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Reconfigurable chiral plasmonic complexes are fabricated by planar assembly of multiple individual gold nanorod dimers using DNA origami templates. Additionally, each chiral center can be controlled to switch among achiral, left-handed, and right-handed states. We demonstrate that their overall circular dichroism is determined by the coupling of individual chiral centers and is heavily influenced by the precise number and arrangement of these centers. Our study offers a novel self-assembly method for constructing intricate and dynamic chiral plasmonics as well as investigating the interactions among several plasmonic chiral centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The probability of motor deficits after stroke is relatively high. At the same time many studies have reported that acupuncture and rehabilitation therapy have a significant effect on the treatment of stroke. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical value of acupuncture and rehabilitation therapy on brain eloquent areas and neurological function in ischemic stroke. Methods: Seven databases were electronically searched to screen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different intervention methods (acupuncture, rehabilitation) in the treatment of ischemic stroke. The search time is from January 1, 2000 to April 20, 2023, and the search languages are limited to Chinese and English. Two researchers independently screened literature and extracted data. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Results: A total of 17 randomized controlled studies were included, including 699 patients, with a maximum sample size of 144 cases and a minimum sample size of 11 cases. Among them, 3 studies reported the brain function in SM1 area. The effective rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group [relative risk (OR) = 3.24, 95%CI: 1.49 to 7.05, P < 0.05]. The FMA score of patients in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group [mean difference (MD) = 4.79, 95% CI: 3.86 to 5.71, P < 0.00001]. The NIHSS score of patients in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group [mean difference (MD) = -4.12, 95% CI: -6.99 to -1.26, P < 0.05].None of studies reported adverse events. Conclusions: Acupuncture rehabilitation for ischemic stroke can activate corresponding brain functional areas and improve neurological deficits. The therapeutic effect of acupuncture rehabilitation treatment is better than that of basic western medicine treatment, and it is more effective in improving neurological deficits. At the same time, clinical research needs to use high-quality randomized double-blind controlled trials with more detailed and larger sample designs, long-term efficacy evaluation and evidence-based research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study quasar proximity zones in a simulation that includes a self-consistent quasar formation model and realistic intergalactic medium (IGM) environments. The quasar host halo is 1013 M⊙ at z  = 6, more massive than typical halos studied in previous work. Between 6 < z < 7.5, the quasar luminosity varies rapidly, with a mean magnitude of M UV, mean = −24.8 and the fluctuation reaching up to two orders of magnitude. Using this light curve to post-process the dense environment around the quasar, we find that the proximity zone size (R p) ranges between 0.5 and 5 pMpc. We show that the light curve variability causes a similar degree of scatter in R p as does the density fluctuation, both of which result in a standard deviation of ∼0.3 pMpc. The R p traces the light curve fluctuations closely but with a time delay of ∼104 yr, breaking the correspondence between the R p and the contemporaneous M UV. This also indicates that we can only infer quasar activity within the past ∼104 yr instead of the integrated lifetime from R p in the later part of cosmic reionization. Compared with the variable light curve, a constant light curve underestimates the R p by 13 per cent at the dim end (M UV ∼ −23.5), and overestimates the R p by 30 per cent at the bright end (M UV ∼ −26). By calculating the R p generated by a number of quasars, we show that variable light curves predict a wider R p distribution than lightbulb models, and readily explain the extremely small R p values that have been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary phase precipitation in Fe-22Mn-9Al-0.6C low-density steel was investigated during a continuous cooling process with different cooling rates through a DIL805A thermal expansion dilatometer, and the changes in microstructures and hardness by different cooling rates were discussed. The results showed that the matrix of the Fe-22Mn-9Al-0.6C was composed of austenite and δ-ferrite; moreover, the secondary phases included κ-carbide, β-Mn and DO3 at room temperature. The precipitation temperatures of 858 °C, 709 °C and 495 °C corresponded to the secondary phases B2, κ-carbide and β-Mn, respectively, which were obtained from the thermal expansion curve by the tangent method. When the cooling rate was slow, it had enough time to accommodate C-poor and Al-rich regions in the austenite due to amplitude modulation decomposition. Furthermore, the Al enrichment promoted δ-ferrite formation. Meanwhile, the subsequent formation of κ-carbide and β-Mn occurred through the continuous diffusion of C and Mn into austenite. In addition, the hardness of austenite was high at 0.03 °C/s due to the κ-carbide and β-Mn production and C enrichment, and it was inversely proportional to the cooling rate. It can be concluded that the presence of κ-carbide, DO3 and β-Mn produced at the austenitic/ferrite interface when the cooling rate was below 0.1 °C/s resulted in κ-carbide and β-Mn precipitating hardly at cooling rates exceeding 0.1 °C/s, which provides a guideline for the industrial production of Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density steel in the design of the hot working process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assessment effects of electroacupuncture (EA) therapy on intractable facial paralysis. Methods: The articles of EA treatment for intractable facial paralysis were retrieved from seven databases, the publication period was from its inception to November 30, 2022. Primary measure was the total effective rate, and other measures included the cure rate, Portmann scores, House-Brackmann scores, Sunnybrook scores and adverse events. The effect size of meta-analysis was expressed using relative risk (RR) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 18 studies with 1,119 participants were included, all of them had various aspects of bias risk. Meta-analysis results revealed that EA ways improved total effective rate more effectively compared with non-EA counterparts (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.17–1.31, I2 = 0%, 18 studies, 1119 participants), and improved cure rate more significantly than non-EA groups (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.70–2.44, I2 = 0%, 18 studies, 1119 participants). None of studies reported adverse events. Conclusion: EA therapy is more beneficial for patients with intractable facial paralysis than non-EA, but we lack sufficient evidence to evaluate its safety and follow-up effect. Therefore, more clinical trials with high quality methodologies are needed to further verify long-term effects of EA for IFP and improve the level of evidence. Trial registration: Registration number:CRD42021278541. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maritime Continent disrupts eastward propagation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). This study surveys the impact of the disruption—often known as the barrier effect—on the MJO teleconnections. The MJO propagation may be broadly categorized based on whether the MJO precipitation crosses the Maritime Continent (MC) during extended boreal winter seasons: successfully propagating across the MC (MJO-C) or being blocked by the MC (MJO-B). Compositing atmospheric circulation upon these two categories reveals that precipitation anomalies of MJO-C are stronger and more coherent than those of MJO-B, while their phase speed and lifetime are comparable. MJO-C and MJO-B excite distinct extratropical responses due to their diabatic heating in the deep tropics. Midlatitude circulation displays stronger and long-lasting negative geopotential anomalies in the northern Pacific Ocean 5–14 days after phase 7–8 of MJO-C, but significantly weaker anomalies from MJO-B. The extratropical water vapor transport during MJO-B and MJO-C differs markedly after phase 2. The Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) both show significant response after phase 6 of MJO-C as its precipitation anomaly over the tropical Pacific during this period is stronger, while MJO-B has little impact on both. Surface air temperatures (SAT) at high latitudes during MJO-B and MJO-C are also significantly different. SAT is weaker and delayed in MJO-B in comparison to MJO-C, likely due to different meridional eddy heat fluxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Facial paralysis is a common clinical disease, it was named intractable facial paralysis when the clinical course more than 2 months. Intractable facial paralysis will produce anxiety and depression, which will seriously affect patients' life and work. Electric acupuncture has been widely used in the treatment of intractable facial paralysis. However, the results of clinical studies on the efficacy and safety have been inconsistent. