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Short circuit failure mode (SCFM) of IGCT under extreme failure is of vital importance in MMC-HVDC system. Due to the sealing housing package of IGCT, the short circuit mechanism is hard to be clarified. Considering this limitation, the current density changes in IGCT with different failure modes are studied in a built integrated test system with placed magnetic sensor array and thermal couple array. Then the short circuit mechanism of failed IGCT is proposed based on the experiment results. IGCT with turn off failure performs self-triggering effect due to the focused short current and increased temperature in the intial destruction area, which is usually located in a single position of the outer cathode rings. While IGCT with surge current failure shares the short current among multiple initial destruction areas, which are usually distributed evenly. SEM picture and EDX analysis show that the formed conducting alloy has spread into the molybdenum plate deeply and the phenomenon of atom diffusion (molybdenum, silicon and aluminium) near the interface is observed. Finally, long term short circuit tests of more than 12h with both turn off failure and surge current failure under 3000A prove the stable short circuit failure mode of IGCT.

Gate electrode inductance is a key factor for the controllable current capacity of unity-gain turn- off devices. However, the precise and credible measurement of this nH-level inductance is very difficult due to the compact structure of housing package. In this article, a precise measurement methodology of nH-level gate electrode inductance based on calculation-error-free algorithm for unity-gain turn- off devices is proposed. First, the turn- off process was modeled and discussed. Based on the feature of different stages, a customized extraction method is proposed for nH-level inductance measurement with ultrahigh accuracy. Then, a gate current measurement method for separate cathode rings with minimum inductance introduction was invented and discussed. After careful measurement and calculation, the gate electrode inductance for each region was derived and the abrupt change in gate contact region was observed and analyzed. The inductances measured in this article can be further utilized for housing structure optimization and lateral arrangement of segments on unity-gain turn- off chips.

The integrity of housing and feature of short circuit is hardly guaranteed for traditional power devices under overvoltage breakdown with following high surge energy. Thus, extra bypass thyristor is needed to achieve stable overvoltage bypass protection for submodules in modular multilevel converters at present. In this article, a novel controlled punch-through IGCT (CP-IGCT) is presented. Based on the punch-through breakdown principle instead of avalanche breakdown principle, the device can achieve breakdown at design voltage with uniformity, thermal stability, and robust package rupture-resilience. As a consequence, no extra sacrificial device is necessary. The fabricated sample proves a stable breakdown at 4000 V and a robust short-circuit feature after energy release of a 18 mF capacitor under 4500 V.

Integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) has low loss, low cost, and high reliability in the application of modular multilevel converter (MMC). However, due to the special turn- off process of IGCT, the commutation transient is very different for IGCT in MMC. This letter reveals a current oscillation phenomenon of MMC based on IGCT and fast recovery diode (FRD). Especially, this oscillation effect becomes apparent when the FRD with high surge current capability is employed in MMC because of high junction capacitance and high stray inductance, which will threaten the safe operation of the system. This letter analyzes the current oscillation mechanism and gives the current oscillation modeling. In addition, through detailed tests under various stray inductances, the specific stray inductance range that can cause large current oscillation is obtained and an optimized inductance parameter of IGCT-MMC is proposed. The experiments show that the safe operation area of IGCT in MMC can be guaranteed maximally with the optimized parameter.

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) based on integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) with high reliability, low cost, and voltage drop is a promising choice for high-voltage dc transmission based on the voltage-source converter. This article gives a comprehensive analysis, design, and experiment of shoot-through faults in IGCT-MMC. First, the designed structure of the submodule based on the IGCT (IGCT-SM) is introduced and an equivalent circuit is established with the accurate estimation of the stray inductances. Then, the failure processes of devices and the behavior of the clamping diode are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the mechanical stress of the connecting copper bar is analyzed during shoot-through faults. After that, an experimental platform is built for performing the shoot-through faults. Both tests with switching action and without switching action are carried out under the dc-link capacitor and voltage with 10 mF and 2.5 kV. The results show that although IGCT cannot turn off the fault current, it can withstand the fault current. The whole structure maintains stable without any cracked housing package or copper bars under the surge current of 266 kA/0.40 ms. The 24-h short-circuit test under 3.15 kA shows that failed IGCT has an extremely low on -state voltage of not more than 1.2 V and is suitable for bypassing the faulty submodule when a destroyed shoot-through fault occurs.

The performance of solid-state dc circuit breaker (SS-DCCB) is mainly determined by the on -state feature of power device. In this article, an optimized low on -state voltage integrated gate-commutated thyristor (LO-IGCT) for SS-DCCB is developed. First, the impacts of device parameters, including base length, carrier lifetime, and emitter injection efficiencies, on on -state voltage are presented. The boundary conditions raised by blocking voltage and safe operation area (SOA) are analyzed. Based on that, a three-step blocking-SOA-emitter optimization routine is proposed. Then, the optimization methodology for doping profiles in different regions, especially in n -drift, n buffer, p + base, n + emitter, and p + emitter regions, is presented. The optimal values are derived with theoretical deduction or numerical calculation. After that, based the optimization result, samples of LO-IGCTs are fabricated and tested. The fabricated LO-IGCT sample shows a blocking voltage capability over 4500 V and an on -state voltage of 1.11 V at the current of 2000 A. The commercialized IGCT and IGBT optimized for high-frequency applications exhibits 1.23 and 1.85 times the on -state voltage under the same test configuration.

