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ZnTiO3/TiO2 composite photocatalysts were synthesized via the sol–gel technique, and the impact of varying heat treatment temperatures (470, 570, 670 °C) on their crystalline arrangement, surface morphology, elemental composition, chemical state, specific surface area, optical characteristics, and photocatalytic efficacy was systematically investigated. The outcomes revealed that, as the temperature ascends, pure TiO2 undergoes a transition from anatase to rutile, ultimately forming a hybrid crystal structure at 670 °C. The incorporation of ZnTiO3 engenders a reduction in the TiO2 grain dimensions and retards the anatase-to-rutile phase transition. Consequently, the specimens manifest a composite constitution of anatase and ZnTiO3. In contrast, for pure TiO2, the specimen subjected to 670 °C annealing demonstrates superior photocatalytic performance due to its amalgamated crystal arrangement. The degradation efficacy of methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution attains 91% within a 60-min interval, with a calculated first-order reaction rate constant of 0.039 min−1. Interestingly, the ZnTiO3/TiO2 composite photocatalysts exhibit diminished photocatalytic activity in comparison to pristine TiO2 across all three temperature variations. Elucidation of the photocatalytic mechanism underscores that ZnTiO3 coupling augments the generation of photogenerated charge carriers. Nonetheless, concurrently, it undermines the crystalline integrity of the composite, yielding an excess of amorphous constituents that impede the mobility of photoinduced carriers. This dual effect also fosters escalated recombination of photogenerated charges, culminating in diminished quantum efficiency and reduced photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic mastopathy is a rare breast condition that occurs in women with poorly controlled diabetes and is characterized by hardening of the breast tissue. The purpose of this case report is to provide an overview of the clinical characteristics and therapeutic principles of this rare disease to support front-line physicians in their crucial activity of case identification. Case presentation: A 64-year-old Asian female patient with a history of type II diabetes mellitus was referred to our clinic for an evaluation of a newly discovered breast mass. The patient had been diagnosed with diabetes more than 20 years prior and was being managed with oral hypoglycemic agents. Her past medical history was otherwise unremarkable. Physical examination of the breast revealed a palpable, mobile, and firm mass measuring 6 × 4 cm in the upper quadrant of the right breast. Ultrasound images showed an uneven hypoechoic nodule, BI-RADS 4B. Mammography showed the compact and flaky nature of the two breasts and the heterogeneity of the substantive density increases. The patient's clinical manifestations and imaging findings suggest the possibility of breast cancer. The patient opted for surgical excision of the mass. Through surgery, the mass was completely excised with negative margins. Pathological examination of the mass revealed a proliferation of fibroblastic cells, with an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, consistent with a diagnosis of diabetic mastopathy. Conclusions: This case report serves to highlight the importance of recognizing diabetic mastopathy as a possible differential diagnosis of a breast mass in patients with diabetes mellitus. In our patient, early diagnosis and treatment with lumpectomy resulted in a favorable outcome, emphasizing the importance of prompt medical and surgical management. In addition, more research is needed to mine the diagnostic marker of diabetic mastopathy and provide data related to its prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algorithms are ubiquitous in nature and human society, and algorithms in national sports are the internal mechanisms for the creation and development of national sports. Algorithms from nature, society, and culture act as the external driving force for the development of ethnic sports. Different ethnic sports are based on physical behaviors, including physical recreation, social interaction, and life-shaping behaviors. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm for health and wellness elevation of ethnic sports in the context of body-medicine integration, examine the fall situation in sports life, and propose a bidirectional LSTM fall detection model, which can automatically extract deeper data features within the fall behavior for the input data (taken from inertial sensors) and realize the processing of data from preprocessing to detection results. Medical disciplines provide scientific ideas and pathways that are founded on a rigorous medical way of thinking and knowledge system to summarize sports, so that they can be prescribed to explore new pathways of exercise for health, to carry out deliberate, planned, and scientific exercise. Finally, the superiority of the proposed algorithm in this paper is verified on a relevant dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water loss poses a threat to the life of postharvest mushrooms. Clarifying the variation of water status in mushrooms and seeking an effective approach to postpone