on Quercus mongolica, em. 17.VIII.1975, coll. K. Kamijo (HUMJ); paratypes: 1♀, Bibai, Hokkaido, 10.VIII.1975, coll. Kamijo, ex. Tischeriae sp. on Quercus mongolica (HUMJ); 1♀ 3♂, Sapporo, Hokkaido, ex. Tischeria sp. on Quercus dentata, em. 28.I– 16.II.1956, coll. T. Kumata; 1♀ 1♂, ex. Tischeria sp., em. 1–15.VII.1959 (HUMJ). Other material examined. 1♀, CHINA: Jilin, Jilin Agricultural University, the Department of Biological Control, 5.VI–12.VI.2015, coll. Huan-Xi Cao (IZCAS). Biology. The type specimens were recorded from a lepidopteran leaf-miner species, a Tischeria sp. (Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae), mining leaves of Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb and Quercus dentata Thunb. (Kamijo 1977). Distribution. China: Jilin (new distribution record); Japan; Korea. Remarks. See remarks under P. hirta., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 478-480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kamijo, K. (1977) Five new species of Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Japan. Kontyu, 45 (2), 253 - 261.","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis podagrica (Waterston, 1925) (Fig. 17) Cotterellia podagrica Waterston, 1925: 389. Holotype ♀, NHMUK (B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.1340, examined). Pleurotroppopsis podagrica (Waterston, 1925), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna including scape dark brown. Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 17a). Frontovertex without a median groove below anterior ocellus. Face between frontal carina and toruli moderately depressed, with frontal carina sinuate (fig. 3E in Gumovsky 2007). Ocelli in a slightly acute (almost right-angled) triangle (Fig. 17a). MLM with weakly raised transverse reticulation in about anterior 1/2 and engraved reticulation elsewhere; MLM with a broad median groove that is a little more than 1/2 as broad as posterior margin of MLM (Fig. 17b). Scutellum with engraved reticulation between sublateral grooves, which are expressed as broad punctures; with a row of indistinct punctures outside sublateral grooves resulting in a narrow carina between the row of punctures and sublateral grooves (Fig. 17b). Axilla with numerous setae in posterior nonmetallic part. Dorsellum almost smooth but with longitudinal carinae medially and laterally (Fig. 17b). Propodeum with submedian areas with irregular transverse carinae. Gt 1 polished with dorsal surface having only one row of setae posterolaterally. Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin (fig. 3D in Gumovsky 2007). MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Fore wing hyaline. Upper margin of scrobes and frontal carina not incised or sinuate. Median depression of MLM reduced (Fig. 17e). Gt 1 polished, without setae posterolaterally in dorsal view (Fig. 17d). Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Africa, Gold Coast, Aburi, 8.XII.1925, G. S. Cotterell. No. 11, Pres. by. I.B.E, ex. pupa of Coelaenomenodera elaeidis, Maul. var. (pupa) (NHMUK, B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.1340); paratypes 2♀ 1♂, same data as holotype (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♀, South Africa, Port St. Johns, Pondoland, XII.1923, coll. R. E. Turner (NHMUK); 2♀, W. Ghana: Pretsea ex. Coel. elaeidis, 30. I. 1967, G. Bernon, Bouček 1988 det. (NHMUK); 1♀, Cameroun, Ndian dist, Lobe Estate, 30.XI.1988, ex. larva of oil palm, leaf miner sp. 11 CIE A20112, det. Z. Bouček 1988 (NHMUK). Biology. A total of two host species records are known for P. podagrica —a primary parasitoid of Coelaenomenodera elaeidis Maulik and Dorcathispa bellicosa (Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Distribution. Benin; Cameroon; Ghana; Ivory Coast; South Africa (Bouček 1976). Remarks. There is a variation in body color for the examined specimens, predominantly metallic blue or metallic green, but always with more or less violet or purple tinges. Usually, metallic blue individuals have a stronger purple tinge. Most examined specimens have a broad and distinct posterior median depression on the MLM, occasionally slightly narrowing posteriorly but always at least 1/2 as broad as the posterior margin of the MLM. This breadth of the median depression distinguishes P. podagrica from P. dactylispae. In P. podagrica, the median depression is usually as long as or slightly longer than the notaular depressions, but sometimes it is reduced to a sub-rounded fovea posteriorly that is slightly shorter than the notaular depressions. In the examined specimens there is also a variation in the color of the tarsi, the first 3 tarsomeres being white in most specimens or occasionally slightly infuscate, but some specimens have tarsomeres 1–3 of the fore leg brown. See also remarks under P. dactylispae., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Waterston, J. (1925) On some Eulophid Parasites (Hym., Chalcidoidea) of the Oil Palm Hispid Beetle. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 385 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530004640 X","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp.","Gumovsky, A. (2007) Taxonomic notes on genera allied to Pleurotroppopsis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae) with description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region. Zootaxa, 1415 (1), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1415.1.1","Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362"]}

