Search

Event-B is a formal modeling language that is very suitable for software engineering, but it lacks the ability of modeling time. Researchers have proposed some methods for modeling time constraints in Event-B. The limitations with existing methods are that, first of all, the existing research work lacks a systematic time refinement framework based on Event-B; secondly, the existing methods only model time in the Event-B framework and cannot be smoothly converted to automata-based models such as timed automata that facilitate the verification of time properties. These limitations make it more difficult to model and verify real-time systems with Event-B because it is very time-consuming to prove time properties in the Event-B framework. In this paper, we firstly proposed a systematic time refinement framework to express and refine time constraints in Event-B. Secondly, we also proposed various vertical refinement patterns and horizontal extension patterns to guide modelers to refine the Event-B real-time model step by step. Finally, we use a real-time system case to demonstrate the practicality of our method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can make the real-time system modeling in Event-B more convenient and the models are easier to convert to the timed automata model, thereby facilitating the verification of various time properties.

Aiming at the defects of large-scale large scale wireless sensor network data processing network traffic and high task latency, a data collection scheme of mobile node based on discrete elastic collision optimization algorithm and adaptive block compression sensing is proposed. Firstly, by analyzing the relationship between the network partitioning and the node deployment, an adaptive block compressed sensing data collection strategy is proposed to realize sensor node based on adaptive network block compressed sensing data collection. Designing mobile node data acquisition path planning strategy and multiple mobile nodes The collaborative computer system adopts the fitness value constraint transformation processing technology and the parallel discrete elastic collision optimization algorithm to achieve the purpose of balancing network node energy consumption and reducing data processing task delay. Finally, the simulation results show that the data collection scheme can effectively realize high-efficiency processing of large-scale sensor network data, and reduce network traffic and network task delay, and better balance network node energy consumption.

The applications of natural polymeric flocculants due to their green feature has been recently received much more attention. In this work, the combined usages of a cationic starch-based coagulant and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were extensively evaluated for various addition sequences in the coagulation of both raw (surface water from the Jiuxiang River) and synthetic turbid water (two kaolin suspensions with different initial turbidities). Two typical cationic starch-based coagulants with different structures (St-G and St-E) were tried. In comparison to St-G, St-E and PACl used individually as well as St-G and St-E dosed after PACl, the combination of the starch-based coagulants fed before PACl showed higher turbidity removal efficiency, which featured not only less optimal doses of both inorganic and organic coagulants but also lower residual turbidity. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the particle size and its distribution in solution supernatants before and after coagulation by two starch-based coagulants and PACl, polymeric coagulants preferentially coagulate the small-sized colloids due to their distinct long-chain structures, but PACl preferentially coagulates the medium-sized ones. Thus, the medium-sized particles that were previously formed by the starch-based coagulants would be collectively and effectively removed by the subsequent addition of PACl. The addition sequence of the inorganic and organic coagulants in their combined usage is an important factor for improvement of the turbidity removal efficiency in practice.

Aiming at large-scale, high dimensional data, and variable intrusion behavior in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), an intrusion detection algorithm based on parallel intelligent optimization feature extraction and distributed fuzzy clustering for WSNs is proposed. First, in order to effectively reduce the data dimensionality and improve the robustness of the feature extraction process, the parallel intelligent optimization feature extraction framework is constructed on the basis of defining the optimal feature evaluation index, for which the theoretical analysis shows that the index can eliminate feature redundancy and maintain the diversity of original data. Second, the spider cluster optimization algorithm evolution rule is redefined by introducing local search and adaptive multi strategy update method, and it proves that the improved social spider optimization (ISSO) algorithm has global convergence. The ISSO is used to solve the feature extraction framework, and through the parallel feature subset selection process, the best feature combination is extracted. Finally, WSNs intrusion detection is carried out by using the best feature subset and the distributed fuzzy clustering technology, and intelligent iterative evolution method and adaptive clustering strategy are introduced in order to improve the fuzzy clustering algorithm performance. Experimental results show that the intrusion detection algorithm can effectively give the results of intrusion detection, and moreover, compared with the other detection algorithms, the intrusion detection rate is improved by about 13.1%, and the false detection rate is decreased by about 8.5%. (C) 2018 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only. Personal use is also permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.