the water loss is of utmost urgency. This study assessed the application of electron-beam generated X-ray (EBGX) irradiation as a novel physical technology to maintain the postharvest storage quality of fresh Hericium erinaceus. Furthermore, the monitoring of changes in water distribution and migration as well as the tissue structure were conducted on irradiated (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kGy) samples using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Results indicated that the cell compartments of cytoplasm and vacuole constituted the predominant parts among the three water components in H. erinaceus matrix, whereas the water in the vacuole migrated to the cytoplasm after storage. Thereinto, the mushrooms irradiated with 1.0 kGy retarded water migration and contained more water components than those irradiated with 0, 1.5, and 2.0 kGy. Importantly, the dose of 1.0 kGy irradiation had a minimum weight loss of 2.19% and the best retention of color and texture after 9 d of storage. Additionally, low-dose irradiation with 1.0 kGy and 1.5 kGy remarkably improved the physical microstructure of H. erinaceus , while 2.0 kGy irradiation was prejudicial to the tissue structure. Taken together, the dose of 1.0 kGy was the most beneficial in maintaining postharvest quality of H. erinaceus. These findings provide insights into the changes in water status of H. erinaceus and the effects of EBGX irradiation on postharvest quality and deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanism whereby EBGX improves the freshness of H. erinaceus. [Display omitted] • E-beam generated X-ray irradiation maintained Hericium erinaceus postharvest quality. • kGy irradiation effectively retarded water loss and migration of fresh mushrooms. • kGy irradiation exhibited a minimum weight loss of 2.19% at the end of storage. • kGy irradiation has a positive impact on preserving the color and texture during storage. • Physical microstructure was improved by irradiation with doses of 1.0 and 1.5 kGy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With hollow mesoporous silica (hMSN) and injectable macroporous hydrogel (Gel) used as the internal and external drug-loading material respectively, a sequential drug delivery system DOX-CA4P@Gel was constructed, in which combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) and doxorubicin (DOX) were both loaded. The anti-angiogenic drug, CA4P was initially released due to the degradation of Gel, followed by the anti-cell proliferative drug, DOX, released from hMSN in tumor microenvironment. Results showed that CA4P was mainly released at the early stage. At 48 h, CA4P release reached 71.08%, while DOX was only 24.39%. At 144 h, CA4P was 78.20%, while DOX release significantly increased to 61.60%, showing an obvious sequential release behavior. Photodynamic properties of porphyrin endow hydrogel (ϕΔ(Gel) = 0.91) with enhanced tumor therapy effect. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that dual drugs treated groups have better tumor inhibition than solo drug under near infrared laser irradiation, indicating the effectivity of combined photodynamic-chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples around the world, and male factors are accounted for 40–50%. Oligoasthenozoospermia is the most common reason for male infertility. Unfortunately, effective drug therapy is still lacking except for assisted reproductive technology (ART). Previous researchers found that Wuzi Ershen decoction (WZESD) can increase sperm count, enhance sperm vitality, and improve semen quality. However, the pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear. Methods. In this study, we screened compounds and predicted the targets of WZESD based on the TCMSP and BATMAN-TCM database combined with literature searching in the PubMed database. We obtained proteins related to oligoasthenozoospermia through GeneCards and submitted them to STRING to obtain the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Potential targets of WZESD were mapped to the network, and the hub targets were screened by topology. We used online platform Metascape and Enrichr for GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. AutoDock Vina was utilized for further verification of the binding mode between compounds and targets. Results. Totally, 276 bioactive compounds were obtained and targeted 681 proteins. 446 oligoasthenozoospermia disease-specific proteins were acquired, and further bioinformatics analysis found that they were mainly involved in the formation of gametes, meiosis, and sperm differentiation. Protein interaction network analysis revealed that target proteins of WZESD were associated with oligoasthenozoospermia disease-specific proteins. The 79 targets of disease-specific proteins, which were anchored by WZESD, mainly participate in the cellular response to the organic cyclic compound, regulation of the apoptotic process, nitricoxide biosynthetic and metabolic process, oxidative stress, and protein phosphorylation regulation, which are the causes for oligoasthenozoospermia. Molecular docking simulation further validated that bioactive compounds originated from WZESD with targeted proteins showed high binding efficiency. Conclusions. This study uncovers the therapeutic mechanisms