Pleurotroppopsis hirta (Kamijo, 1977) (Fig. 6) Cotterellia hirta Kamijo, 1977: 260–261. Holotype ♀, HUMJ (examined). Pleurotroppopsis hirta (Kamijo, 1977), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna entirely bluish black. Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 6b). Upper margin of scrobes slightly incised medially and frontal carina broadly sinuate medially (Figs 6a, 6c). Ocelli in a right-angled triangle. Mesoscutum with numerous setae evenly distributed over entire surface, including notaular depressions; MLM without a median groove or a trace of median groove (Figs 6d, 6e). Axilla tuberculate with numerous setae (Figs 6d, 6e). Scutellum with sublateral and posterior grooves (Figs 6d, 6e). Dorsellum smooth. Propodeum with plicae angled inwards in the middle, and with a transverse, weak carina running from the angulation to median carina (Fig. 6e). Gt 1 smooth with 2 irregular rows of setae posteriorly (Fig. 6d). Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Utonai, near Tomakomai, Hokkaido, ex. Tischeria sp., em. 1.VI.1970, T. Kumata (HUMJ); paratype ♀, same data as holotype (HUMJ). Biology. The type specimens of P. hirta were reared from Tischeria sp. (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) attacking Sanguisorba tenuifolia Fisch. (Rosaceae). Distribution. China: Hainan (Bouček 1988); Japan (Kamijo 1977). Remarks. Besides the features given in the key, P. hirta differs from P. tischeriae in the following characters: Gt 1 with 2 irregular rows of setae near the posterior margin (one row in P. tischeriae); frontovertex with only a trace of a median groove (distinct in P. tischeriae); dorsellum with posterior margin more weakly carinate; propodeum more weakly reticulate in posterior part of submedian areas. Its setose mesoscutum indicates a close relationship between P. hirta and P. tischeriae, as suggested by Bouček’s (1988) species group assignment. Our phylogenetic analysis supports the species group because P. hirta and P. tischeriae differ in only one character in the matrix of morphological characters (Table 2). However, contrary to the discussion of Bouček (1988), the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 19) does not support the remaining known species of Pleurotroppopsis forming a monophyletic species group. Among the species, P. dentata clusters with P. hirta and P. tischeriae in the tree generated by parsimony analysis, though because of few autapomorphies (Fig. 19, Tables 2, 3) it is still uncertain whether they are closely related. Pleurotroppopsis dentata is easily distinguished from P. hirta and P. tischeriae by the characters given in the key to species., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kamijo, K. (1977) Five new species of Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Japan. Kontyu, 45 (2), 253 - 261.","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis dactylispae Cao & Zhu, sp. nov. (Figs 2, 3) Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna with base of scape whitish ventrally, pedicel metallic blue, and other parts dark brown. Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 3d). Frontal carina almost straight. Ocelli in a strongly acute-angled (equilateral) triangle. Postorbital groove strong and broad, forming a distinct carina along upper part of temple, visible on vertex (Fig. 2e). MLM with a narrow median groove posteriorly not reaching mid-length (Figs 2a, 3b). Scutellum with sublateral and posterior (narrowly interrupted in the middle) grooves expressed as broad punctures, and with a row of punctures outside sublateral grooves resulting in a narrow carina between row of punctures and sublateral groove (Fig. 3b). Axilla with numerous setae mainly in anterior metallic part and with transverse carinae in posterior dull part. Dorsellum entirely punctate and with a median carina (Fig. 2c). Propodeum with submedian areas sculptured with irregular transverse carinae and small fine punctures (Fig. 2c); spiracular areas setose posteriorly. Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Funiculars subequal in length, with distinctly long setae, and stalked apically. Fore wing hyaline. Tibiae and tarsomeres white with claws brown. Median groove of MLM in posterior 2/3 (Figs 2h, 3f). Dorsellum almost smooth (Fig. 2j). Metafemur with a few weak teeth along ventral margin. Description. FEMALE. Body length 2.3–3.0 mm. Body metallic blue with strong violet tinge, especially on mesoscutum and scutellum. Scape (except for whitish ventral base) and pedicel with metallic tinge similar to body, flagellum brown with slightly metallic blue tinge. Legs, except for tarsomeres, similar in color to body; three basal tarsomeres whitish and the fourth tarsomere brown. Fore wing disc broadly infuscate below MV, hind wing slightly infuscate (Figs 2a, 2d). Antenna with 3-segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava, funicle not clearly separated from clava; pedicel more than 2× as long as broad and almost as long as the first funicular; each funicular much longer than broad, weakly decreasing in length towards clava (1.0: 0.8: 0.7). Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed and strongly reticulate; frontal carina straight and weakly raised (Fig. 3c). Frontovertex piliferous-punctate, with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina (Fig. 3c). Head in dorsal view transverse, 3× as broad as its median length (6: 2), almost as broad as mesoscutum. Postorbital groove broad with distinct carina except in anterior 1/3. Ocelli in a distinctly acuteangled (equilateral) triangle. POL longer than OOL (0.8: 0.5). Occiput weakly margined between eyes, with short longitudinal carinae above transoccipital ridge (Figs 2a, 3b). Pronotal collar sharply margined, with many evenly distributed short setae in addition to 6 long bristles; collar impressed in anterior 2/5 because of broad punctures, and smooth in posterior 3/5, and with sides diverging caudad so that lateral angle attached closely to side of mesoscutum (Fig. 2a). Mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae: one pair on MLM, one pair on notaular depressions, and remaining 2 pairs on outer corners of LLM. MLM with weakly raised reticulation in anterior 1/3 and engraved reticulation in posterior 2/3; MLM with a distinct but narrow median groove in roughly posterior 2/5; notauli distinct and complete, with posterior 2/3 developed as inner margin of triangular and polished notaular depression. LLM with engraved reticulation transversely elongate (Figs 2a, 2b). Scutellum wider than long (4.8: 3.8), with engraved reticulation on disc surrounded by sublateral and posterior grooves expressed as distinct broad punctures, and with a row of punctures outside sublateral groove, resulting in a narrow carina between sublateral groove and row of punctures (Fig. 2b). Axilla with weak engraved reticulation and numerous setae in anterior metallic part, and with irregular short carinae in posterior dull part. Dorsellum entirely punctate, with a median carina and distinct lateral up-turned tooth. Propodeum with distinct plicae diverging posteriorly, forming obtuse angle with posterior margin (Fig. 2c); submedian areas of propodeum sculptured with irregular transverse carinae and small fine punctures, and with broad punctures along posterior margin; spiracular areas with irregular transverse carinae; spiracular area delimited by the plica and a carina lateral to spiracle; callus setose (Fig. 2c). Petiole transverse (Fig. 2c). Gaster subcircular, slightly longer than broad (8.0: 7.3) and longer than mesosoma (8.0: 6.3), with obtuse but pointed apex (Fig. 2d). Gt 1 longer than other tergites, comprising about 0.36× gaster length; with distinct median groove in inclined part, with most of dorsal surface smooth, but piliferous-punctate laterally and with setae much longer than those on other tergites; and with an incomplete row of setae near posterior margin, interrupted in the middle; with an eye-like patch on each side close to base (Fig. 2d). Gt 2–6 distinctly piliferous-punctate, and Gt 7 almost smooth. Gt 5 with posterior margin distinctly arched, and Gt 5–6 with punctures much stronger than the other tergites. Fore wing densely setose with a large infuscate area below MV, apex of fore wing hyaline distad STV; speculum reduced, quite small (Fig. 3d); relative length of SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 3.1: 9.5: 1.4: 0.7. Legs strong, metafemur broad and with distinct teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Besides sexual characters, the male differs from the female in the following characters. Body length 1.6–1.9 mm. Body less metallic. Tibiae and tarsomeres white with claws brown (Fig. 3f). Wings hyaline. Funiculars subequal in length, with distinctly long setae, and stalked apically (Fig. 2i). Occiput with carina between eyes. Collar of pronotum less setose, especially in smooth posterior 3/5 (Fig. 2j). MLM with a median groove in posterior 2/3 (Fig. 3f). Axilla less setose. Scutellum longer than broad. Dorsellum without lateral up-turned teeth and distinct punctures. Submedian areas of propodeum with superficial carinae or rugosity, almost smooth (Fig. 2j). Gt 1 polished, Gt 2–7 without punctures and less setose (Fig. 2k). Metafemur with a few weak teeth along ventral margin. Type material. Holotype ♀, CHINA: Guangxi, Guangxi Agricultural College, coll. Yang, ex. Dactylispa setifera (Chapuis) (IOZ(E)221446, IZCAS). Paratypes: 3♀ 3♂, same data as holotype (IOZ(E)221447–IOZ(E)221452, IZCAS). Etymology. From the host genus name “ Dactylispa ”. Biology. Type specimens were reared from Dactylispa setifera (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) attacking Zea mays L. (Poaceae). Distribution. China: Guangxi. Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis dactylispae runs to P. podagrica using Bouček’s (1976) key to the Asiatic and African species. Besides the features given in the key above, P. dactylispae differs from P. podagrica in the following characters: mesoscutum and scutellum with smaller meshes of engraved reticulation; dorsellum mainly punctate; and submedian areas of propodeum with more rugosity. Pleurotroppopsis dactylispae, P. javana and P. podagrica are the only known species having the scutellum punctate outside the sublateral grooves. In these three species, 2 rows of punctures on each side of scutellum form a narrow carina, which is much narrower and less distinct in P. dactylispae than in P. javana and P. podagrica. Additionally, the row of punctures outside sublateral groove is more distinct in P. dactylispae than in the other two species. Pleurotroppopsis javana is readily distinguished from the other two species by having no median groove on the MLM. The three species form a clade in the most parsimonious tree (MPT) of this study, though with low bootstrap support, which indicates they may have a close relationship (Fig. 19). See also remarks under P. podagrica., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 457-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362"]}

Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis Girault, 1913 (Fig. 12) Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis Girault, 1913: 149. Holotype ♀, QMB (Hy. 1651, examined). Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna brown except scape with proximal part white. Fore wing with a large dusky round spot below apex of MV and STV, with small speculum (Fig. 12c). Legs with white tarsomeres and blackish claws, and tibiae whitish apically (Figs 12b, 12c). MLM almost smooth posteriorly, with a reduced median groove that is difficult to discern. Scutellum between sublateral grooves with engraved transverse striation medially. Gt 1 with eye-like patches brown. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀: card-mounted mesosoma and metasoma with labels “ Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis Girault, Type, Bouček 1976 ”; slide-mounted antennae and head with labels “1651” (QMB, Hy. 1651). Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Australia: Queensland, Nelson (Cairns) (Girault 1913). Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis was described based on a single female collected by sweeping and has not been recorded since. The mesosoma and metasoma of the holotype are card-mounted, and the broken antennae (without the basal 1/2 of the scape) and head fragments are slide-mounted. Head features could not be discerned due to the fragmentation of the head of the holotype. Thus, it is unknown whether there are differences in the head characters between P. japonica and P. maculatipennis. Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis is very similar to females of P. japonica, and additional material is required to establish if they are separate species. In the meantime, we have included differences based on the holotype of P. maculatipennis in the above diagnosis and the key to species for reference. See remarks under P. japonica., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Girault, A. A. (1913) Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea-IV. The Family Eulophidae with descriptions of New Genera and Species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 2, 140 - 296.","Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362"]}

Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons (Bouček, 1976) (Fig. 13) Cotterellia nitifrons Bouček, 1976: 677–678. Holotype ♀, NHMUK (B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2397, examined). Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons (Bouček, 1976), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna with scape predominantly white, brown in apical 1/3 only. Fore wing weakly infuscate, with small speculum. Tibiae brown without metallic tinge; all tarsomeres white except for brown claws. Frontovertex with a median groove below anterior ocellus. Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed; upper margin of scrobes not incised medially, and frontal carina straight. Ocelli in a strongly acute-angled (equilateral) triangle. MLM with transverse rugosity anteriorly and engraved reticulation posteriorly, without a median groove (Fig. 13b). Scutellum with punctures along sublateral grooves but without posterior transverse groove (Fig. 13b). Axilla with superficial reticulation, almost smooth, with one seta (Fig. 13b). Dorsellum polished. Submedian areas of propodeum with superficial reticulation, almost smooth (Fig. 13b). Gt 1 with polished dorsal surface (Fig. 13a). Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, 20873, Malaysia Barat: Ptg. Bendahari, Province Wellesley, ex. within mines of Promecotheca cumingi, 21.III.1973, coll. Jabatan Pertanian (NHMUK, B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2397); paratype ♀, same data as holotype (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♀, India: Calicut Dist., Kerala, ex. leaf miner of Piper nigrum, det. Bouček (NHMUK). Biology. The type series were recorded from the coleopteran leafminer Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) (Bouček 1976). Distribution. India (new distribution record); Malaysia (Bouček 1976). Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons is likely close to P. maculatipennis and P. japonica based on the lack of a posterior groove on the scutellum, dorsellum polished, and metafemur smooth without teeth along the ventral margin. The possible close relationship between these three species is supported by the parsimony analysis based on morphological characters (Fig. 19) but requires further molecular evidence because the phylogeny is not well resolved based only on morphological characters. Females of P. nitifrons can be distinguished from those of P. japonica and P. maculatipennis by their sculptured posterior dull part of the axilla. In addition, P. nitifrons females have the mesoscutum with engraved reticulation that is much less transverse and the scutellum has denser and more distinct engraved reticulation that is weakly longitudinal. See also remarks under P. japonica., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 471-472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis japonica (Kamijo, 1977) (Figs 7, 8) Cotterellia japonica Kamijo, 1977: 257–258. Holotype ♀, HUMJ (examined). Pleurotroppopsis japonica (Kamijo, 1977), Bouček, 1988: 710. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Scape white with apical 1/4 to 2/5 infuscate. Fore wing disc weakly to distinctly infuscate below MV, with small speculum. Tibiae blackish brown, sometimes paler apically. Frontovertex with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina (Fig. 8a). Face between frontal carina and toruli hardly depressed; frontal carina straight. Ocelli in a nearly right-angled triangle. Collar of pronotum piliferous and depressed in anterior 1/2, smooth in posterior 1/2. MLM with engraved transverse reticulation, with a median groove reduced and only distinct posteriorly. Scutellum with a row of small punctures along sublateral grooves and without posterior groove. Axilla smooth and with one seta. Dorsellum polished. Propodeum with submedian areas and spiracular areas smooth and shiny; spiracular areas bare (Fig. 8b). Gaster slender, 1.5–1.7× as long as broad, weakly to distinctly acute apically (Figs 7a, 8c). Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Scape dark brown and swollen, and flagellomeres stalked apically and with long, erect setae (Fig. 7f). Wings hyaline. Tibiae entirely white or brown, occasionally white with an infuscate line on dorsal surface. Gastral tergites piliferous but not punctate. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Kozagawa, Wakayama-Ken, Honshu, ex. Aristae sp. On Aster sp., 5.X.1973, em. Spring of 1974, coll. T. Kumata (HUMJ). Paratypes: 1♀, Sapporo Hokkaido, 17.VIII.1959, S. Nomoi, with an identification label “ Cotterellia japonica Kamijo ” (HUMJ); 1♀, Kii-Osima, em. 15.VI.1964, Honshu, T. Kumata, ex. Lithocolletis eyoniae Kumata, with an identification label “ Cotterellia japonica Kamijo ” (HUMJ); 1♀, Morioka Honshu, 12.V.1967, T. Uiiie, ex. Lithocolletis ringoniella Mat., with an identification label “ Cotterellia japonica Kamijo ” (HUMJ); 1♂, Futagoyama Shikawa. Ken Honshu, 3-3, 3hrs, 27 July 1975, coll. I. Togashi (HUMJ); 1♂, Morioka Honshu Japan, 11.V.1972, T. Ujiye, ex. Lithocolletis ringoniella Maisumura (HUMJ); 1♂, Zyozankei Hokkaido, 19.IX.1958, T. Kumata, ex. Lithocolletis tiliae Kumata (HUMJ). Other material examined. 1♀ 1♂, China, Hunan, Changsha, ex. larva of Gracilariidae attacking Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, 28.VII.1979, coll. Xinwang Tong (IZCAS); 6♀ 4♂, China, Hunan, Changsha, ex. larva of Gracilariidae attacking Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, 10.VIII.1979, coll. Xinwang Tong (IZCAS); 1♀, China, Sichuan, Qingchengshan, 20.X.1983, coll. Changfang Li (IZCAS); 2♀, Philippines, Davao del Sur Digos, Nov. 1974 ex. Lep, det. Bouček 1985 (NHMUK). Biology. Pleurotroppopsis japonica has mainly been recorded attacking lepidopteran leafminers, especially Gracillariidae, and has occasionally been recorded from the weevil Rhynchaenus takabayashii Kôno (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and dipteran leafminers (Kamijo 1977; Kamijo 1990). Two females were reared from the larva-pupa of a species of Lyonetiidae (Lepidoptera) attacking Sophora japonica Linn. (Papilionaceae) in China. Distribution. China (new distribution record); Japan; Korea; Philippines (new distribution record). Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis japonica, along with P. maculatipennis, P. nitifrons and P. lankensis, has all tarsomeres white except for brown or blackish claws. Moreover, P. japonica, P. maculatipennis and P. nitifrons cluster together to form a branch with relatively high bootstrap support near P. lankensis (Fig. 19). The result of the parsimony analysis indicates a possible close relationship between P. nitifrons and the other two species, but this requires confirmation. Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons is readily distinguished from P. japonica and P. maculatipennis by the axilla being sculptured in its posterior dull part (see also remarks under P. nitifrons). However, P. japonica and P. maculatipennis are so similar that they share the same character states in the matrix used for the phylogenetic analysis; the branch including these two species is characterized by having the MLM almost smooth along its posterior margin and the axilla polished with only one seta (Figs 8b, 19, Table 2). In addition, these two species are characterized by the submedian areas of the propodeum being polished, although those of P. nitifrons can be considered as smooth but with very weak sculpture (but listed as smooth in the matrix, see Table 2). The holotype of P. japonica is differentiated from that of P. maculatipennis by the following characters: body bright bluish with green tinge (metallic blue-green in P. maculatipennis); antenna more slender (e.g. pedicel distinctly more than 2× as long as broad in P. japonica, vs distinctly less than 2× in P. maculatipennis); tibiae blackish brown without whitish apex (with whitish apex in P. maculatipennis); gaster more slender, about 2× as long as broad (about 1.8× in P. maculatipennis), and more acute, with Gt 6 converging in an angle of about 65° apically (about 75° in P. maculatipennis); Gt 1 eye-like patches whitish (brown in P. maculatipennis). However, the paratype series of P. japonica and Chinese specimens of P. cf. japonica show more variation in the above characters than originally described by Kamijo (1977), and the holotype of P. maculatipennis falls within what is interpreted as intraspecific variation of P. japonica. Because P. maculatipennis is only known from the holotype, the validity of P. japonica is uncertain based on morphology. However, until molecular data for material from Japan, Australia and other zoological regions is available, we treat P. japonica and P. maculatipennis as separate species and determine the Chinese specimens as P. japonica., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 464-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kamijo, K. (1977) Five new species of Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Japan. Kontyu, 45 (2), 253 - 261.","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp.","Kamijo, K. (1990) Notes on Pleurotroppopsis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and its allied genera, with descriptions of four new species from Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 58, 816 - 826."]}