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of electric acupuncture for intractable facial paralysis patients by systematic review and meta-analysis, so as to provide clinical decision-making based on evidence-based medicine. Methods: The following databases will be searched by electronic methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database, Wan-fang Data and Chinese Biomedical Database. All of them will be retrieved from the establishment date of the electronic database to March 2022, all included studies will be evaluated risk of bias by the Cochrane Handbook. The total effective rate will be the primary outcome. The systematic review will be conducted with the use of the RevMan5.3 software in this study. Results: This study will obtain efficacy and safety of electric acupuncture for the treatment of intractable facial paralysis. Discussion: This study will provide clinical decision-making based on evidence-based medicine that whether electric acupuncture could be used to treat intractable facial paralysis, and when and how it might be more effective and safety. It will help standardize electric acupuncture treatment strategies for intractable facial paralysis. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021278541. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio relics are Mpc-sized synchrotron sources located in the peripheral regions of galaxy clusters. Models based on the diffuse shock acceleration (DSA) scenario have been widely accepted to explain the formation of radio relics. However, a critical challenge to these models is that most observed shocks seem too weak to generate detectable emission, unless fossil electrons, a population of mildly energetic electrons that have been accelerated previously, are included in the models. To address this issue, we present a new semi-analytical model to describe the formation and evolution of radio relics by incorporating fossil relativistic electrons into DSA theory, which is constrained by a sample of 14 observed relics, and employ the Press–Schechter formalism to simulate the relics in a 20° × 20° sky field at 50, 158, and 1400 MHz, respectively. Results show that fossil electrons contribute significantly to the radio emission, which can generate radiation four orders of magnitude brighter than that solely produced by thermal electrons at 158 MHz, and the power distribution of our simulated radio relic catalogue can reconcile the observed P 1400– M vir relation. We predict that |$7.1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| clusters with |$M_{\mathrm{vir}} \gt 1.2\times 10^{14}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$| would host relics at 158 MHz, which is consistent with the result of |$10 \pm 6{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| given by the Second Data Release of the LOFAR Two-meter Sky Survey. It is also found that radio relics are expected to cause severe foreground contamination in future epoch of reionization experiments, similar to that of radio haloes. The possibility of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) providing seed fossil relativistic electrons is evaluated by calculating the number of radio-loud AGNs that a shock is expected to encounter during its propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass transfer is an essential factor determining photocatalytic performance, which can be modulated by fluid field via manipulating the kinetic characteristics of photocatalysts and photocatalytic intermediates. Past decades have witnessed the efforts and achievements made in manipulating mass transfer based on photocatalyst structure and composition design, and thus, a critical survey that scrutinizes the recent progress in this topic is urgently necessitated. This review examines the basic principles of how mass transfer behavior impacts photocatalytic activity accompanying with the discussion on theoretical simulation calculation including fluid flow speed and pattern. Meanwhile, newly emerged viable photocatalytic micro/nanomotors with self‐thermophoresis, self‐diffusiophoresis, and bubble‐propulsion mechanisms as well as magnet‐actuated photocatalytic artificial cilia for facilitating mass transfer will be covered. Furthermore, their applications in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide reduction, organic pollution degradation, bacteria disinfection and so forth are scrutinized. Finally, a brief summary and future outlook are presented, providing a viable guideline to those working in photocatalysis, mass transfer, and other related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Image registration has long been an active research area in the society of medical image computing, which is to perform spatial transformation between a pair of images and establish a point‐wise correspondence to achieve spatial consistency. Purpose: Previous work mainly focused on learning complicated deformation fields by maximizing the global‐level (i.e., foreground plus background) image similarity. We argue that taking the background similarity into account may not be a good solution, if we only seek the accurate alignment of target organs/regions in real clinical practice. Methods: We, therefore, propose a novel concept of Salient$Salient$Registration$Registration$ and introduce a novel deformable network equipped with a saliency module. Specifically, a multitask learning‐based saliency module is proposed to discriminate the salient regions‐of‐registration in a semisupervised manner. Then, our deformable network analyzes the intensity and anatomical similarity of salient regions, and finally conducts the salient deformable registration. Results: We evaluate the efficacy of the proposed network on challenging abdominal multiorgan CT scans. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed registration network outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art methods, achieving a mean Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 40.2%, Hausdorff distance (95 HD) of 20.8 mm, and average symmetric surface distance (ASSD) of 4.58 mm. Moreover, even by training using one labeled data, our network can still attain satisfactory registration performance, with a mean DSC of 39.2%, 95 HD of 21.2 mm, and ASSD of 4.78 mm. Conclusions: The proposed network provides an accurate solution for multiorgan registration and has the potential to be used for improving other registration applications. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/Rrrfrr/Salient‐Deformable‐Network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructural evolution of the rail steels manufactured by Hanyang Iron Works was investigated through optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The OM and SEM images reveal that the microstructures are ferrite with a small amount of pearlite in the rail steel 1904, reticular ferrite and pearlite in the rail steels 1911 and 1921, and full pearlite in the rail steels 1917 and 1919, respectively. The EBSD results show that the rail steel 1904 holds the smallest average grain diameter owing to the pearlite with small size. Moreover, the average grain diameter of the pearlite cluster decreases in the rail steels manufactured after 1908, except for 1921, when it was on the verge of bankruptcy. The rail steels 1917 and 1919 exhibit a higher proportion of low angle grain boundaries and local misorientation with angles lower than 1°. Besides, the grain boundary misorientation holds a lower proportion in the range of 40~50° in the rail steels 1917 and 1919. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface precipitation anomalies over Maritime Continent islands typically lead oceanic precipitation by a week in the form of dipolar pattern before the arrival of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) convective phase. The authors study this dipolar pattern over Borneo during the boreal winter MJO event in January–February 2017 using cloud-permitting modeling, observation, and reanalysis datasets. The diurnal cycles of precipitation are analyzed during the local growing and decaying stages of this MJO event. Both the observation and simulation show positive precipitation anomaly over southwestern Borneo and negative anomaly over northeastern Borneo associated with the MJO easterly in the growing stage, whereas the pattern reverses in the decaying stage. Due to relatively high terrain, the low-level flows over Borneo split near the topography on the diurnal time scale. During the late afternoon and night (1700–2000 local solar time), the splitting-flow-induced wake vortices and thermally driven sea breezes tend to converge at the leeside, both contributing to leeward convergence and precipitation, which peaks at midnight. Subsequent offshore propagation during midnight and early morning develops from the leeward inland convection, and propagates northwestwards in the growing stage over west Borneo, and eastward in the decaying stage over east Borneo. Offshore propagation lasts until the next noon when sea breezes and island convection initiate. The timing and location of the offshore propagation suggest that it is not an independent convective mode. Instead, it is tied to the dipolar distribution of island precipitation modulated by the MJO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators has experienced rapid progress in the past decade and is serving as the technological foundation of future state-of-the-art personalized healthcare. Due to their highly efficient mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion, easy implementation, and self-powering nature, these devices permit a plethora of innovative healthcare applications in the space of active sensing, electrical stimulation therapy, as well as passive human biomechanical energy harvesting to third party power on-body devices. This article gives a comprehensive review of the piezoelectric nanogenerators for personalized healthcare. After a brief introduction to the fundamental physical science of the piezoelectric effect, material engineering strategies, device structural designs, and human-body centered energy harvesting, sensing, and therapeutics applications are also systematically discussed. In addition, the challenges and opportunities of utilizing piezoelectric nanogenerators for self-powered bioelectronics and personalized healthcare are outlined in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable orthogonal bonding with precise and flexible orientation control would be ideal for building finite complex nanostructures via self‐assembly. Employing a three‐dimensional (3D) DNA origami, hexagonal prism DNA origami (HDO), as building block, we demonstrate it is practical to construct finite hierarchical nanoarchitectures with complicated conformations through orthogonal and directional bonding. The as‐designed HDO building block has twelve prescribed directional valences in 3D space and each of them supports two opposite orientations, yielding the capability to generate abundant directional bonding. Meanwhile, we minimize the thorny non‐specific interactions among HDOs and enable the orthogonal bonding between any two valences based on self‐similar designing. Consequently, various hierarchical nanostructures are prepared at will simply by the combination of HDOs with appropriate valences. We believe this route towards hierarchically assembly is inspiring and hope it will facilitate the fabrication of functional superstructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable orthogonal bonding with precise and flexible orientation control would be ideal for building finite complex nanostructures via self‐assembly. Employing a three‐dimensional (3D) DNA origami, hexagonal prism DNA origami (HDO), as building block, we demonstrate it is practical to construct finite hierarchical nanoarchitectures with complicated conformations through orthogonal and directional bonding. The as‐designed HDO building block has twelve prescribed directional valences in 3D space and each of them supports two opposite orientations, yielding the capability to generate abundant directional bonding. Meanwhile, we minimize the thorny non‐specific interactions among HDOs and enable the orthogonal bonding between any two valences based on self‐similar designing. Consequently, various hierarchical nanostructures are prepared at will simply by the combination of HDOs with appropriate valences. We believe this route towards hierarchically assembly is inspiring and hope it will facilitate the fabrication of functional superstructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of the MJO event observed during January and February 2017 is conducted to understand its propagation through the Maritime Continent (MC) region. Ensemble cloud-permitting numerical simulations are performed to test the effects of the islands over MC on this MJO event. The control simulation reasonably captures the large-scale mean state, eastward propagation and diurnal cycle over islands of this MJO event. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to test the impact of topography, friction, and land-sea contrast on this MJO event. Eliminating the topography around the MC region leads to reduced precipitation over the islands while changes in eastward propagation are small. When friction is further removed, results are similar except that the low-level wind is stronger, and the MJO precipitation propagation is not essentially different. Land-sea contrast is further eliminated by replacing land with ocean, and the MJO is stronger and displays smoother eastward propagation. Diagnosis of moist static energy budget indicates that both the surface flux feedback and horizontal advection (especially the zonal advection) are greatly strengthened without land-sea contrast, which enhance the convection over the sea and facilitate the eastward propagation of the MJO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the assembly of gold nanobipyramids (AuNBPs) into static and dynamic chiral plasmonic nanostructures via DNA origami. Compared with conventional chiral dimers of gold nanorods (AuNRs), AuNBP dimers exhibit more intriguing chiroptical responses, suggesting that they could be a superior alternative for constructing chiral plasmonic nanostructures for biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted significant attention in developing power‐independent stretchable electronic systems due to their intrinsic energy storage function and unique mechanical properties. Most current SCs are generally limited by their low stretchability, complicated fabrication process, and insufficient performance and robustness. This study presents a facile method to fabricate arbitrary‐shaped stretchable electrodes via 4D printing of conductive composite from reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotube, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate. The electrode patterns of an arbitrary shape can be deposited onto prestretched substrates by aerosol‐jet printing, then self‐organized origami (ridge) patterns are generated after releasing the substrates from holding stretchers due to the mismatched strains. The stretchable electrodes demonstrate superior mechanical robustness and stretchability without sacrificing its outstanding electrochemical performance. The symmetric SC prototype possesses a gravimetric capacitance of ≈21.7 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and a capacitance retention of ≈85.8% from 0.5 to 5 A g−1. A SC array with arbitrary‐shaped electrodes is also fabricated and connected in series to power light‐emitting diode patterns for large‐scale applications. The proposed method paves avenues for scalable manufacturing of future energy‐storage devices with controlled extensibility and high electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a strategy of interfacially bridging covalent network within tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virus‐like particles (VLPs). We arranged T103C cysteine to laterally conjugate adjacent subunits. In the axis direction, we set A74C mutation and systematically investigated candidate from E50C to P54C as the other thiol function site, for forming longitudinal disulfide bond chains. Significantly, the T103C‐TMV‐E50C‐A74C shows the highest robustness in assembly capability and structural stability with the largest length, for TMV VLP to date. The fibers with lengths from several to a dozen of micrometers even survive under pH 13. The robust nature of this TMV VLP allows for reducer‐free synthesis of excellent electrocatalysts for application in harshly alkaline hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a strategy of interfacially bridging covalent network within tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virus‐like particles (VLPs). We arranged T103C cysteine to laterally conjugate adjacent subunits. In the axis direction, we set A74C mutation and systematically investigated candidate from E50C to P54C as the other thiol function site, for forming longitudinal disulfide bond chains. Significantly, the T103C‐TMV‐E50C‐A74C shows the highest robustness in assembly capability and structural stability with the largest length, for TMV VLP to date. The fibers with lengths from several to a dozen of micrometers even survive under pH 13. The robust nature of this TMV VLP allows for reducer‐free synthesis of excellent electrocatalysts for application in harshly alkaline hydrogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose an experiment-based method for the modeling and the identification of the contact pressure and friction distribution on the interface of a non-conforming contact. In this method a two-dimensional contact model is