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Three velocity componentsand temperature were measured usingthree-dimensional sonic anemometers/thermometers attwo levels, above and within a forest canopy, in theChangbai Mountains of northeast China. Turbulencespectral structure, local isotropy anddissipation rates above and within the forest canopywere calculated using the eddy correlation method.Results show that the normalized turbulent spectralcurves have -2/3 slopes in the inertial subrange.While the shapes of the spectra are in good agreementwith the Kansas flat terrain results, the atmosphericturbulence is anisotropic above the forest canopy. Dueto breaking down of large eddies by the foliage,branches and trunks, the spectral peak frequencies forvelocity and temperature are higher withinthan above the forest canopy. Compared withmeasurements from previous studies over flat terrain,the velocity and temperature spectra above andinside the forest canopy appear to shift toward higherfrequencies. The turbulence is approximately isotropicin the inertial subrange within the forest canopy, and isanisotropic above the forest canopy. The turbulentkinetic energy and heat energy dissipation rates aboveand inside the forest canopy are much larger thanthose obtained by Kaimal and Hogstrom over grasslandand grazing land. The distinct features in the resultsof the present experiment may be attributed to thedynamic forcing caused by the rough surface of the forestcanopy.

The atmospheric aerosol number concentration and size distribution were measured at six levels (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 m) on the Beijing 325 m meteorological tower by means of an optical particle counter. From the measured value of the concentrationNz and according to the expression\(N_Z = N_0 e^{ - {\rm Z}/H_p } \), the value of aerosol scale heightHP was determined by using a least square method. An analysis shows that there are significant variations of aerosol concentration and size distribution in relation to time and altitude. The average size distribution for each level can be described by\(\frac{{dN}}{{dr}} = ar^b e^{ - cr} \), where the parameters vary with the altitude.