In this study, a series of cationized starch-based flocculants (starch-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl triethyl ammonium chloride, St-CTA) containing various quaternary ammonium salt groups on the starch backbone were prepared using a simple etherification reaction. All of the prepared starch-based flocculants show effective performance for the flocculation of kaolin suspension, two bacterial (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) suspensions, and two contaminant mixtures (kaolin and each bacterium) under most pH conditions. St-CTA with a high substitution degree of CTA demonstrates improved contaminant removal efficiency because of the strong cationic nature of the grafted quaternary ammonium salt groups and the charge naturalization flocculation effect. The antibacterial effects of St-CTA were also evaluated, considering that many quaternary ammonium salt compounds elicit bactericidal effects. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra and direct cell morphological observation under scanning electron microscopy reveal that the starch-based flocculants exhibit better antibacterial effects on the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli than on the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus. The thicker cell wall due to the presence of abundant peptidoglycan and teichoic acids of S. aureus than E. coli explains the uneasy breakage of S. aureus cell wall after being attacked by the cationized starch-based flocculants.

The molecular structure of a material substantially determines its final application performance. In this work, a series of starch-based flocculants with different charge densities and average graft chain lengths were prepared by the co-graft polymerization of acrylamide and [(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] (St-g-PAM-co-PDMC). The flocculation performance of St-g-PAM-co-PDMC was studied systematically at neutral pH using kaolin suspension and sodium humate (NaHA) aqueous solution as synthetic wastewaters. The effects of the two structural factors on the flocculation efficiency of the starch-based flocculants have been investigated. The experimental results showed that the charge density and average graft chain length contributed distinctly to flocculation performance during the removal of both kaolin particles and NaHA under insufficient and excessive flocculant dose conditions. The flocculation mechanisms of this starch-based flocculant were discussed in detail on the basis of the structure-activity relationship, which are significant to optimize the flocculation conditions and guide the development of novel high-performance flocculants.

Three different starch-based flocculants with various chain architectures and charge properties have been prepared through etherification, graft copolymerization, or their combination. Two of the flocculants (starch-graft-poly[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] and starch-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl triethyl ammonium chloride, denoted as STC-g-PDMC and STC-CTA respectively) are cationic, and another one (carboxymethyl starch-graft-poly[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride], denoted as CMS-g-PDMC) is amphoteric. Those three flocculants have shown far different flocculation efficiency and floc properties for the removal of humic acid (HA) from water due to their distinct structural features. The effects of pH, flocculant dose, and initial HA concentration have been studied systematically. Accordingly, STC-g-PDMC and CMS-g-PDMC with strongly cationic branch chains have much better flocculation performance than polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and STC-CTA, the latter of which features linear chain architecture and strongly cationic pieces lying on its chain backbone. It indicates that the architecture of cationic branch chains plays an important role in HA flocculation due to their significantly enhanced bridging effects. Moreover, STC-g-PDMC has higher HA removal efficiency and better floc properties than CMS-g-PDMC, suggesting that charge neutralization effects make notable contributions to HA removal and that the additional anionic pieces on CMS-g-PDMC can weaken its flocculation performance. In addition, STC-g-PDMC used as coagulant aid for PAC has also been tried, which observably reduces the optimal dose of the inorganic coagulant.

Micro-polluted surface water with low turbidity and low content of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is usually inefficiently purified. In this work, a combined technique for the enhanced coagulation of this surface water was proposed and investigated using cationic grafted starch (St-G) and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) as co-coagulants, followed by a magnetic ion-exchange resin (MIER). St-G was fed before PACl, and this procedure not only efficiently removes turbidity but also largely reduces the doses of the two coagulants. MIER remarkably removed DOM, and raw water was effectively purified. The entire coagulation process was further optimized through response surface methodology based on a central composite design by using the doses of St-G, PACl, and MIER as input variables. The dose effects of the three chemicals on the coagulation performance for turbidity and DOM removal were examined, and the coagulation mechanisms, including the interactive effect among various chemicals, were discussed in detail. This work provided a new strategy for the efficient treatment of low-turbidity micro-polluted surface water by utilizing organic and inorganic co-coagulants with magnetic ion-exchange resin in practical applications.