of WZESD for oligoasthenozoospermia treatment from the perspective of network pharmacology and may provide a valuable reference for further experimental research studies and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize inclusion complexes between tea polyphenol (TP) and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD), and to evaluate their antioxidant properties. Freeze‐drying was used to prepare the inclusion complex of TP/HP‐β‐CD at different component ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2). The supermolecular structure of the TP/HP‐β‐CD complex was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Molecular docking was used to simulate the positions and interactions of the binding sites of TP/HP‐β‐CD inclusion complexes and target protein receptors. In addition, the effects of TP/HP‐β‐CD inclusion complexes on myofibrillar protein (MP) from lamb tripe were observed under oxidative conditions. Results showed that TP was encapsulated in the cavity of HP‐β‐CD to form an optimal complex with 1:2 molar ratio of stoichiometry, while the FTIR, TGA, and SEM studies also support the inclusion process. Molecular modeling results were systematically analyzed to determine the stability of inclusion complexes and protein. Furthermore, the addition of an appropriate concentration (5 to 105 µmol/g) of TP/HP‐β‐CD inclusion complex decreased the carbonyl content, hydrophobicity, and protein aggregation of MP from lamb tripe, whereas it increased the sulfhydryl content. This improved antioxidant activity and bioavailability of the inclusion complexes will be beneficial for its potential applications in food. Practical Application: Tea polyphenol was an antioxidant with potential for the field of food. In this study, the unstable properties of tea polyphenols were evaluated and were improved by inclusion of HP‐β‐cyclodextrin. The binding mode of the inclusion complex with protein was revealed via the molecular docking method, and the application of inclusion complex to control protein oxidation was studied. Results showed that the inclusion complex could effectively inhibit protein oxidation, which can provide a reference for the application of polyphenols in meat products and the improvement of protein properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of overnight orthokeratology (OK) lens wear on axial growth in anisometropic children.Methods: The study involved 17 males and 12 females with an average age of 11.4 ± 2.9 years. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent error (SER) was -0.50D to -6.00D, and anisometropia ≥1.00D. The eyes with greater myopia were assigned to the G eye group and the fellow eyes with less myopia to the L eye group. All eyes were fitted with OK lenses. Axial length (AL) was measured at the beginning of the study and at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-up visits. Refractive error was measured at the beginning and at the 24-month visit. Linear mixed model analysis was used to evaluate the effect of time, group, and time*group on axial growth. Paired t test was used to compare the myopia increase over 24 months between the two groups.Results: The mean baseline AL was 25.06 ± 0.61 mm for the G eyes and 24.48 ± 0.61 mm for the L eyes. After 24 months, AL had increased by 0.31 ± 0.23 mm in the G eye group and by 0.41 ± 0.31 mm in the L eye group. Axial growth of the L eyes was significantly greater than that of the G eyes (p = 0.006). The mean baseline myopia of the G eye and the L eye was -3.62 ± 1.27D [-5.75D to -1.75D] and -1.93 ± 1.02D [-4.00D to -0.50D] respectively. At 24 months, the increase in myopia in the G eyes was significantly less than that in the L eyes (-0.84 ± 0.63D vs, -1.21 ± 0.89D, p < 0.001).Conclusions: In anisometropic children who wore OK lenses, axial growth was greater in the eye with less baseline myopia than in the fellow eye with greater baseline myopia after 2 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In addition to its critical role during pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been shown to be expressed by various tumor types. Recent studies have similarly documented the presence of the luteinizing hormone (LH)/hCG receptor (LHCGR) in a variety of nongonadal organs; however, its clinicopathological significance in ovarian cancer remains unclear. The present study used a combination of immunohistochemical, real-time PCR, and western blot analyses to examine hCG and LHCGR expression in normal and cancerous tissues collected from patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). hCG and LHCGR expression levels were resultantly shown to be significantly increased and decreased in cancerous versus normal (or benign) ovarian tissues, respectively (P < 0.05), and both expression pattern changes were associated with more advanced tumor stages and a higher rate of metastasis. Furthermore, patients with tumors with high or low levels of hCG and LHCGR, respectively, experienced a worse overall survival (OS) rate than those with low hCG or high LHCGR expression levels (P < 0.05). In fact, hCG and LHCGR expression levels were independent prognostic factors of patient OS (P < 0.05) for EOC. Collectively, these findings indicate that hCG and LHCGR expression pattern changes are associated with