Pleurotroppopsis dentata (Surekha & Narendran, 1988) (Fig. 4) Atullya dentata Surekha & Narendran, 1988: 195. Holotype ♀, DZUC (not examined). Pleurotroppopsis dentata (Surekha & Narendran, 1988), Gumovsky, 2007: 10. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna predominantly dark brown. Fore wing infuscate below STV and apical part of MV to broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 4b). Frontovertex without a median groove below anterior ocellus; frontal carina sinuate because upper margin of scrobes incised in the middle (Fig. 4d). Ocelli in an obtuse-angled triangle. Occiput with irregular longitudinal carinae above transverse transoccipital ridge (Fig. 4b). MLM with raised reticulation, without a median groove (Figs 4a, 4b). Scutellum with sublateral and posterior grooves expressed as narrow punctures; posterior groove slightly incised medially (Figs 4a–4c). Axilla with numerous setae, mainly in anterior metallic part. Dorsellum with a row of punctures along anterior margin in anterior 1/2 (Fig. 4c). Propodeum with submedian areas with distinct punctures and some short transverse carinae except for depressed and irregularly sculptured anterolateral corners (Fig. 4c); spiracular areas setose and sculptured posteriorly. Gt 1 posteriorly with setae arranged in about 2 irregular rows and sculptured anteriorly (Fig. 4a); Gt 6 with a distinct horn in each posterolateral corner (Figs 4a, 4b). Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Paratype: 1♀, India, Kerala, Calicut University, coll. Narendran Party, 10.II.1987, labeled with ‘ Atullya dentata sp. N., det. Surekha & Narendran, 1988 ’ (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♀, India, Ut. Pr.: Dehra Dun 20.X.1979, Bouček, Bouček det. 1989 (NHMUK). 1♀, India, Ut. Pr.: Dehra Dun 21.X.1979, Bouček, Bouček det. 1989 (NHMUK); 1♀, India, Tamil N., Madras, 2.XI.1979, Bouček, Bouček. Det. 1989 (NHMUK); 1♀, India, Hyderabad, Patancheru, ICRISAT, VII-IX, 1980, M. Trap, coll. Bernays & Woodhead, det. Z. Bouček, 1988 (NHMUK); 1♀, India, Hyderabad, Patancheru, ICRISAT, VII-IX, 1980, M. Trap, coll. Bernays & Woodhead, with an identification label “ Pleurotroppopsis javana, det. Bouček ”, det. Huan-Xi Cao 2017 (NHMUK); 1♀, China, Yunnan, Malipo, Babuxiang, Jiangdong, 2.XI.2016, coll. Xue-Mei Yang (IZCAS). Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China: Yunnan (new distribution record); India. Remarks. Females of Pleurotroppopsis dentata are uniquely differentiated by having distinct horns in the posterolateral corners of Gt 6. Females also have distinct longitudinal carinae on the occiput, which are also characteristic of 5 other species (P. dactylispae, P. hirta, P. peukscutella, P. podagrica and P. tischeriae), but in these latter species the carinae are weak and short and difficult to discern under the light of a stereomicroscope. There is, however, currently no other evidence supporting a possible close relationship between these species. In the parsimony analysis based on morphological characters, P. dentata was clustered with the clade of P. hirta and P. tischeriae, though the low bootstrap value indicates unreliable phylogenetic relationships between these 2 branches, each of which has 4 nonhomplasious characters (autapomorphies for the branch of P. dentata, and synapomorphies for the other branch) (Fig. 19). This is possibly because of insufficient taxon sampling, and further sampling might reveal other undescribed species between these 2 branches. For now, the relationship between P. dentata and P. hirta and P. tischeriae remains uncertain., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Surekha, K. & Narendran, T. (1988) A new genus and two new species of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from India. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 8, 191.","Gumovsky, A. (2007) Taxonomic notes on genera allied to Pleurotroppopsis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae) with description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region. Zootaxa, 1415 (1), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1415.1.1","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis peukscutella Cao & Zhu, sp. Nov. (Figs 14, 15) Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna brown except base of scape white (Fig. 14d). Fore wing weakly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 14c). Upper margin of scrobes weakly incised and frontal carina weakly sinuate (Fig. 14e). Ocelli in a nearly right-angled triangle. Postorbital groove distinct but narrow, forming a distinct carina along upper part of temple, invisible on vertex (Fig. 14a). MLM with raised reticulation before broad median depression; median depression as broad as posterior margin of MLM and almost as broad as a notaular depression; rim of MLM median depression distinctly carinate (Figs 15a, 15b). Scutellum disc with strong foveae (Fig. 15b). Axilla with 5 setae on metallic part and transverse carinae on dull part. Dorsellum with 2 large lateral foveae (Fig. 15b). Propodeum submedian areas with short transverse carinae, one more distinct that connects plica and anterior part of median carina (Fig. 15b). Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Funiculars subequal in length, with distinctly long setae, and stalked apically. Fore wing hyaline. Upper margin of scrobes and frontal carina not incised or sinuate. Median depression of MLM and notaular depressions reduced. Propodeum with transverse carinae on submedian areas weak (Figs 14g, 15g). Description. FEMALE. Body length 2.5–3.0 mm. Body metallic blue with violet tinge (Figs 14a, 14b).Antenna brown except scape predominantly white, infuscate apically only (Figs 14c, 14d). Legs, except for tarsomeres, brown with slight metallic tinge; tarsi with first three tarsomeres white, the fourth brown with claws dark brown. Fore wing disc weakly infuscate below MV, hind wing hyaline (Figs 14a, 14c). Antenna with 3-segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava, funicle not clearly separated from clava; pedicel more than 2× as long as broad, the first funicular slightly longer than pedicel (1.0: 0.9); funiculars subequal in length, each longer than broad. Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed and finely reticulate, frontal carina weakly incised (Fig. 14e). Frontovertex with dense setae, with distinct punctures above frontal carina, with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina (Fig. 14e). Head in dorsal view transverse (6.5: 2.5), slightly longer than mesoscutum (6.5: 6.0). Vertex with dense setae and distinct punctures. Ocelli in a nearly right-angled triangle. POL more than 2× as long as OOL (0.8: 0.3). Occiput margined between eyes, with longitudinal carinae above distinct transoccipital ridge. Pronotal collar sharply margined, with many evenly distributed short setae in addition to 6 long bristles; collar depressed in anterior 1/2 because of broad punctures, and with sides diverging caudad so lateral angle attached closely to side of mesoscutum (Figs 15a, 15b). Mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae: one pair on MLM, one pair on notaular depressions, remaining 2 pairs on LLM (Fig. 15a). MLM with raised reticulation; MLM with a broad median depression in posterior 1/2, as broad as posterior margin of MLM and almost as broad as a notaular depression, and with rims of median depression distinctly carinate; notaular depression in posterior 1/2 distinct, triangular, and polished (Figs 15a, 15b). LLM with irregular broad foveae and transverse carinae; a row of foveae along notaulus resembles depression (Figs 15a, 15b). Scutellum wider than long (4.0: 3.6), with disc almost full of strong, irregular, broad foveae, with foveae along lateral margins in a column and along posterior margin in a row, and therefore sublateral and posterior grooves not discernable (Fig. 15b). Axilla irregularly rugose, with 4 setae just below small metallic area. Dorsellum with 2 lateral foveae, resulting in median area resembling a broad median carina, without punctures, with lateral up-turned teeth distinct (Fig. 15b). Propodeum with strong plicae angled inwards in anterior 1/3, and with a transverse carina usually extending from angulation to base of median carina (Fig. 15b); submedian areas smooth above transverse carina, and rugose with transverse carinae below transverse carina; spiracular area with a connected transverse and lateral carina, and with numerous setae posteriorly; callus setose (Fig. 15b). Petiole transverse and whitish. Gaster short oval, almost as long as broad and shorter than mesosoma (6.0: 7.0), with apex obtuse. Gt 1 longer than other tergites, comprising about 0.36× gaster length; with distinct median groove in inclined part, predominantly bare but with setae on sides visible in dorsal view, with posterior margin slightly protruding medially and a whitish eye-like patch on each side close to base. Gt 2–7 piliferous-punctate (Fig. 15c). Fore wing setose with disc weakly infuscate below MV, without speculum; relative length of SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 3.2: 7.8: 1.8: 0.6. Legs strong, metafemur broad and without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Besides sexual characters, the male differs from the female in the following characters. Body smaller and more slender than female, 2 mm in length. Body less metallic, only scutellum and Gt 1 with distinct metallic purple or blue-green tinge (Fig. 14g). All tibiae whitish (Fig. 14g). Wings hyaline. Head transverse, more than 3× as long as broad. Broad median depression on MLM absent and LLM without distinct punctures (Fig. 15g). Scutellum with fewer foveae and more engraved reticulation, particularly laterally and posteriorly (Fig. 15g). Dorsellum with lateral foveae reduced in size, broad median area smooth without punctures; lateral up-turned teeth indistinct. Gastral tergites smooth without punctures dorsally (Figs 14g, 15g). Type material. Holotype ♀, Malaysia: Bt. Bauk Terengganu, em. 27.VIII.1990, coll. T. Kumata, ex. unknown Lepidoptera on Ficus chartacea (HUMJ) . Paratypes: 1♀ 1♂, Malaysia H. R., Beserah Kuantan, Paham, em. 23.VIII.1990, coll. T. Kumata, ex. unknown Lepidoptera on Ficus sertechinis (HUMJ); 1♀, Malaysia, Borneo Jungle Girl Camp, 24.IV–02.V.2016, coll. Feng Yuan & Yong Wang (IOZ(E)221453, IZCAS). Etymology. From Proto-Indo-European root “ peuk ” and Latin “ scutella ”, in reference to the punctate scutellum. Biology. The holotype female was reared from an unknown moth attacking Ficus chartacea Wall. ex King (Moraceae). The paratypes were reared from an unknown moth attacking Ficus sertechinis based on the labels, which may be spelled incorrectly since this plant name is not indexed in any database. Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis peukscutella is uniquely characterized by having distinct, broad foveae on the disc of the scutellum in both sexes. In females the median groove of the MLM is developed as a broad, round, and smooth depression (Fig. 15a), whereas in males it is reduced to an almost smooth flat area (Fig. 15g). In addition, the MLM of females has distinct raised reticulation before the median broad depression and the LLM has irregular foveae and carinae. Compared to the female, the male has the LLM with more distinctly engraved reticulation and without punctures except for a large puncture at the base of the posterior seta. Because of these unique characters, the phylogenetic position of this species within Pleurotroppopsis is still uncertain, as indicated by its long branch represented by several homoplasious changes and an extremely low bootstrap support value as shown in the tree inferred by parsimony analysis (Fig. 19). See also remarks under P. pilosa., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 472-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395

Ooctonus hemipterus Haliday, 1833 (Figs 5–8) Ooctonus hemipterus Haliday 1833: 344. Taxonomic history and synonyms summarized in Triapitsyn (2010: 15, 18) and Huber (2012: 37). Material examined. CHINA. XINJIANG: Urumqi, 25.viii.2001, W. Cui (Cui Weidong), sweeping [3 ♂, ICXU]. Distribution. China (new record) (Xinjiang). This species is widespread in the Holarctic region, from Ireland east to China, currently known from almost half of the 44 European countries, including the European part of Russia; it was previously recorded from Kyrgyzstan (Triapitsyn 2010), which is adjacent to Xinjiang, China. Elsewhere, O. hemipterus is recorded from Morocco, Turkey, Canada, and the USA (Triapitsyn 2010; Huber 2012). Hosts. Unknown. Comments. Some females of O. hemipterus are brachypterous, while males are always macropterous. This species may be collected in late autumn or even in December, which lead Huber (2012) to suggest that it might overwinter as adults., Published as part of Aishan, Zhulidezi, Triapitsyn, Serguei V., Zhu, Chao-Dong & Hu, Hong-Ying, 2022, Key to Ooctonus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in China, with one new species and three new country records, pp. 581-588 in Zootaxa 5155 (4) on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5155.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6691760, {"references":["Haliday, A. H. (1833) An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain, which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus. Entomological Magazine, 1 (4), 259 - 276 + 333 - 350.","Triapitsyn, S. V. (2010) Revision of the Palaearctic species and review of the Oriental species of Ooctonus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), with notes on extralimital taxa. Zootaxa, 2381 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2381.1.1","Huber, J. T. (2012) Revision of Ooctonus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Nearctic region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 143, 15 - 105."]}

Ooctonus notatus Walker, 1846 (Figs 17–19) Ooctonus notatus Walker 1846: 50; Triapitsyn 2010: 28, 30 (taxonomic history and synonyms); Huber 2012: 71, 73, 75, 78, 80, 86–87, 93, 96, 98–99; Bai et al. 2015: 26; Jin & Li 2020: 3. Material examined. CHINA. GUANGXI: Guilin, 11.v. 2010, K. Wang, Malaise trap [1♀, ICXU]. INNER MONGOLIA: Hanma National Nature Reserve, 28.viii.2015, F. Xia (Xia Fei), sweeping [2♀, ICXU]. XINJIANG: Wenquan, 16.vii.2001, H.-y. Hu (Hu Hong-ying), sweeping [3♀, ICXU]; Xinyuan, 7.viii.1997, D. Ma (Ma Deying), sweeping [1♀, ICXU]. Distribution. China (Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Xinjiang); known from more than 17 European countries, including the European part of Russia, and also from Canada and the USA in North America, and Japan and Kyrgyzstan in Asia. Hosts. Unknown. Comments. Bai et al. (2015) listed the species in their key based on a record from Heilongjiang, China., Published as part of Aishan, Zhulidezi, Triapitsyn, Serguei V., Zhu, Chao-Dong & Hu, Hong-Ying, 2022, Key to Ooctonus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in China, with one new species and three new country records, pp. 581-588 in Zootaxa 5155 (4) on page 586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5155.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6691760, {"references":["Walker, F. (1846) VIII - Descriptions of the Mymaridae. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 49 - 54 + viii (errata and addenda). https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 037454809494390","Triapitsyn, S. V. (2010) Revision of the Palaearctic species and review of the Oriental species of Ooctonus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), with notes on extralimital taxa. Zootaxa, 2381 (1), 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2381.1.1","Huber, J. T. (2012) Revision of Ooctonus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Nearctic region. Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 143, 15 - 105.","Bai, H. F., Jin, X. X. & Li, C. D. (2015) A taxonomic study of Ooctonus (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) from Heilongjiang, China. ZooKeys, 479, 25 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 479.9041","Jin, X. X. & Li, C. D. (2020 [2019]) A new species of Ooctonus from China, with a revised key to the Chinese species (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Oriental Insects, 54 (3), 319 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2019.1625825"]}