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[Objective] Digital rural construction provides a new opportunity for maintaining the stability and development of the farmland transfer market, and it is of great significance to explore its impact on farmland transfer contract extension of transfer-out households and its mechanism for securing the stability of farmland management right, promoting land management at appropriate scales, and accelerating the modernization of agriculture and the countryside. [Methods] Based on the data of 457 farmland transfer-out households in Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu in 2022, this study constructed an indicator system for digital rural construction from the three aspects of digital technology accessibility, applicability, and availability, and employed the Double Hurdle model and the instrumental variable method to empirically analyze the influence of digital rural construction on farmland transfer contract extension of transfer-out households and mechanism. [Results] Transfer-out households who are willing to extend the contract accounts for 57.77% of the surveyed households, and the average extension period is 3.45-5.98 years. (2) Digital rural construction has a positive effect on transfer-out households’ contract extension willingness and extension period, and this result is still robust after the endogeneity and robustness tests. (3) Heterogeneity analysis showed that digital rural construction has an inverted U-shaped influence on the contract extension period at different quantiles. Meanwhile, the promotion effect of digital rural construction on contract extension is more obvious in the samples with junior high school and above education. Type II and above part-time types, and formal contract signing. (4) Mechanism analysis indicated that digital rural construction mainly promotes contract extension by improving the quality of non-agricultural employment, enhancing the understanding of contract extension, and reducing the contract extension cost. [Conclusion] Strengthening the digital rural construction and activating the potential of digital elements is an important way to promote the farmland transfer contract extension of transfer-out households. We recommend to accelerate the construction of digital rural systems, cultivating new forms of digital economy development, building an information platform for farmland transfer, and improving the regulatory mechanism for farmland transfer contract extension.

[Objective] Promoting farmland transfer contract extension of transfer-out households is the fundamental premise of for strengthening and stabilizing the farmland rights, developing moderate & scale management, and establishing a strong agricultural country. Under the new employment form, the stability of non-agricultural employment of transfer-out households is severely challenged, which further affects whether they will continue to sign farmland transfer contracts. However, previous research has not revealed the causal effect and transmission mechanism between the stability of rural non-agricultural employment and the contract extension of farmland transfer-out households. [Methods] Based on the data of 516 farmland transfer-out households in Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces, this study measured the stability of non-agricultural employment from non-agricultural employment time, non-agricultural income proportion, and non-agricultural employment satisfaction, and employed the IV-Heckman model and mediation effect analysis to empirically analyze the impact and mechanism of the stability of rural non-agricultural employment on the contract extension of farmland transfer-out households. [Results] (1) The average non-agricultural employment stability of farmland transfer-out households was 3.016, 58.72% of the transfer-out households were willing to extend farmland transfer contracts, and the average extension period was 3.752 years. (2) After overcoming the measurement error and the endogeneity issues caused by the reverse causality of non-agricultural employment stability, as well as the sample selection issue caused by farmland transfer-out households’ willingness to extend contracts, non-agricultural employment stability had a positive effect on transfer-out households’ extension willingness and extension period. The empirical results are robust. (3) Mechanism analysis showed that non-agricultural employment stability affects both extension willingness and extension period through the population adsorption effect and livelihood risk perception, and only affects extension willingness through the farmland transfer-out earnings expectation. [Conclusion] This article put forward some policy recommendations, including strengthening the ability of enterprises to create non-agricultural jobs, improving the skills of non-agricultural employment of farmland transfer-out households, enhancing the supply of basic public services in non-agricultural employment cities, and strengthening the management of the whole chain of farmland transfer contract extension.

Oiling‐out is a common phenomenon in industrial crystallization processes that not only prolongs the total operating time but also leads to undesirable crystal morphology, making it challenging to control crystallization paths. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the oiling‐out phenomenon in organic small molecule crystallization. First, the formation mechanisms of oiling‐out are summarized from both thermodynamic and dynamic perspectives, providing the theoretical foundation for understanding the phenomenon. Then, the universal characterization methods for studying the oiling‐out phenomenon of organic small molecules are introduced in detail, covering both offline and online analytical tools. Moreover, the regulation strategy for oiling‐out, including solvents, impurities, seeding, temperature, and mixing methods are discussed. This paper also focuses on the application of oiling‐out in co‐assembly and crystal shape modulation. Finally, future opportunities and challenges are presented to address the current shortcomings and application bottlenecks in the study of organic small molecule oiling‐out phenomena. This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for researchers working on the crystallization of organic small molecules, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, to better understand, control, and utilize the oiling‐out phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and earth-abundant catalysts for hydrazine oxidation (HzOR) is of great significance for direct hydrazine fuel cell. In the present study, we report Co0.85Se/rGO electrocatalyst with nanoporous structure on rGO surface via electrodeposition. In comparison with Co0.85Se and nickel foam, Co0.85Se/rGO exhibits good hydrazine oxidation performance. A large current density of 981 mA cm−2 at 0.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, a low Tafel slope of 56.2 mV dec−1, almost 100% selectivity toward the complete hydrazine oxidation, and a high retention rate of 92.5% at a large current density of 50 mA cm−2 during 24 h measurement can be observed, which is among the best values for Co-based HzOR catalysts that recently reported. Furthermore, the enhanced electrochemical mechanism of Co0.85Se/rGO toward HzOR was investigated, mainly contributed to its well-maintained nanoporous structure, larger electrochemically active surface area, high electrical conductivity, and superaerophobic nature of nanoporous surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]