EOC occurrence and progression. Thus, hCG and LHCGR represent promising potential targets to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with EOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the underlying pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the potential action mechanisms of XFZYD in the treatment of TBI and to elucidate the combination principle of this herbal formula. Methods. A network pharmacology approach including ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) evaluation, target prediction, known therapeutic targets collection, network construction, and molecule docking was used in this study. Results. A total of 119 bioactive ingredients from XFZYD were predicted to act on 47 TBI associated specific proteins which intervened in several crucial pathological processes including apoptosis, inflammation, antioxidant, and axon genesis. Almost each of the bioactive ingredients targeted more than one protein. The molecular docking simulation showed that 91 pairs of chemical components and candidate targets had strong binding efficiencies. The “Jun”, “Chen”, and “Zuo-Shi” herbs from XFZYD triggered their specific targets regulation, respectively. Conclusion. Our work successfully illuminates the “multicompounds, multitargets” therapeutic action of XFZYD in the treatment of TBI by network pharmacology with molecule docking method. The present work may provide valuable evidence for further clinical application of XFZYD as therapeutic strategy for TBI treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin, as an exposed tissue, often suffers damage after exposure to radiotherapy and accidental events, which may lead to the formation of chronic refractory wounds. However, effective treatment options are usually limited for severe radiation‐induced skin injury (RSI). Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been identified to promote wound healing, but whether a new generation of blood‐derived biomaterial, injectable platelet‐rich fibrin (i‐PRF), is effective in repairing RSI remains unclear. In this study, blood was drawn from humans and Sprague–Dawley rats to prepare PRP and i‐PRF, and the regenerative functions of PRP and i‐PRF were investigated by exposing the dorsal skin of SD rats to local radiation (45 Gy) and exposing HDF‐α cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cells to X‐rays (10 Gy). The healing effect of i‐PRF on RSI was analysed by tube formation assay, cell migration and apoptosis assays, ROS assay, wound healing assay, histological characterisation and immunostaining. The results showed that exposure to high doses of radiation reduced cell viability, increased ROS levels and induced cell apoptosis, thereby causing dorsal trauma of rats. However, both PRP and i‐PRF could resisted RSI, and they were capable of reducing inflammation and promoting angiogenesis and vascular regeneration. i‐PRF has a higher concentration of platelets and platelet‐derived growth factors, which has a more convenient preparation method and better repair effect and possesses a good application prospect for the repair of RSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of broadband light (BBL) combined with intradermal injection of tranexamic acid for treating melasma. Methods: 120 women with melasma admitted to our hospital from January 2021 to April 2022 were randomly categorized into the following groups: control group, treated with 250 mg tranexamic acid given orally twice daily, except during menstruation; group I, treated with BBL (Sciton, Inc., USA) monthly; group II, received intradermal injections of tranexamic acid monthly; and group III, treated with BBL with intradermal injection of tranexamic acid monthly. Treatment in each group lasted three months. The MASI (Melasma Area Severity Index) and VISIA (Canfield VISIA Complexion Analysis) were used for evaluation. Results: After treatment course, MASI scores and VISIA brown spot and red zone ranking improved in all four groups (p < 0.05). The decrease in MASI scores and improvement rates of VISIA brown spot and red zone rankings were not significantly different among the control group, group I, and group II; however, the decreased MASI scores and improvement rates of VISIA brown spot and red zone rankings were significantly higher in group III than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The effect of BBL combined with the intradermal injection of TA in the treatment of melasma is remarkable. This combination therapy can be an alternative and effective treatment for managing melasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The inclusion complexes (ICs) improved the antioxidation ability of apple polyphenols. • ICs decreased susceptibility of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) to frozen oxidation. • The MPs degradation were inhibited by ICs with concentration on 0.2–1.6 mg/mL. • 1.6 mg/mL ICs most effectively improved the tissue structure of frozen muscle. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion complexes (ICs) on the oxidative stability of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) and microstructures in lamb during frozen storage. The inclusion process between apple polyphenols (APs) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and the antioxidant activity of APs. Results showed that the sensitivity of MPs to oxidation improved after 40 weeks. The ICs (0.2–1.6 mg/mL) significantly reduced the carbonyl content, particle size aggregation, protein degradation, fluorescence quenching effect, and decreased the α-helix contents loss of MPs. Additionally, the changes in protein oxidation showed a correlation with the microstructure of muscles, and the addition of 1.6 mg/mL IC remarkably improved the structure of muscle tissues while that of 3.2 mg/mL IC was detrimental to the structural properties. Overall, the exertion of antioxidant activity significantly influenced the cryoprotective effect of ICs on frozen lamb meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three inclusion complexes prepared effectively improved the solubility of sesamol. • The phenol hydroxyl group of sesamol first inserted into the cavity of β-CDs. • Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces stabilized the structure of complex. • Sesamol/ HP-β-CD inclusion complex showed higher antioxidant activity. • HP-β-CD was the optimal host molecule. Sesamol is a natural organic phenolic compound with great application potential in the food and chemical industries. However, its instability and poor aqueous solubility have hindered its usage. In our work, three inclusion complexes (ICs) with cyclodextrins (2-hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin [HP-β-CD], methyl-β-cyclodextrin [M-β-CD], sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin [SBE-β-CD]) as host molecules and sesamol as a guest molecule (molar ratio 1:1) were prepared by co-precipitation. Three β-CDs were considered as effective embedding materials to improve the water-solubility of sesamol. The characterization results and molecular model of the ICs revealed that sesamol could be inserted into the hydrophobic cavity of β-CDs with the lowest binding affinity (sesamol/HP-β-CD IC with −4.4 kcal/mol, sesamol/M-β-CD IC with −4.3 kcal/mol, sesamol/SBE-β-CD IC with −4.2 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the results of noncovalent interactions analysis based on reduced density gradients showed that the hydrogen-bonds and van der Waals interactions were the key driving forces in sesamol/HP-β-CD and sesamol/M-β-CD IC, while weak van der Waals forces were the key driving forces in sesamol/SBE-β-CD IC. In addition, the radical scavenging capacity of sesamol/ HP-β-CD IC was significantly higher than free sesamol and other two ICs. Thus, HP-β-CD was the optimal host molecule for the preparation of sesamol inclusion complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited evidence exists regarding the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in newborns. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential risk of elevated TSH levels in infants exposed to maternal GDM, considering the type and number of abnormal values obtained from the 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Methods: A population-based, prospective birth cohort study was conducted in Wuhan, China. The study included women who underwent GDM screening using a 75-g OGTT. Neonatal TSH levels were measured via a time-resolved immunofluorescence assay. We estimated and stratified the overall risk (adjusted Risk Ratio [RR]) of elevated TSH levels (defined as TSH > 10 mIU/L or > 20 mIU/L) in offspring based on the type and number of abnormal OGTT values. Results: Out of 15,236 eligible mother-offspring pairs, 11.5% (1,753) of mothers were diagnosed with GDM. Offspring born to women diagnosed with GDM demonstrated a statistically significant elevation in TSH levels when compared to offspring of non-GDM mothers, with a mean difference of 0.20 [95% CI: 0.04–0.36]. The incidence of elevated TSH levels (TSH > 10 mIU/L) in offspring of non-GDM women was 6.3 per 1,000 live births. Newborns exposed to mothers with three abnormal OGTT values displayed an almost five-fold increased risk of elevated TSH levels (adjusted RR 4.77 [95% CI 1.64–13.96]). Maternal fasting blood glucose was independently and positively correlated with neonatal TSH levels and elevated TSH status (TSH > 20 mIU/L). Conclusions: For newborns of women with GDM, personalized risk assessment for elevated TSH levels can be predicated on the type and number of abnormal OGTT values. Furthermore, fasting blood glucose emerges as a critical predictive marker for elevated neonatal TSH status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a method of determining grid sizes of finite element method of water quality models for a geometrically complex river course. Concentration fields of pollutants in a river; Basis of distribution curve of cumulative flow rate and number of flow zones.