Compared with insulated-gate bipolar transistors, integrated-gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) has lower on -state voltage, higher reliability, and lower manufacturing costs, thus, making it more suitable for high-power applications. This article focuses on the full-time junction temperature extraction of IGCTs for high-power applications. An electrothermal model for IGCT is established. Nonlinear optimization and accuracy analysis of this model are performed, which proved that the model achieves good accuracy. On the basis of the electrothermal model, junction temperature during switching on , switching off , and off state is evaluated. The junction temperature during conduction is extracted based on the temperature-sensitive electrical parameter method. Combining these two schemes, a comprehensive method to extract full-time accurate junction temperature of IGCT for high-power application is proposed. An experimental platform of IGCT-based modular multilevel converters for high-power applications is built, and power cycling experiments at different voltage and current ratings of up to 2.2 kV/1.5 kA were carried out to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method. Results show the junction temperature profile over a long period. The junction temperatures of IGCT both in inverter and rectifier modes and under different power-loading conditions are compared with the proposed comprehensive method.

This article proposes that a modular multilevel converter (MMC) based on the integrated-gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) is a promising solution for future highvoltage dc (HVdc) applications. The system-level scheme and technical issues of the IGCT MMC are proposed, and the commutation behaviors of the IGCT and the snubber circuit in the MMC are analyzed. On this basis, the optimal designs of the anode inductor, power supply system, valve series, and submodule structure are proposed, and a comprehensive experimental platform is built. Detailed experiments are conducted, including a double-pulse switching experiment, a back-to-back power cycling experiment, and an MMC operation experiment. Furthermore, the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed IGCT MMC solution are verified.

DC circuit breakers (DCBs) are crucial components in dc power systems. The ultralow operating frequency of the DCBs enables the use of gate-commutated thyristors (GCTs) in the DCBs. This paper proposed a 6-in dual-gate ring commutated thyristor (DGRCT) for the DCB applications. The wafer and package designs of the DGRCT are first presented and discussed, analyzing the principles of the current commutation in the DGRCTs. Subsequently, a DGRCT prototype is fabricated, and experiments are conducted to measure the inductance along the current commutation loop (CCL) of the prototype DGRCT. Finally, a large current interruption experiment is conducted. The results show that the prototype DGRCT reduced the parasitic inductance within the CCL by at least 20% compared to conventional GCTs with single-gate ring design. The maximum current interruption capacity of the prototype DGRCT is no less than 12 kA at T = 300 K, which approaches the fault current interruption requirement in DCB applications for both transmission and distribution levels of dc power systems.

In recent years, with the rapid development of renewable energies and their connection demand with AC grids, modular multilevel converter technology (MMC) has been studied a lot. And the integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT) has great potential in MMC application because of low loss, low cost and high reliability. However, there exists current oscillation between IGCT and the anti-paralleled fast recovery diode (FRD), which is caused by the changes of IGCT's anode potential during IGCT's turning off period. To explore the current oscillation mechanism, this paper extracts the stray inductances of a designed IGCT-MMC half bridge module and builds an IGCT-FRD current oscillation analyzing model using the physics based compact model of IGCT and the dynamic model of diode. The results show that greater the reverse recovery softness will cause smaller the current oscillation peak value with nearly constant cycle. As the equivalent junction capacitance of FRD increases, the current oscillation cycle and peak value both increase, while as the stray inductance increases, the current oscillation cycle increases and the peak value decreases.

With the rapid development of the DC grids, the DC circuit breakers, especially the hybrid type, play an essential role in the operation of the whole system. The 6-in IGCT with 12.5kA current cut-off capability is promising for the hybrid DC breaker. However, the further improvement of current cut-off capability is restricted by the comprehension of the failure mechanisms. Based on this, a new method for current distribution study in the 6-in IGCT is proposed with a special package. Inductance simulation with finite element methods reveals that the stray inductance of the new structure is extremely similar to the traditional one. Finally the current information of different areas is obtained with this new structure in IGCT’s safe operating area. The results can not only display the commutating process clearly, but also show that the pressure distribution in the 6-in IGCT tends to be uneven, leading to current crowding in high-pressure areas due to low contact resistances.

AC/DC interconnected system becomes the development direction of interconnected distribution network for many distributed energies and AC/DC loads with the continuous development of renewable energy and DC load. There are many AC-DC, DC-DC and DC-AC converters in typical AC/DC interconnected system, AC/DC bus bars at many voltage grades are formed to satisfy the connection demand among different sources-loads. Many converters may increase the harmonic component of the system and reduce the electric power quality on the one hand. There may be mutual influence on voltage fluctuation among AC/DC bus bars at various voltage grades, and the pass-through effect of electric power quality problem may be formed on the other hand. A typical AC/DC interconnected system topology structure is taken as an example in the paper. The influence of load fluctuation of different distribution bus bars on related electric power quality of bus bar is explored, thereby reference and suggestions can be put forward for the load operation of the system.

The DC circuit breaker is the core equipment that realizes the fault breaking in the DC distribution network, which is of great significance for the safe and stable operation of the DC power grid. This paper designs and develops a 375V/5kA solid-state DC circuit breaker for the application needs of Dongguan AC/DC hybrid distribution network demonstration project. First, the topology and working principle of this solid state DC circuit breaker are introduced based on the engineering application requirements. Then, taking into account the requirements of large breaking current, fast breaking speed and low conducting voltage drop, IGCT is used as a switching device to design a DC circuit breaker based on the bidirectional switching topology. Finally, the prototype of the solid-state circuit breaker is developed and tested. The short circuit current of 5kA can be switched off within 1ms. So the design and performance requirements of the circuit breaker are verified.

With the advantages of low conducting loss, high reliability and low cost, Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) is expanding its applications in high voltage and high current rating scenarios. In high power conditions, one of the main failure mechanisms restricting safe operating area for IGCT is the dynamic avalanche during switching off, which is notably amplified by the unbalanced parasitic parameters of different commutation loops. In this paper, the package model of IGCT is established, and the commutation loop inductance of different cathode regions is carefully calculated and analyzed. The result shows good precision by comparison with the experimental result.