For wireless network microseismic monitoring and the problems of low compression ratio and high energy consumption of communication, this paper proposes a segmentation compression algorithm according to the characteristics of the microseismic signals and the compression perception theory (CS) used in the transmission process. The algorithm will be collected as a number of nonzero elements of data segmented basis, by reducing the number of combinations of nonzero elements within the segment to improve the accuracy of signal reconstruction, while taking advantage of the characteristics of compressive sensing theory to achieve a high compression ratio of the signal. Experimental results show that, in the quantum chaos immune clone refactoring (Q-CSDR) algorithm for reconstruction algorithm, under the condition of signal sparse degree higher than 40, to be more than 0.4 of the compression ratio to compress the signal, the mean square error is less than 0.01, prolonging the network life by 2 times.

Nanoparticles of a sparingly soluble silver salt of AgBr with an appropriate solubility product and high photocatalytic response ought to be promising candidates with superior and multifunctional antibacterial effects, but they have received relatively little scientific attention until now. In the present study, the antibacterial activities of AgBr nanocubes and their derivative Ag@AgBr against E. coli were investigated both in the dark and under visible light irradiation. Benefiting from the “dual-punch” of eluted Ag+-induced disturbance of bio-function and nanocube-induced contact damage to cellular membranes, the 100 nm well-defined AgBr nanocubes realized outstanding antibacterial properties, with MIC (minimal inhibition concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) values as low as 0.1 μg ml−1 and 0.4 μg ml−1, respectively. Ag decoration on the surface of AgBr seems to deteriorate the antibacterial properties, as the MIC and MBC values increased to 0.75 μg ml−1 and 1 μg ml−1 in the dark for the sample of Ag@AgBr, but it exhibits better photocatalytic inhibition of E. coli growth than pure AgBr by virtue of the enhanced light-harvesting by the LSPR effect from the Ag component. Thus, the encouraging results shown in this study indicate the great potential of AgBr nanomaterial to serve as an antibacterial candidate with high antibacterial activity.

Hardly any other compound has realized better optical absorption of near-infrared (NIR) rays (780–2500 nm) than tungsten bronze nanoparticles in terms of absorption coefficient, widths of the working spectrum, photothermal transformation efficiency and their own physicochemical stability. However, efforts concerning the development of tungsten bronze nanoparticles for serving as a NIR absorbent are very limited due to the shortage of effective approaches to obtain these nanoparticles, especially for tungsten bronzes with insertion of bigger cations, such as CsxWO3 and (NH4)xWO3. In this work, we describe how to fabricate (NH4)xWO3 using a high-temperature but short-time solvothermal process, which involves employing oleic acid–oleylamine as the solvent and WCl6 as the W resource, together with the inspection of its NIR-absorption related properties. The nanocubes of 100 nm have been characterized by XRD, TG-MS, XPS and TEM to examine the crystal phase and nanostructures. Moreover, the dispersion of the nanocubes in the form of a thin film was used to investigate the NIR absorption properties. As determined by the optical test, the thin film consisting of the nanocubes exhibits extraordinary features as a solar control window, which can transmit the majority of visible light while absorbing nearly all of the NIR rays from 780 nm to 2500 nm. Meanwhile, the (NH4)xWO3 thin film can maintain its high shielding effect for the 1064 nm NIR light up to 35.3 kW m−2 radiation and has excellent cyclic stability for 100 cycles without obvious optical changes. Finally, it has been found that the (NH4)xWO3 nanocubes show a remarkable photothermal conversion phenomenon even when dispersed in a thin film.

