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Aims: To generate pre‐hospital symptom networks, explore core, bridge and sentinel symptoms, identify pre‐hospital symptom clusters and analyse relationship between influencing factors and symptom clusters in decompensated cirrhosis patients. Design: A cross‐sectional study design using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. Methods: Demographical, physiological, psychological and sociological characteristics and the pre‐hospital symptoms of 292 decompensated cirrhotic patients were collected from October 2021 to March 2023 in China. Frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, independent samples t‐tests, one‐way analysis of variance, exploratory factor analysis, multiple stepwise regression analysis and network analysis were used for data analysis. Results: 'I don't look like myself' and itching were core and bridge symptoms, while bloating and lack of energy were sentinel symptoms in decompensated cirrhotic patients. Monthly family income, anxiety, depression, social support and disease duration influenced the neuropsychological symptom cluster, with worrying as the strongest predictor symptom. Influential factors for cirrhosis‐specific symptom cluster included Child‐Pugh class, monthly family income, disease duration, anxiety and depression, with itching being the strongest predictor symptom. Monthly family income, disease duration and depression were influential factors for gastrointestinal symptom cluster, with loss of appetite as the strongest predictor symptom. Conclusions: Neuropsychological, cirrhosis‐specific and gastrointestinal symptom clusters were formed in decompensated cirrhotic patients. Through network analysis, direct connections between symptoms, symptom clusters and their influencing factors were revealed, thereby offering clinicians a foundation for effectively managing patients' pre‐hospital symptoms. Impact: Decompensated cirrhosis patients commonly have multiple symptoms, while the management of pre‐hospital symptoms is often suboptimal. This study identified neuropsychological, cirrhosis‐specific, gastrointestinal symptom clusters and recognized core, bridge and sentinel symptoms in these patients. It also revealed the most prominent symptoms within each cluster. This provides insight into the hierarchy of symptoms, improving symptom management in decompensated cirrhosis. Patient and Public Involvement: There was no patient or public involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes memory and cognitive dysfunction and reduces a person's decision-making and reasoning functions. AD is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Patients with AD have increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the nervous system, and the sustained inflammatory response impairs neuronal function. Meanwhile, long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce the incidence of AD to some extent. This confirms that anti-neuroinflammation may be an effective treatment for AD. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an emerging nanomaterial with promising physicochemical properties, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. AuNPs reduce neuroinflammation by inducing macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, blocking leukocyte adhesion, and decreasing oxidative stress. Therefore, AuNPs are gradually attracting the interest of scholars and are used for treating inflammatory diseases and drug delivery. Herein, we explored the role and mechanism of AuNPs in treating neuroinflammation in AD. The use of AuNPs for treating AD is a topic worth exploring in the future, not only to help solve a global public health problem but also to provide a reference for treating other neuroinflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid autophagy (lipophagy) is defined as a selective autophagy process in which some intracellular lipid droplets are selectively degraded by autophagic lysosomes pathway. The occurrence of lipophagy was first discovered in liver tissues. Additionally, abundant evidence indicated that the occurrence of hepatic lipophagy has been implicated in many liver diseases including fatty liver diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, liver fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. However, recent studies suggested that hepatic lipophagy occurs not only in liver tissue but also in other nonliver tissues and cells. Furthermore, the occurrence of lipophagy plays a crucial role in nonliver tissues and some related diseases. For instance, lipophagy relieves insulin resistance in adipose tissue from obesity patient with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, lipophagy has the ability to remit neurodegenerative diseases by reducing activity‐dependent neurodegeneration in nervous tissue. Lipophagy decreases muscle lipid accumulation and accordingly improves lipid storage myopathy in muscle tissue. Moreover, lipophagy alleviates the malignancy and metastasis of cancer in clear renal cell carcinoma tissue. Lipophagy is also involved in other processes, such as spermatogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, and mucosal ulceration. In conclusion, targeting lipophagy may be a critical regulator and a new therapeutic strategy for nonliver tissues and some related diseases. In this paper, the roles of lipophagy in nonliver tissues and some related diseases are elaborated and analyzed. Targeting lipophagy may be a potential therapeutic strategy for nonliver tissues and related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacies of different chemotherapy regimens in different risk sub-groups for the prevention of bladder recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Materials and Methods: Between 2004 and 2012, we recruited 685 patients who underwent RNU for upper tract urothelial carcinoma at 4 Chinese institutions. We assessed whether the type of intravesical chemotherapy regimen affected the bladder recurrence rate in patients with different risk levels after RNU. Results: For all patients, the bladder recurrence rate was lower with intravesical chemotherapy than without, but no significant differences were found between the 2 intravesical chemotherapy regimens (single dose or relatively long-term therapy). We used multivariate analysis to define the risk factors for bladder recurrence and stratified patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk sub-groups accordingly. The bladder recurrence rate in the low-risk patients was not significantly different between patients with or without intravesical chemotherapy. However, in the intermediate-risk and high-risk patients, the rate was greater in patients without intravesical chemotherapy than in patients with. Furthermore, the rate was not significantly different between the 2 intravesical chemotherapy regimens in the intermediate-risk patients, while the efficacy of the relatively long-term regimen in high-risk patients remains unclear. Conclusions: Our study showed that an individualized strategy based on patient risk stratification is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]