established. The distributed contact pressure and friction are approximated by Taylor series and their relationship with the local displacements near the contact interface are modeled by using a half-space based approach. The parameters of the proposed contact model include the contact center, the half length of the interface, and the orders and coefficients of the Taylor series. They are identified by minimizing the residual between the computed displacement field and the measured one through an alternating optimization. The contact pressure and friction are reconstructed by the optimal parameters. A full-field optical method, namely segmentation-aided digital image correlation, is used not only to experimentally measure the local displacements but also to initialize the model parameters. The proposed mechanical modeling requires fewer assumptions compared with the classic models. The parameter identification only uses the local displacements and does not require boundary conditions of the contact members. The results of the simulated and real-world experiments show that the proposed method is able to reliably recover the contact stress and it is robust against the displacement measurement uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Laser-induced thermography was utilized to detect the multiple-type defects of rigid or rigid flexible PCBs. • The thermal-wave diffusion model for four-layer PCBs simulation structure induced by sinusoidal modulation laser was built. • The phase realizes the effective detection of PCBs delamination defects with a depth of 1.2 mm and microporous defects with a depth of 400 μm. Due to the multilayer complex structure characteristics of printed circuit boards (PCBs), multiple types of defects (Such as delamination, debonding, and breakdown damage) are likely to occur during processing and use, which affects the performance of the entire electronic component. In the present study, infrared thermography was employed to detect the multiple-type defects of PCBs. Initially, the thermal-wave diffusion model for a four-layer PCBs simulation structure induced by a sinusoidal modulation laser was built. Meanwhile, the finite element methods were utilized to solve the thermal-wave mathematical model and analyze the behavior of thermal-wave diffusion. Furthermore, a four-layer copper-clad laminate structure with flat bottom holes (FBHs) simulated delaminate defect was designed and manufactured. Finally, laser-induced lock-in thermography was adopted to detect the multiple types of actual defects (breakdown damage, delamination defect, fold defect, and micropore) of rigid or rigid-flexible PCBs. The phase characteristic image realizes the effective detection of PCBs delamination defects with a depth of 1.2 mm and microporous defects with a depth of 400 μm. The experimental results demonstrated that laser-induced thermography is suitable to detect the multiple-type defects of PCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In digital image correlation, the sub-pixel intensity interpolation causes a systematic error in the measured displacements. The error increases toward high-frequency component of the speckle pattern. In practice, a captured image is usually corrupted by additive white noise. The noise introduces additional energy in the high frequencies and therefore raises the systematic error. Meanwhile, the noise also elevates the random error which increases with the noise power. In order to reduce the systematic error and the random error of the measurements, we apply a pre-filtering to the images prior to the correlation so that the high-frequency contents are suppressed. Two spatial-domain filters (binomial and Gaussian) and two frequency-domain filters (Butterworth and Wiener) are tested on speckle images undergoing both simulated and real-world translations. By evaluating the errors of the various combinations of speckle patterns, interpolators, noise levels, and filter configurations, we come to the following conclusions. All the four filters are able to reduce the systematic error. Meanwhile, the random error can also be reduced if the signal power is mainly distributed around DC. For high-frequency speckle patterns, the low-pass filters (binomial, Gaussian and Butterworth) slightly increase the random error and Butterworth filter produces the lowest random error among them. By using Wiener filter with over-estimated noise power, the random error can be reduced but the resultant systematic error is higher than that of low-pass filters. In general, Butterworth filter is recommended for error reduction due to its flexibility of passband selection and maximal preservation of the allowed frequencies. Binomial filter enables efficient implementation and thus becomes a good option if computational cost is a critical issue. While used together with pre-filtering, B-spline interpolator produces lower systematic error than bicubic interpolator and similar level of the random error. Cubic B-spline interpolator can achieve comparable efficiency as bicubic interpolator, while quintic B-spline interpolator requires about 1.5 times the running time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Digital image correlation (DIC) relies on a high correlation between the intensities in the reference image and the target image. When decorrelation occurs due to large deformation or viewpoint change, incremental DIC is utilized to update the reference image and use the correspondences in this renewed image as the reference points in subsequent DIC computation. As each updated reference point is derived from previous correlation, its location is generally of sub-pixel accuracy. Conventional subset which is centered at the point results in subset points at non-integer positions. Therefore, the acquisition of the intensities of the subset demands interpolation which is proved to introduce additional systematic error. We hereby present adaptive subset offset to slightly translate the subset so that all the subset points fall on integer positions. By this means, interpolation in the updated reference image is totally avoided regardless of the non-integer locations of the reference points. The translation is determined according to the decimal of the reference point location, and the maximum are half a pixel in each direction. Such small translation has no negative effect on the compatibility of the widely used shape functions, correlation functions and the optimization algorithms. The results of the simulation and the real-world experiments show that adaptive subset offset produces lower measurement error than the conventional method in incremental DIC when applied in both 2D-DIC and 3D-DIC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC), corresponding locations must be matched in a pair of images either across time or across cameras. The most effective approach is to optimize the correlation of the related intensities by using iterative algorithm (Newton–Raphson or Levenberg–Marquardt). However, the iterative optimization requires accurate initial guess of the unknown parameter. We hereby present an automated and reliable initialization method which utilizes image feature matching. Feature points are first detected in the images with high repeatability and each feature is characterized by a descriptor which is insensitive to common image transformations. The features are then matched across images based on the descriptor similarity and a geometric constraint. The deformation parameter of a point of interest is initially estimated from the affine transformation fitted to the matched features inside the subset area. Experimental results on simulations show that the proposed initialization is sufficiently accurate to enable correct convergence of the subsequent optimization, in the presence of rigid motion and heterogeneous deformation of the specimen and variation in camera viewpoint. The performances on real-world experiments also verify the accuracy and robustness of the method in both temporal matching and stereo matching in 3D-DIC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Digital image correlation (DIC) matches corresponding locations in two images by optimization correlation of the intensity of related pixels. Iterative algorithm is proved to be the most effective method to solve the optimization. However, it requires accurate initial guess of the unknown parameter. Existing methods directly use the deformation parameter of the current point as the initial for its adjacent points. We illustrate in this paper that direct transfer of parameter does not produce accurate initialization when deformation is present in the subset area of the current point. Instead, we propose an analytic propagation function which relates the parameters of adjacent points. Closed-form expressions of the propagation function are derived for both widely used first-order and second-order shape function, and they are validated using synthetic speckle images. Comparison with existing method shows that the propagation function provides more accurate initial estimate of the desired parameters and requires fewer iterations for the optimization to converge. Tests on simulated and real-world experiments also show that the propagation function can deal with large deformation, allow a wide range of step sizes, and reduce computational cost. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A highly efficient droplet manipulation system was developed using human motions induced direct charge injection. It is able to inject 0.25 nC of charge into the droplet achieving an average velocity of 255 mm s−1, which is 6 times higher than that using the conventional mechanism. [Display omitted] The current electrowetting mechanisms show a low efficiency, although manipulating liquid droplets is essential to biological and chemical fields. Herein, we propose a highly efficient droplet manipulating method using direct charge injection (DCI) via human motion induced triboelectricity. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is used to provide both the charges and strong electric fields to drive the movement of liquid droplets. Using this method, the charge quantity and average velocity of the droplet (10 μL) reach 0.25 nC and 255 mm s−1, respectively, over 6 times higher than those of traditional methods (0.03 nC and 43.2 mm s−1). Alternative charge injection was demonstrated to enable both reciprocating and jumping motions of the droplet. Finally, we also successfully devised and demonstrated a platform with versatile system-level functions including droplets transportation, positioning, merging, and cleaning. This work advances the current droplet manipulation field via introducing a compelling approach using human-motion-induced direct charge injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thermotolerance is widely acknowledged as a pivotal factor for fungal survival across diverse habitats. Heat stress induces a cascade of disruptions in various life processes, especially in the acquisition of carbon sources, while the mechanisms by which filamentous fungi adapt to heat stress and maintain carbon sources are still not fully understood. Results: Using Trichoderma guizhouense, a representative beneficial microorganism for plants, we discover that heat stress severely inhibits the lignocellulases secretion, affecting carbon source utilization efficiency. Proteomic results at different temperatures suggest that proteins involved in the poly ADP-ribosylation pathway (TgPARP and TgADPRase) may play pivotal roles in thermal adaptation and lignocellulose utilization. TgPARP is induced by heat stress, while the deletion of Tgparp significantly improves the lignocellulose utilization capacity and lignocellulases secretion in T. guizhouense. Simultaneously, the absence of Tgparp prevents the excessive depletion of ATP and NAD+, enhances the protective role of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and elevates the expression levels of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-related regulatory factor Tgire. Further investigations reveal that a stable MMP can establish energy homeostasis, allocating more ATP within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to reduce protein accumulation in the ER, thereby enhancing the lignocellulases secretion in T. guizhouense under heat stress. Conclusions: Overall, these findings underscored the significance of Tgparp as pivotal regulators in lignocellulose utilization under heat stress and provided further insights into the molecular mechanism of filamentous fungi in utilizing lignocellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, both surface texturing technology and surface coating technology have made significant progress in improving the tribological performance. More and more researches have combined surface texturing technology with coating technology, and it has been found that under suitable external conditions and appropriate texturing parameters, the combination of surface texturing and DLC coating can exhibit excellent tribological characteristics, achieving a synergistic effect greater than the sum of the individual parts. Surface texture technology has been widely used to improve the fictional performance of materials, but t cannot provide good lubrication under dry sliding conditions. However, DLC coating is widely recognized as an effective solid lubricant, with good anti-friction and anti-wear properties, but the disadvantage of poor adhesion. Surface texturing can increase the effective bonding strength between the coating and the substrate, thereby improving the coating's tribological performance, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. This article mainly introduces the friction and wear characteristics of surface texturing and DLC coating composite treatment, discussing geometric parameters of the texture, external conditions, contact modes, ingestion of different elements, coating thickness, etc. to provide references for future research directions. Finally, the development trends of composite modulation of texturing and coating are discussed. Surface texture and DLC coating are two widely used techniques in the field of surface engineering. Surface texture is typically formed using methods such as laser processing, electrical discharge machining, and chemical etching to enhance surface friction, lubrication, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. DLC coating is a diamond-like carbon film with high hardness, wear resistance, and low friction coefficient, which can be used to improve surface performance and extend service life. In recent years, some researchers have begun to study the combined treatment of surface texture and DLC coating on surface performance. The research results have shown that this combination treatment can greatly improve the surface wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and lubrication performance. For example, using laser micro-texturing treatment on the surface of stainless steel and coating it with DLC coating can significantly improve its wear and corrosion resistance. Other researchers have studied the texturization of DLC coatings. By creating microtextures on the surface of DLC coatings, their friction and lubrication performance can be improved. For example, using electron beam physical vapor deposition technology to create microtextures on the surface of DLC coatings can significantly improve their lubrication performance. Still, others have studied the effect of coating DLC on surface texture. This combined treatment can further improve surface performance. For example, after creating microtextures on the surface of stainless steel, coating it with DLC coating can significantly improve its friction and wear resistance. Overall, surface texture and DLC coating are two very useful surface engineering techniques that can be used alone or in combination to improve surface performance and extend service life. With the continuous development and improvement of these technologies, we can expect to see more innovative applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable supercapacitors have received increasing attention due to their broad applications in developing self‐powered stretchable electronics for wearable electronics, epidermal and implantable electronics, and biomedical devices that are capable of sustaining large deformations and conforming to complicated surfaces. In this work, a new type of highly stretchable and reliable supercapacitor is developed based on crumpled vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests transferred onto an elastomer substrate with the assistance of a thermal annealing process in atmosphere environment. The crumpled CNT‐forest electrodes demonstrated good electrochemical performance and stability under either uniaxial (300%) or biaxial strains (300% × 300%) for thousands of stretching–relaxing cycles. The resulting supercapacitors can sustain a stretchability of 800% and possess a specific capacitance of 5 mF cm−2 at the scan rate of 50 mV s−1. Furthermore, the crumpled CNT‐forest electrodes can be easily decorated with impregnated metal oxide nanoparticles to improve the specific capacitance and energy density of the supercapacitors. The approach developed in this work offers an alternative strategy for developing novel stretchable energy devices with vertically aligned nanotubes or nanowires for advanced applications in stretchable, flexible, and wearable electronic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐assembled plasmonic logic gates that read DNA molecules as input and return plasmonic chiroptical signals as outputs are reported. Such logic gates are achieved on a DNA‐based platform that logically regulate the conformation of a chiral plasmonic nanostructure, upon specific input DNA strands and internal computing units. With systematical designs, a complete set of Boolean logical gates are realized. Intriguingly, the logic gates could be endowed with adaptiveness, so they can autonomously alter their logics when the environment changes. As a demonstration, a logic gate that performs AND function at body temperature while OR