In this work, a series of quaternary ammonium salt grafted starch flocculant, starch-graft-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (St-g-PDMC), with different grafting ratios was prepared by a simple method. Various characterization techniques were employed to investigate the structure and charge property of the starch-based flocculants. The efficiencies of St-g-PDMC for flocculation of kaolin and Escherichia coli suspensions as well as their mixtures were systematically examined in laboratory scale. In addition to environmental factors, such as flocculant dose and pH, the effects of grafting ratio were also evaluated. Results indicated that St-g-PDMCs exhibited dual functionality of high flocculation effects and antibacterial properties. Moreover, the flocculation and antibacterial mechanisms were investigated in detail based on apparent flocculation performance, charge properties, floc structures (floc size and its two-dimensional fractal dimension), and cell surface morphology, respectively.

China is a major textile manufacturer in the world; as a result, large quantities of dyeing effluents are generated every year in the country. In this study, the performances of two cationic starch-based flocculants with different chain architectures, i.e., starch-graft-poly[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] (STC-g-PDMC) and starch-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (STC-CTA), in flocculating dissolved organic matter (DOM) in dyeing secondary effluents were investigated and compared with that of polyaluminum chloride (PAC). In the exploration of the flocculation mechanisms, humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were selected as main representatives of DOM in textile dyeing secondary effluents, which were humic/fulvic acid-like and protein-like extracellular matters according to the studied wastewater's characteristics based on its three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectrum. According to experimental results of the flocculation of both the real and synthetic wastewaters, STC-g-PDMC with cationic branches had remarkable advantages over STC-CTA and PAC because of the more efficient charge neutralization and bridging flocculation effects of STC-g-PDMC. Another interesting finding in this study was the reaggregation phenomenon after restabilization at an overdose during the flocculation of BSA effluents by STC-g-PDMC at a very narrow pH range under a nearly neutral condition. This phenomenon might be ascribed to the formation of STC-g-PDMC/BSA complexes induced by some local charge interactions between starch-based flocculant and the amino acid fragments of protein due to charge patch effects.

In the process of the contrast patterns mining, people usually assume that the datasets distribu- tion is basic balance, but in the real world, there are many data sets which class distribution is imbalanced. Considering the problem of contrast patterns mining on the imbalanced data sets, in this paper, we introduce the balance factor, give a new defined contrast patterns called balance emerging patterns(BEPs for short) which suitable for the imbalanced data sets, and propose a new algorithm WBEPM, it construct a sliding win- dow to mine the BEPs on the imbalanced datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a better mining effect than the algorithm for original simple contrast patterns mining, the classification accu- racy of the BEPs classifier is higher than that of the previous contrast patterns classifier when deal with the imbalanced data sets. KEYWORD: Class Imbalance; Balance Factor; Sliding Window; Contrast Pattern Tree

A microbial fuel cell constructed with 3D freestanding graphene aerogel/platinum nanoparticles shows unprecedented performance., Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are able to directly convert about 50 to 90% of energy from oxidation of organic matters in waste to electricity and have great potential application in broad fields such as wastewater treatment. Unfortunately, the power density of the MFCs at present is significantly lower than the theoretical value because of technical limitations including low bacteria loading capacity and difficult electron transfer between the bacteria and the electrode. We reported a three-dimensional (3D) graphene aerogel (GA) decorated with platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) as an efficient freestanding anode for MFCs. The 3D GA/Pt–based anode has a continuous 3D macroporous structure that is favorable for microorganism immobilization and efficient electrolyte transport. Moreover, GA scaffold is homogenously decorated with Pt NPs to further enhance extracellular charge transfer between the bacteria and the anode. The MFCs constructed with 3D GA/Pt–based anode generate a remarkable maximum power density of 1460 mW/m2, 5.3 times higher than that based on carbon cloth (273 mW/m2). It deserves to be stressed that 1460 mW/m2 obtained from the GA/Pt anode shows the superior performance among all the reported MFCs inoculated with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. Moreover, as a demonstration of the real application, the MFC equipped with the freestanding GA/Pt anode has been successfully applied in driving timer for the first time, which opens the avenue toward the real application of the MFCs.