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Based on the field survey of the second floor and the fifth floor of Yingxian Wood Pagoda, a comparative analysis of the damage conditions of the transverse compression members-Pupaifang, flower arm, and axial bracket arm on each hypostyle corner column was made in this paper, and the crack rate was measured using ImageJ to study cracking degree and distribution law of the transverse compression members of each layer. The results showed that the transverse compression cracking of Pupaifang of the second floor was serious, with the average crack rate of 16.6%. Most of the end faces were in the form of spallation, and even the brace body had the phenomenon of complete collapse and partial fall off. The average compression crack rate of the transverse compression of flower arm and axial bracket arm were 7.7% and 12.0%, respectively, and the arch body had the phenomenon of partial peeling and breaking. The transverse compression failure of Pupaifang, flower arm, and axial bracket arm of the fifth layer was mainly minor cracks, with the average crack rate of 2.9%, 2.6%, and 2.1% respectively, and the degree of cracking was relatively moderate. For the cracking distribution of the twostorey transverse grain compression member, the second floor mostly appeared in the southwest and northeast of the tower, while the cracking distribution of the fifth floor transverse grain compression member was more uniform. The method used in this study can effectively obtain the transverse compressive damage status and crack distribution of the internal components of Yingxian wooden tower, providing a certain foundation for future repair and protection work of wood pagoda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve problems of bulking agents shortage for sewage sludge (SS) composting and of disposal of cassava distillery residues (CDR) in the alcohol industry, the effects of using CDR instead of maize straw as bulking agents were investigated at full scale in Rizhao, China. This was done by comparing CDR-added and straw-added piles. Both CDR and straw promoted sanitation achievement of SS composts. CDR was effective at increasing fermentation temperature, whereas straw was superior in maintaining the thermophilic phase. The free air space (FAS) of matrices provided by CDR or straw were sufficient (>30%) for fermentation, and showed rising trends during composting. Extensive mass reduction was also accomplished in composting even after considering the weight of added straw or CDR. Compared with straw-added piles, CDR-added piles showed less average FAS (51.42%), water removal (49.68%), and organic matter (OM) loss (21.51%), but greater volume reduction (16.34%). The time-dependence of OM loss varied between the CDR-added (which followed zero-order kinetics) and straw-added (first-order kinetics) piles. After fermentation, the composts were phytotoxin-free in both treatments. The CDR-added piles had lower EC (2,221 μS cm−1) and C/N (13.29) than straw-added piles. A smaller germination index (73.59%) for CDR-added piles, combined with higher pH (7.33) and oxygen consumption rate (4.33 mL L−1min−1), suggests that SS composting with CDR requires a longer time to reach maturity than with straw. However, CDR can be used instead of maize straw as a bulking agent for full-scale SS composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]