function at cold storage temperature is constructed. In addition, the plasmonic chiroptical output has three distinctive states, which makes a three‐state molecular logic gate readily achievable on this platform. Such DNA‐based plasmonic logic gates are envisioned to execute more complex tasks giving these unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐assembled plasmonic logic gates that read DNA molecules as input and return plasmonic chiroptical signals as outputs are reported. Such logic gates are achieved on a DNA‐based platform that logically regulate the conformation of a chiral plasmonic nanostructure, upon specific input DNA strands and internal computing units. With systematical designs, a complete set of Boolean logical gates are realized. Intriguingly, the logic gates could be endowed with adaptiveness, so they can autonomously alter their logics when the environment changes. As a demonstration, a logic gate that performs AND function at body temperature while OR function at cold storage temperature is constructed. In addition, the plasmonic chiroptical output has three distinctive states, which makes a three‐state molecular logic gate readily achievable on this platform. Such DNA‐based plasmonic logic gates are envisioned to execute more complex tasks giving these unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An arbitrarily arranged projection moiré system is presented for three-dimensional shape measurement. We develop a model for projection moiré system and derive a universal formula expressing the relation between height and phase variation before and after we put the object on the reference plane. With so many system parameters involved, a system calibration technique is needed. In this work, we provide a robust and accurate calibration method for an arbitrarily arranged projection moiré system. The system no longer puts restrictions on the configuration of the optical setup. Real experiments have been conducted to verify the validity of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A Z-scheme heterostructure between RF resin and g-C 3 N 4 was prepared via ball-milling. • The C O group was formed in RF resin after adding g-C 3 N 4 at 180 °C. • RF-CN-bm produced 2.37 times higher of H 2 O 2 than RF resin under visible light. Photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) in pure water system under visible light is very desirable. Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (RF) resin has proven to be a promising photocatalyst for this purpose because of its high solar-to-chemical conversion (SCC) (∼0.5 %). However, RF resin prepared at low hydrothermal temperature is not satisfactory because the C O group, which is detrimental to the H 2 O 2 production will only be generated when it is >250 °C. Herein, we successfully prepared a Z-scheme heterostructure between RF resin and g-C 3 N 4 by mechanochemical method. The ball milled RF-g-C 3 N 4 (RF-CN-bm) not only achieved C O group at a lower temperature (180 °C) but also produced as high as 72.86 umol H 2 O 2 in 12 h under visible light, which is 2.37 times higher than that of bare RF resin. Moreover, we found that Z-scheme heterojunction was formed between RF and g-C 3 N 4 , which allowed the H 2 O 2 production both through O 2 reduction by CB e− of g-C 3 N 4 and the combination of ∙HO that produced by oxidation of OH– by VB h+ of RF. In principle, the mechanochemical assembled RF-CN-bm developed in this study paves a new way for low-cost and high-performance H 2 O 2 production under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow Glass Microspheres (HGM) filled polymers are widely used in marine, aerospace and civil engineering. In this work, the mechanical properties of HGM filled polymers were investigated under low strain rate tests for compressive and tensile behaviors, and high strain rate tests for compressive behaviors. Systematic investigations are carried out to study the mechanical responses, energy absorption and failure modes of HGM filled polymers with different volume fractions of glass microspheres subject to different loading conditions. HGM filled polymers showed strong strain rate effect and the strain rate sensitivity factor increased with the increase of strain rate while decreased with the increase of filler volume fraction. HGM filled polymer absorbed more energy at V f around 7.5% under low strain rate compression. Different fracture modes were discovered for HGM filled polymers under low and high strain rate loadings by using Computed Tomography (CT) scan and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The numerical results obtained from finite element analysis fitted well with the experimental data. In addition, a convenient generalized model was proposed to depict and predict the compressive strength of HGM filled polymers in the observed range of strain rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin-integrated electronics that directly interact with machines are transforming our ways of life toward the emerging trend of the metaverse. Consequently, developing a wearable and skin-conformal interface that simultaneously features waterproofness, low cost, and low power consumption for human–machine interaction remains highly desired. Herein, a stretchable, inexpensive, and waterproof magnetoelastic sensor array has been developed as a secondary skin for self-powered human–machine interaction. The magnetoelastic sensor array utilizes the giant magnetoelastic effect in a soft system, which converts mechanical pressure to magnetic field variation and, when coupled with the magnetic induction, can generate electricity. In such a way, our magnetoelastic sensor array comprises the giant magnetomechanical coupling layer made up of nanomagnets and a porous silicone rubber matrix, and the magnetic induction layer, which are coils patterned by liquid metal. With programmable functionalities, the soft magnetoelastic sensor array can supply different commands by producing bespoke electric signals from human finger touch with an optimal signal-to-noise ratio of 34 dB and a rapid response time of 0.2s. To pursue a practical application, the soft magnetoelastic sensor array can wirelessly turn on and off a household lamp and control a music speaker via Bluetooth continuously in real time, even with contact with high-humidity environments such as heavy perspiration. With a collection of compelling features, the soft magnetoelastic sensor array puts forth a unique and savvy avenue of self-powered bioelectronic technology that practically enables a wider variety of applications for wearable human–machine interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper proposes an innovative approach that integrates neural networks with photoluminescence detection technology to address defects such as cracks, dirt, dark spots, and scratches in solar cells. • The YOLOv5 model undergoes optimization in three distinct stages, encompassing global optimization, neck network structure refinement, and head structure enhancement. These optimizations collectively elevate the model's capabilities in recognizing, detecting, and classifying defects in solar cells. • Advanced techniques are employed, including the introduction of structures such as Transformer Encoder, the incorporation of additional small target detection boxes, utilization of Bi-FPN structure, and insertion of CBAM structure blocks. These optimizations contribute to the improvement of the model's feature recognition and extraction capabilities, further enhancing its ability to identify defects. In the production process of solar cells, inevitable faults such as cracks, dirt, dark spots, and scratches may occur, which could potentially impact the lifespan and power generation efficiency of solar cells. Addressing this issue, this paper combines neural networks with photoluminescence detection technology and proposes a novel neural network model for the classification and grading of defects in solar cells. Firstly, the YOLOv5 model is optimized and adjusted for algorithm and network structure. The optimization process is divided into three parts: global optimization of the network structure, optimization of the neck network structure, and optimization of the head structure, each addressing specific issues in recognition, detection, and classification. The impact of the optimized network model on recognition and detection speed is analyzed, and solutions are proposed to address any observed effects. Additionally, an iterative update of neural network hyperparameter combinations is performed for solar cell defect identification. Finally, using the ultimately optimized model structure in conjunction with the optimal hyperparameter combination, comparative experiments are conducted on neural networks for different target identification using the photoluminescence characteristics dataset of solar cells. The recognition improvement of the optimized model and its differences from other models are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface Triangular Textured TC4 Alloy specimens were prepared by 3D printing technology (SLM technology: selective laser fusion). Effects of wedge-shaped triangular textures with different texture area occupancy on hardness, friction and wear of the 3D printed TC4 alloy specimens were studied, in comparison with non- textured specimens. SFT -2 M pin-disc friction and wear testing machine was used to perform friction and wear experiments under 46 # mechanical oil lubrication conditions, and MH-500 Vickers hardness tester was used to measure hardness of the specimens. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy spectrometer (EDS), and electronic balance instrument were used to characterize the wear scar morphology, element content, wear amount, etc. of the specimens. Using the Fluent module in ANSYS Workbench software, we studied the mechanism for the reduction in the friction coefficient between friction pairs during the relative movement in lubricating oil. Results of the study show that the hardness of the 3D printing specimen is significantly greater than that of the non- textured one. In each group of experiments, the wedge triangular textured specimens showed better tribological properties, and the 3D printed specimen with an area occupancy of 22. 53 % exhibited the smallest average friction coefficient (0.17) and higher wear resistance than other specimens. The dynamic pressure effect due to the wedge triangle texture inside the lubricating oil film is the main reason for the reduced friction coefficient between the friction pairs. [Display omitted] • Using 3D printing and surface texturing, samples with a wedge-shaped triangular texture were produced on the TC4 surface. • 3D printing could help improve the surface hardness of TC4 materials. • The oil film pressure increases significantly when the the wedge-shaped triangular textures surface sliding speed increases. • The inertia effect can provide additional load-bearing force to the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The κ-carbide dissolved into δ-ferrite matrix at cooling rate higher than 10 ℃/s. • The κ-carbide precipitates at the γ/δ interface with decreasing cooling rate. • The complete wetting of γ/δ boundaries by κ-carbide is affected by cooling rate. • Nanohardness of δ-ferrite increases owing to κ-carbide precipitation hardening. The effect of cooling rate on the precipitation behavior of κ-carbide in Fe-32Mn-11Al-0.9C low density steel was studied using thermal expansion measurements during continuous cooling process. The results show that κ-carbide starts to precipitate at the γ/δ interface as the cooling rate decreases to 3 ℃/s. With a decrease in cooling rate, the content and size of κ-carbide precipitations increases significantly. The nanohardness of austenite slightly decreases with increasing the cooling rate while that of δ-ferrite significantly increases owing to κ-carbide precipitation hardening at the γ/δ interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication and interaction with machines are changing our ways of life. However, developing an acoustic interface that simultaneously features waterproofness, wearability, high fidelity, and high accuracy for human–machine interaction remains a grand challenge. Herein, a waterproof acoustic sensor (WAS) as a wearable translation interface to communicate with machines is reported. Owing to the sound‐response ability of internal microparticles, the WAS holds a significantly broad frequency response range of 0.1–20 kHz, covering almost the entire human audible range. The WAS is stable against human perspiration, shows omnidirectional response, and displays an excellent frequency detection resolution of 0.0001 kHz. With a collection of compelling features, the WAS can serve as a wearable acoustic human–machine interface and a high‐fidelity auditory platform for music recording. Moreover, the WAS‐based acoustic interface holds a remarkable 98% accuracy for speech recognition with the assistance of an artificial intelligence algorithm. Finally, the WAS‐based acoustic interface demonstrates speaker verification and identification for implementation in highly secure biometric authentication systems and wireless control of an intelligent car using speech recognition. Such a WAS‐based acoustic interface represents the advancement of high‐fidelity translation platforms for human–machine interactions toward practical applications, including the Internet of Things, assistive technology, and intelligent recognition systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrode microfabrication technologies such as lithography and deposition have been widely applied in wearable electronics to boost interfacial coupling efficiency and device performance. However, a majority of these approaches are restricted by expensive and complicated processing techniques, as well as waste discharge. Here, helium plasma irradiation is employed to yield a molybdenum microstructured electrode, which is constructed into a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor based on a Ti3C2Tx nanosheet‐immersed polyurethane sponge. This electrode engineering strategy enables the smooth transition between sponge deformation and MXene interlamellar displacement, giving rise to high sensitivity (1.52 kPa−1) and good linearity (r2 = 0.9985) in a wide sensing range (0–100 kPa) with a response time of 226 ms for pressure detection. In addition, both the experimental characterization and finite element simulation confirm that the hierarchical structures modulated by pore size, plasma bias, and MXene concentration play a crucial role in improving the sensing performance. Furthermore, the as‐developed flexible pressure sensor is demonstrated to measure human radial pulse, detect finger tapping, foot stomping, and perform object identification, revealing great feasibility in wearable biomonitoring and health assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen defects and hollow structures positively impact pseudocapacitive properties of diffusion/surface‐controlled processes, a component of critical importance when building high‐performance supercapacitors. Hence, we fabricated hollow nickel/cobalt molybdate rods with O‐defects (D−H−NiMoO4@CoMoO4) through a soft‐template and partial reduction method, enhancing D−H−NiMoO4@CoMoO4's electrochemical performance, yielding a specific capacitance of 1329 F g−1, and demonstrating excellent durability with 95.8 % capacity retention after 3000 cycles. D−H−NiMoO4@CoMoO4 was used as the positive electrode to construct an asymmetric supercapacitor, displaying an energy density of up to 34.13 Wh kg−1 and demonstrating good predisposition towards practical applications. This work presents an effective approach to fabricate and use hollow nickel/cobalt molybdate rods with O‐defects as pseudocapacitor material for high‐performance capacitive energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The next‐generation wearable biosensors with highly biocompatible, stretchable, and robust features are expected to enable the change of the current reactive and disease‐centric healthcare system to a personalized model with a focus on disease prevention and health promotion. Herein, a muscle‐fiber‐inspired nonwoven piezoelectric textile with tunable mechanical properties for wearable physiological monitoring is developed. To mimic the muscle fibers, polydopamine (PDA) is dispersed into the electrospun barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride (BTO/PVDF) nanofibers to enhance the interfacial‐adhesion, mechanical strength, and piezoelectric properties. Such improvements are both experimentally observed via mechanical characterization and theoretically verified by the phase‐field simulation. Taking the PDA@BTO/PVDF nanofibers as the building blocks, a nonwoven light‐weight piezoelectric textile is fabricated, which hold an outstanding sensitivity (3.95 V N−1) and long‐term stability (<3% decline after 7,400 cycles). The piezoelectric textile demonstrates multiple potential applications, including pulse wave measurement, human motion monitoring, and active voice recognition. By creatively mimicking the muscle fibers, this work paves a cost‐effective way to develop high‐performance and self‐powered wearable bioelectronics for personalized healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The principle of multimode infrared thermal-wave imaging is briefly introduced initially. • Several typical infrared thermal-wave imaging modalities are introduced in detail from the aspects of the excitation source, excitation waveform, feature extraction algorithm, and image processing. • The development status and practical application examples of multimode infrared thermal-wave imaging are emphatically introduced, and the problems faced by infrared thermal-wave imaging are analyzed. Multimode infrared thermal-wave imaging has the advantages of intuitive, efficient, large detection area, non-contact, and long-distance detection respectively. It has a wide range of applications in the aerospace, nuclear industry, petrochemical, automobile, and energy fields. In this present investigation, the principle