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health concern characterized by pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling. Traditional Chinese medicine, such as Modified Jiawei Bushen Yiqi Formula (MBYF), has been used as a complementary therapy for COPD in China. To investigate the therapeutic potential of MBYF in a rat model of COPD induced by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and explore the underlying mechanism. The COPD rat model was established through 24 weeks of CS exposure, with MBYF administration starting in the 9th week. Pulmonary function, histological analysis, inflammatory cell count and molecular assays were employed to assess the effects of MBYF on airway remodeling, pulmonary inflammation, neutrophils chemotaxis and the IL17 signaling pathway. MBYF treatment effectively delayed airway remodeling, as evidenced by improved pulmonary function parameters. Histological examination and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis revealed that MBYF mitigated CS-induced pulmonary inflammation by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration. Pharmacological network analysis suggested that MBYF may act through the IL17 signaling pathway to regulate inflammatory responses. RNA-sequencing and molecular assays indicated that MBYF inhibited neutrophils chemotaxis through downregulating the CXCL1/CXCL5/CXCL8-CXCR2 axis, and suppressed IL17A, IL17F and its downstream cytokines, including IL6, TNFα, IL1β, and COX2. Furthermore, MBYF inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in the IL17 signaling pathway. MBYF exhibits potential as an adjunct or alternative treatment for COPD, effectively mitigating CS-induced pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling through the inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis and IL17 signaling pathway. Mechanism of modified Bushen Yiqi formula (MBYF) mitigates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling in COPD. MBYF reduces neutrophil chemotaxis by inhibiting the CXCL1/CXCL5/CXCL8-CXCR2 axis, and these effects might be achieved by suppressing IL17 signaling pathway. [Display omitted] • COPD Breakthrough: Modified Bushen Yiqi Formula (MBYF) delays airway remodeling, reduces inflammation in COPD treatment. • Mechanism Unveiled: MBYF modulates IL-17 signaling, inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines. • Comprehensive Approach: Study assesses MBYF's COPD impact using pulmonary tests, histology, network analysis, RNA-seq, and molecular assays. • Clinical Potential: MBYF may be a valuable anti-inflammatory therapy for COPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and uniform seed germination is required for modern cropping system. Thus, it is important to optimize germination performance through breeding strategies in maize, in which identification for key regulators is needed. Here, we characterized an AP2/ERF transcription factor, ZmEREB92, as a negative regulator of seed germination in maize. Enhanced germination in ereb92 mutants is contributed by elevated ethylene signaling and starch degradation. Consistently, an ethylene signaling gene ZmEIL7 and an α-amylase gene ZmAMYa2 are identified as direct targets repressed by ZmEREB92. OsERF74, the rice ortholog of ZmEREB92, shows conserved function in negatively regulating seed germination in rice. Importantly, this orthologous gene pair is likely experienced convergently selection during maize and rice domestication. Besides, mutation of ZmEREB92 and OsERF74 both lead to enhanced germination under cold condition, suggesting their regulation on seed germination might be coupled with temperature sensitivity. Collectively, our findings uncovered the ZmEREB92-mediated regulatory mechanism of seed germination in maize and provide breeding targets for maize and rice to optimize seed germination performance towards changing climates. Author summary: Seed germination is a crucial step for agricultural production, yet the regulatory mechanism in many crops remains unclear. We demonstrated that ZmEREB92 negatively regulates maize seed germination in a temperature-sensitive manner. In suitable condition, ZmEREB92 is transcriptionally inhibited during imbibition, thereby releasing the expression of ZmEIL7 and ZmAMYa2 to enhance ethylene signaling and starch degradation, which ensures timely germination. When the temperature is low, the expression of ZmEREB92 is strongly induced after imbibition. The increased level of ZmEREB92 directly represses the transcription of ZmEIL7 and ZmAMYa2 by binding to their promoters, leading to inhibited seed germination. The rice ortholog of ZmEREB92, OsERF74, is functionally conserved in controlling seed germination in rice, and this orthologous gene pair show evidences of selection during maize and rice domestication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Triptonide inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis and autophagy. • Numerous lncRNAs and mRNAs expressions are dysregulated by triptonide in GC2 cells. • Obox4-ps35 protects against triptonide-induced reproductive toxicity. • Providing evidence for further exploring lncRNAs' role in triptonide toxicity. Triptonide reportedly has strong antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its severe toxicity, including to the reproductive system, has greatly restricted its use in patients who wish to preserve fertility. lncRNAs play crucial roles in male fertility and reportedly regulate triptonide's antitumor activity. However, whether lncRNAs are involved in triptonide-induced reproductive toxicity is unknown. Here, we showed that triptonide induced significant cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by reduced cell viability and induction of apoptosis and autophagy in mouse germ cells (a spermatocyte cell line, GC2). The expression levels of numerous lncRNAs