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Fermentation is a traditional way of fish storage. During the fermentation process, microorganisms in raw materials or the environment can promote the decomposition and utilization of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats through metabolism, thereby generating rich flavor substances. People in different regions make different types of fermented fish products with different flavors by using different raw materials and ingredients and controlling conditions such as salt content, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time. The differences in the microbial community composition in various types of fermented fish products result in different compositions of characteristic flavor substances. Therefore, the microbial community composition in different fermented fish products and the correlation between microbial metabolism and the formation of characteristic flavor compounds are current research hotspots. This review summarizes recent studies on the fermentation process, microbial community composition, characteristic flavor substances and their formation mechanisms in different types of fermented fish products in China, and analyzes the impact of fermentation conditions on the microbial community composition and flavor formation. Besides, this review compares the characteristics of research methods for the correlation between different microorganisms and flavor substances. This review will provide a reference and direction for exploring the formation mechanism of the flavor of fermented fish and for the precise regulation of fermented fish flavor in the future.

Objective·To investigate the effects of lysine demethylase 5C (KDM5C) on the migration and invasion of renal clear cell carcinoma, analyze the genes regulated by KDM5C and explore the mechanisms of promoting renal cell carcinoma after its inactivation.Methods·Lentivirus was used to construct human renal clear cell carcinoma 786-O and Caki-1 cell lines with KDM5C stable knockout. The changes of migration and invasion abilities of renal carcinoma cells were observed by Transwell assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Differential gene analysis and functional pathway enrichment analysis were performed by using 786-O Control-sg, KDM5C-sg 2 group cell RNA sequencing data and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) public database to further explore the cancer-promoting mechanisms after KDM5C deletion. The up-regulated EMT-related genes in sequencing data were screened out according to the EMT gene set, and the genes were screened by survival analysis and univariate COX analysis. Finally, LASSO regression analysis and risk forest model were used to further screen genes highly related to the phenotype after KDM5C knockout.Results·After the deletion of KDM5C, both 786-O and Caki-1 cells showed significant migration and invasion phenotypes compared with control groups. Analysis of TCGA database indicated that mutation of KDM5C in renal cancer patients led to poor prognosis (P=0.042). RNA sequencing analysis showed that KDM5C knockout may affect cell adhesion molecules and upregulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes. Western blotting detected the increased expression levels of β-catenin, Vimentin and Snail proteins in two kinds of cells after KDM5C knockout. Finally, ten up-regulated EMT genes were obtained by survival analysis and univariate COX analysis for LASSO regression analysis and risk forest model prediction. The results showed that KDM5C may have a regulatory effect on PLAUR gene.Conclusion·The mutation of KDM5C can promote the development of renal carcinoma by enhancing migration and invasion.

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, and it relies heavily on the comprehensive understanding of the immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we obtain a detailed immune cell atlas of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) at single-cell resolution. Exhausted T and NK cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), alternatively activated macrophages and tolerogenic dendritic cells are dominant in the TME. Transcriptional profiling coupled with T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing reveal lineage connections in T cell populations. CD8 T cells show continuous progression from pre-exhausted to exhausted T cells. While exhausted CD4, CD8 T and NK cells are major proliferative cell components in the TME, the crosstalk between macrophages and Tregs contributes to potential immunosuppression in the TME. Our results indicate several immunosuppressive mechanisms that may be simultaneously responsible for the failure of immuno-surveillance. Specific targeting of these immunosuppressive pathways may reactivate anti-tumor immune responses in ESCC.

Objective: The existing research on the relationship between anxiety and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is inconsistent, and there is no systematic review on this area. This study aims to explore the relationship between anxiety and NSSI, in order to provide evidence-based medicine evidence for the early identification of preventable occurrence factors of NSSI. Methods: The semantic query (i.e. SPARQL) method was used to retrieve the anxiety- related literature on the Knowledge graph of NSSI, which consist of the metadata and semantic annotation data of English literature related to non-suicidal self-injury in PubMed by June 2023. Two researchers strictly followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria for independent literature screening. After evaluating the quality of the included studies, the selected data was subjected to meta-analysis using RevMan5.3 software. Results: A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis, including 44064 subjects. The results showed that the proportion of anxiety in the NSSI group was significantly higher than that in the non-NSSI group, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (OR=3.60, 95% Cl=2.08-6.22, p<0.01). Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between anxiety and NSSI, which is a possible risk factor for NSSI. However, due to limitations of the design type, quantity, and quality of the included study, further research is needed on the causal relationship between anxiety and NSSI. Furthermore, we show that using knowledge graphs is an effective approach to retrieve literature for meta-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the four major oilseed crops in the world and is rich in fatty acids. Changes in the fatty acid composition affect the quality of rapeseed. Fatty acids play various roles in plants, but the functions of the genes involved in the fatty acid composition during plant development remain unclear. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) is a key enzyme involved in the elongation of fatty acids. Various types of fatty acid products are used to build lipid molecules, such as oils, suberin, wax, and membrane lipids. In B. napus, BnaKCSA8 and BnaKCSC3 belong to the KCS family, but their specific functions remain unclear. This study cloned BnaKCSA8 and BnaKCSC3 from Brassica napus L. and analyzed their functions. The gene structures of BnaKCSA8 and BnaKCSC3 were similar and they were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In yeast, overexpression of BnaKCSA8 increased the ratios of palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, while BnaKCSC3 decreased the ratios of oleic acid. In Arabidopsis, overexpression of BnaKCSA8 and BnaKCSC3 lead to an increase in the proportion of linoleic acid and a decrease in the erucic acid. In summary, BnaKCSA8 and BnaKCSC3 altered the composition ratios of fatty acids. These findings lay the foundation for an understanding of the role of KCS in the fatty acids in rapeseed, potentially improving its health and nutritional qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]