of multimode infrared thermal-wave imaging is briefly introduced initially. Subsequently, several typical infrared thermal-wave imaging modalities, such as pulse thermography, lock-in thermography, line scanning infrared thermography, and infrared radar thermal-wave imaging, are introduced in detail from the aspects of the excitation source, excitation waveform, feature extraction algorithm, and image processing. Multimode infrared thermal-wave imaging based on different heat source triggering modes was also introduced in this paper. The development status and practical application examples of multimode infrared thermal-wave imaging are emphatically introduced, and the problems faced by infrared thermal-wave imaging are analyzed. Finally, the future development trend of multimode infrared thermal-wave imaging is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the piston-cylinder liner was treated with single glow photoionization sulfurization of a cast aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg), and the effect of the spherical crown texture on frictional properties of the piston-cylinder liner were investigated before and after the sulfurization treatment. The treated specimens were characterized and evaluated via microscopic morphological analysis, three-dimensional morphological analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thin film diffraction, microhardness testing, and friction wear experiments. Fluent fluid analysis software was used to develop a flow field simulation model for the spherical crown texture. Results of the study showed that the average friction coefficients of the specimens treated with sulfur infiltration were all lower than those of untreated specimens, and the low friction coefficients were closely related to the laminar structure and weak interfacial bonding of the sulfur infiltration layer. The spherical crown structure effectively affected the stree distribution on surface of the specimens uniformly, which improved the bearing capacity and durability of the specimens, and the surface texture helped reduce the contact area and store the debris generated during the wear process, thus improving the friction performance. Mechanical stamping caused material aggregation on the edges of the weave, which increased the hardness of the edges and thus reduces the increase in wear around the weave. The surface microstructure of the specimens was effectively improved after sulfurization treatment, leading to higher wear resistance for the sulfurized specimens. Given the relative lack of research on the composite ionic sulfurization of piston-cylinder liner spherical crown texture at home and abroad, this experiment provides data support for this direction. The results provide beneficial clues for the design and optimization of the piston-cylinder liner spherical crown structure. • The spherical crown texture can effectively distribute the load evenly on the specimen surface, thus increasing the specimen load-carrying capacity and durability. • The hardness of the texture edge was increased by 6.16%, compared with that of the specimen plane by hydraulic punching machine for weave preparation, which more effectively reduced wear of the weave edge. • Compared with the specimens without sulfur infiltration, the average friction coefficients of the sulfur infiltrated specimens were effectively reduced. • The oil film pressure increases significantly when the sliding speed increases when the lubricant is in contact with the textured surface. The increased oil film pressure helps reduce wear and provides better lubrication. At the same time, the inertia effect can provide additional load-bearing force to the surface. • The specimen surface after sulfurization treatment shows reduced pores and inclusions on the specimen surface, corresponding to increased density and improved mechanical properties. The specimens after sulfurization treatment showed enhanced wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cobalt-doped C 3 N 5 activated PMS for quick and effective SMX degradation. • SMX degradation rate of the system was boosted with visible light radiation. • Interfacial property and PMS catalytic ability of Cobalt-doped C 3 N 5 were improved. • High-valent cobalt-oxo species were identified as the dominant active species. With excellent photoelectric properties and catalytic stability, carbon nitride and its derivatives are drawing increasing interest in persulfate activation for treating emerging pollutants in wastewater. In the present work, the synthesized cobalt-doped C 3 N 5 (C 3 N 5 -Co) has well-defined surface properties and excellent performance in SMX degradation by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with the assistance of visible light, and the removal rate can reach 99.57 % within 20 min. Moreover, the system shows superior operability over a wide pH range with promising catalytic stability and environmental suitability. Quenching experiments and EPR spectroscopic indicated that high-valent cobalt oxide (Co(IV)) species, SO 4 •-, •OH, O 2 •-, and 1O 2 work in C 3 N 5 -Co 0.59 /PMS/SMX-vis combined system. The conversion of the oxidation product phenyl methyl sulfoxide (PMSO 2) > 98 % using phenyl methyl sulfoxide (PMSO) as a probe agent demonstrated that high-valent cobalt oxide (Co(IV)) species as the major active species dominated the degradation process of SMX. The Co(II) species on the surface of C3N5-Co0.59 worked as a direct driver to rapidly and efficiently activate the PMS, producing various active species involved in the degradation process, while the photo-carriers generated by visible radiation act as another contributing force to regenerate Co(II) species and activate PMS. This study presented the heterogeneous C 3 N 5 -Co 0.59 /PMS/SMX-vis system is an effective strategy for the degradation of emerging pollutants and provides a promising novel ideal for the treatment of various organic pollutants in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the article about high-performance piezoresistive sensor for wearable biomonitoring and real-time tactile sensing is presented.

A constant phase element (CPE) is often used in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to describe the non-ideal impedance of solid/electrolyte interfaces. The generalization of its mathematical description leads to the concept of a variable or generalized phase element α g p e , which, in association with Brug's expression, can be used to determine the interfacial capacitance of metallic electrodes, whose time-constant distribution is restricted to a bidimensional plane (C 2 D). In this work, a heuristic approach is used to extend the generalization principle even further, in order to arrive at an expression of capacitance, C g p e , that is valid for electrodes with time-constant dispersions that also spread into the electrode bulk, causing a 2D+1D time-constant distribution. As a proof of concept, the proposed method is applied in the analysis of the electrochemical impedance of n -doped hydrogen-terminated Si(100) electrode in 100 mM Na 2 SO 4 , in a potential range that extends from accumulation to depletion. The single crystalline structure and polished surface of the electrode grants a quasi-ideal capacitive behavior to the system that allows comparison of the proposed analysis with the traditional representation of effective capacitance C e f f. Both methods yield similar results in the depletion region, where the impedance response is predominantly defined by the ideal behavior of the silicon space charge region. In accumulation, however, when impedance is influenced by the somewhat larger distribution of relaxation times of the electric double layer, C e f f shows frequency dispersion, whereas C g p e does not. A dimensional analysis of the functional elements in C g p e reveals the underlying reason for this intriguing behavior and also shows that C 2 D is, in fact, just an approximate expression of the more general C g p e. It is also shown that the generalized capacitance representation allows for a clear detection of the onset of size border effects, and these appear at a higher frequency than what is observed in the C e f f representation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: personalized healthcare; phase-field simulation; piezoelectric effect; smart textiles; wearable bioelectronics EN personalized healthcare phase-field simulation piezoelectric effect smart textiles wearable bioelectronics 1 1 1 05/12/21 20210510 NES 210510 In article number 2010962, Yuanjie Su, Guangzhong Xie, Jun Chen, and co-workers disperse polydopamine into barium titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers to enhance the interfacial adhesion, mechanical strength, and piezoelectric properties, creatively mimicking muscle fibers. Piezoelectric Textiles: Muscle Fibers Inspired High-Performance Piezoelectric Textiles for Wearable Physiological Monitoring (Adv. Funct. Personalized healthcare, phase-field simulation, piezoelectric effect, smart textiles, wearable bioelectronics. [Extracted from the article]