and mRNAs in GC2 cells were altered at the transcriptome level after treatment with triptonide for 24 h, as determined by RNA sequencing. Gene ontology and pathway analyses showed that the functions of the differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were closely linked with many processes, including gene expression regulation, cell death, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation and development and others. After validating our RNA-seq data, we selected one lncRNA, Obox4-ps35, dramatically induced by triptonide for further investigation. Obox4-ps35 knock-out aggravated triptonide-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing cell survival and increasing apoptosis and autophagy rates. These data suggest that germ cells exposed to triptonide overexpress Obox4-ps35 to protect against triptonide-induced cytotoxicity. This study provides preliminary evidence and novel directions for exploring roles of lncRNAs in triptonide-induced cytotoxicity, especially in reproductive toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper retrospectively analyzed 28 cases of children diagnosed with repeated intestinal malformations in our hospital from October 2014 to November 2016. The characteristics of ultrasound sonograms of children were evaluated. The images of intestinal repetitive malformations were classified and summarized to identify their common sites, the characteristics of various types of ultrasound sonograms, the main points of ultrasound diagnosis and identification, and the experience of ultrasound workers in daily inspection of children with repetitive malformations of the digestive tract. We analyzed the images of some common complications caused by repeated bowel malformations and identified the main points of ultrasound diagnosis. We then compared the results of ultrasound with other imaging findings, surgery, and pathologic results. At the same time, some special types of repeated bowel malformations were analyzed, discussed, and summarized to improve the understanding of ultrasound examination of gastrointestinal diseases in children, and show the superiority of children's abdominal intestine ultrasound. This study found that the ultrasound diagnosis of children with intestinal repetitive deformities has a high detection rate, clear images, clear anatomic levels, and clear blood flow conditions. Compared with other imaging methods, ultrasound has strong operability, real-time dynamics, strong specificity, and no radiation, and things are not easily misdiagnosed and missed. Therefore, ultrasound can be used as the preferred method for preoperative diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and postoperative follow-up review of repeated intestinal malformations in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene quantum dots capped in hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (GQDs@hMSN) exhibited great potential in medical applications due to its good optical properties and high drug loading capacity. Compared with antibodies, peptide has a better affinity with target proteins. Herein, we demonstrated efficient targeting of triple-negative breast cancer with GQDs@hMSN, which was conjugated to a peptide ligand, F3 against nucleolin, to form GQDs@hMSN-F3. The core/shell GQDs@hMSN and GQDs@hMSN-F3 had diameters of 100 nm and 130 nm, respectively, based on transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic laser scattering (DLS) measurement. Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded onto GQDs@hMSN with a relatively high loading capacity. Systematic in vitro and in vivo studies were performed to investigate the targeting specificity and tissue distribution of GQDs@hMSN conjugates. Fluorescence microscopy examination and flow cytometry confirmed the targeting specificity of F3-attached GQDs@hMSN conjugates against cell nucleolin. A more potent uptake of GQDs@hMSN-F3 in MDA-MB-231 nodules was witnessed when compared with that of non-targeted GQDs@hMSN. Based on the findings from cellular targeting and in vivo fluorescence imaging, F3-attached GQDs@hMSN conjugates had the potential to serve as an image-guidable, tumor-selective cargo delivery nanoplatform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being an important I-III-VI green quantum dot (QD), AgInS 2 (AIS) has been used as sensitizers for QD sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) but with low power conversion efficiency (PCE). Herein, we have used oleylamine as surfactant to synthesize AIS and quaternary Zn-Ag-In-S (ZAIS) QDs via a facile and green method. The assembled AIS QDSCs show high PCE of 2.46%. After doping with Zn to form ZAIS QDs, the defect states have been modified, resulting in the enhanced photoluminescence. The assembled ZAIS QDSCs receive the greatly enhanced PCE of 4.50% with dramatically increased current density. Various characterizations verify that the high quality of QDs, large recombination resistance at QD/electrolyte interface, high photon to electron conversion efficiency and longer electron life are contributed by the tuned intrinsic defects which are strongly related with synthesis and composition, finally leading to the high performance of photovoltaic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spintronic theory is