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Proteins involved in the organizing of lipid rafts can be found in exosomes, as shown for caveolin-1, and they could contribute to exosomal cargo sorting, as shown for flotillins. Stomatin belongs to the same stomatin/prohibitin/flotillin/HflK/C family of lipid rafts proteins, but it has never been studied in exosomes except for extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from blood cells. Here we first show the presence of stomatin in exosomes produced by epithelial cancer cells (non-small cell lung cancer, breast, and ovarian cancer cells) as well as in EVs from biological fluids, including blood plasma, ascitic fluids, and uterine flushings. A high abundance of stomatin in EVs of various origins and its enrichment in exosomes make stomatin a promising exosomal marker. Comparison with other lipid raft proteins and exosomal markers showed that the level of stomatin protein in exosomes from different sources corresponds well to that of CD9, while it differs essentially from flotillin-1 and flotillin-2 homologs, which in turn are present in exosomes in nearly equal proportions. In contrast, the level of vesicular caveolin-1 as well as its EV-to-cellular ratio vary drastically depending on cell type., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

A 5-year survival of patients with Stage III colon cancer with prophylactic panhysterectomy in anamnesis was 83.3%, significantly higher than that of patients with Stage III colon cancer without panhysterectomy (69.3%) and than in colon cancer patients with metachronous ovarian metastases (42%). In families of patients with primary multiple malignant tumors (PMMT) of colon, endometrium and/or ovaries as well as in cases of accumulation in the same family of solitary tumors of the above locations it is necessary to carry out genetic testing to identify mutations in genes MSH2, MLH1, MSH6. Carriers of mutations in genes of mismatch repair MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 should be assumed to the high-risk group for the development of malignancies both PMMT of colon and organs of the female reproductive system and solitary tumors of the above locations. All women suffering from colon cancer, especially in the presence of mutations in genes of mismatch repair, in pre- and menopause should be undergone simultaneous prophylactic surgery: panhysterectomy. The question about the greater omentum should be decided situationally.

Despite the use of new drugs in therapy of ovarian cancer, remote results remain unsatisfactory. Traditional prognostic factors, which are often subjective, do not reflect the individual features of a tumor in a certain patient. The authors compare classical prognostic factors, the data of laser DNA flow cytometry, and the receptor status of the tumor. Tumor ploidy is the most informative independent prognostic factor: the period without relapses in patients with aneuploid tumors is significantly shorter in comparison with patients with diploid tumors. Study of tumor cell distribution by the cell cycle phases can also provide additional information for predicting the disease course in ovarian cancer.

Xenograft CC-32 was obtained from uterine cervical carcinoma of 24 years old woman in IV stage of the disease. Morphological diagnosis of clinical material and xenograft at various passages was the same-squamous cell carcinoma. Examination tumour DNA showed HPV-16 DNA integrated in five selected points. Tumor CC-32 contained a large quantity a diploid and tetraploid cells in contrast with another cervical carcinoma xenograft.

A retrospective analysis of the case histories of patients with familial and nonfamilial ovarian carcinomas has shown that patients with the familial condition develop a higher resistance of the body to tumor dissemination and their survival rate is better. This conclusion may be of interest for those who research carcinogenesis mechanisms.

Activity of lysosomal proteinases cathepsins B and D was studied in normal tissues, malignant and benign ovary tumors, in blood sera and ascites fluid of patients with primary ovary cancer. The cathepsin B activity was 12-fold higher in tissues of ovary malignant tumors as compared with that of normal ovary and 6-fold higher -- as compared with tissues of benign tumors. Activation of the enzyme depended directly on the mass of malignant tumors and on the intensity of their penetration into surrounding tissues (uterus, urinary bladder, small pelvic fat) and spreading over peritoneum. Activity of cathepsin D was 2- and 2.6-fold higher in malignant ovary tumors as compared with normal tissue and benign tumors, respectively. The data obtained suggest that estimation of cathepsins B and D activities in bioptic material from ovary tumors might be useful for diagnosis of the disease.

Monoclonal antibodies (Mab) IKO-21 and IKO-25 obtained to the membrane antigen of the woman milk lipid globules were tested immuno- and cytochemically on the samples of human normal definitive and embryonal tissues and tumours. Mab IKO-21 are shown to react, apart from epithelial tissues, with a vascular endothelium and blood cells. Mab IKO-25 are specific to the epithelial tissue and malignant epithelial tumours. Their intensive reaction with the cells of malignant tumours of the mammary gland, lung, ovary and the type of their distribution in the organs and tissues enables their use in the differential diagnosis of malignant epithelial and non-epithelial tumours as for revealing metastases both in vitro and in vivo.

Human galactosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.38), a potential tumour marker, was isolated from the ascite fluid of patients with ovary cancer by three methods based on the use of affinity adsorbents. The highest degree of purification was achieved during chromatography on galactosyl transferase-specific monoclonal antibodies immobilized on agarose. A comparison of physico-chemical properties of purified preparations was carried out. It was found that the enzyme purified on the immunoadsorbent did not practically differ in terms of molecular mass and isospectra from other enzyme preparations, which suggests that the antigenic epitope recognized by these monoclonal antibodies on the galactosyl transferase molecule is common for all enzyme isoforms.

Three new human cervical carcinoma xenografts was established from clinical tumor specimens of patients with I-II stages of disease. Growth characteristics of models are writing. Xenografts designated CC 9, 24 and 25 contain integrated DNA HPV, complemented DNA HPV-16. DNA CC 5 contain neither DNA HPV-16, nor DNA HPV-18.

Immunoscintigraphy with labeled monoclonal antibodies for investigation of patients with ovarian and colon adenocarcinoma is a highly informative method which can be used for immunovisualization of primary tumor foci, their recurrences and metastases. A possibility to estimate specific tumor tissue activity was shown to be the advantage of immunoscintigraphy as compared to other special topical methods of investigation. High blood concentrations of tumor antigens did not deteriorate significantly the quality of visualization of tumor foci using labeled monoclonal antibodies.

The paper is concerned with comparative analysis of the results of the determination of activity of galactosyl transferase, CEA and antigen CA-125 in the blood serum of 44 healthy persons, 70 cancer patients and 12 patients with benign diseases. It was shown that a radiometric test for galactosyl transferase in its diagnostic sensitivity was not inferior to CEA in stomach and ovarian tumors and exceeded the test for antigen CA-125 in ovarian cancer. In colon cancer the diagnostic accuracy of the tests for the activity of galactosyl transferase and CEA turned out to be identical. The most reliable diagnostic test in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children was the test for galactosyl transferase activity.

Trophoblastic beta 1-glycoprotein (TBG) or a "specific protein of pregnancy" isolated from placental extracts and retroplacental serum, is a reliable marker of trophoblastic tumors. A highly sensitive quantitative radioimmunoassay to determine TBG was developed. The use of this method in the Department of Gynecology. All-Union Cancer Research Center, USSR AMS, for a dynamic observation over patients with different trophoblastic tumors for 3 yrs. has shown that TBG is determined in 94.7% of the cases, this antigen concentration correlating with the disease stage and reflecting a clinical course of the disease. Chorionic gonadotropin (CG) determined simultaneously in the urine of the same patients, was found in 84% of the cases. TBG indices correlate with the CG level in 75% of the cases and serve as an important criterion in the diagnosis and evaluation of efficacy of treatment provided to patients with trophoblastic tumors.