developed to describe the effect of bias voltages on the magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a single-crystal barrier. The theory is founded on a conventional optical diffraction method and has already explained the barrier thickness effect, the temperature effect, and the half-metallic electrode effect in the MTJs with a periodic grating barrier. We find that the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) will oscillate with the bias voltage. This theoretical result can interpret the bias dependence observed in experiments. The range of bias voltage where the oscillations arise can be regulated by the barrier thickness and the spin polarization of the electrodes. In particular, it demonstrates that the bias voltage smaller than 100 mV can hardly change the properties of TMR oscillations on the barrier thickness, which is in agreement with the experiments. Finally, a practical method is proposed to enhance and optimize the output voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have explored the correlation between asthma medication and features on HRCT images. We aim to analyse the differences and temporal changes of lung function and airway resistance in asthma with diverse HRCT phenotypes in a short period after inhalation of budesonide/formoterol. Method: This observational study recruited 55 adult patients with varying severities of asthma. We performed detailed airway metrics measurements of chest CT scans, such as airway wall thickness (WT), wall area percentage (WA%), wall thickness percentage (T/OR), and airways with an inner perimeter of 10 mm (Pi10). The effect of lung structural features on asthma medication response was explored according to the WA% and T/OR twelve hours post-drug administration. Using multivariable regression models, we then assessed the influence of WA% on lung function. Results: WA% (p < 0.001) and T/OR (p < 0.001) significantly increased in asthma than in healthy control subjects. Compared to mild asthma, airway walls were further thickened (WA%, p = 0.023; T/OR: p = 0.029) and associated with lumen narrowing (Pi10, p = 0.055) in moderate to severe asthma. WA% and T/OR correlated well with lung function (FEV1, FVC, MMEF, and PEF) and airway resistance (R5, R20, Rp, and Fres). Regression analysis showed that MEF25 decreased with increasing age and WA% (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.001). Patients with thickened airway walls experienced a maximal increase in FVC, FEV1, and PEF at 2 h (p < 0.001) and a maximal decrease of R5, Z5, and Rp at 2 h (p < 0.001) in those with a thickened airway pattern. Conclusions: Asthma patients with different bronchial wall thicknesses exhibited variable lung function changes. Specifically, patients with thick airway wall patterns were more sensitive to inhaled budesonide in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main causes of severe diabetic heart failure and mortality is diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a cardiovascular condition attributable to diabetes with a high incidence, a complicated and unexplained pathophysiology, and poor treatment results. Current findings have demonstrated that the onset of diabetic cardiomyopathy involves autophagy, inflammation, and mitochondrial damage. Myocardial autophagy behaves differently in different states,and one of the targets for the detection and treatment of cardiovascular illnesses like diabetic cardiomyopathy may be the control of autophagy. The role of human umbilical cord Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (HUCMSC-EXO) as a non-cellular system in the repair of cardiomyocytes, the evolution of diabetic cardiomyopathy and their cardioprotective effects are gradually being recognized. This study's objectives were to assess the therapeutic benefits of HUCMSC-EXO for diabetic cardiomyopathy and to look into their potential mechanisms of action. High-speed centrifugation was used to extract HUCMSC-EXO, and the shape of the exosomes was examined using transmission electron microscopy. Immunoblotting was used to determine the expression of CD9, CD63, and TSG101 molecules on the surface of the exosomes. A high-fat, high-sugar diet mixed with streptozotocin was used to build a rat model of type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac function, ventricular wall thickness and cardiac histological changes were examined by cardiac ultrasound, serum BNP and histology. In cardiac myocytes, HUCMSC-EXO reduced the levels of autophagy-related protein expression. Additionally, immunoblotting supported our suspicion that this mechanism is strongly tied to the activation of the AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway. So, we propose that it would be a good strategy to follow for treating diabetic cardiomyopathy. These findings offer both fresh concepts for building a model of diabetic cardiomyopathy and a creative theoretical framework for using HUCMSC-EXO to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy in a clinical setting. • In diabetic cardiomyopathy, autophagy is a crucial process for the emergence, development, and enhancement of heart function. • Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord Mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSC-EXO) control diabetic cardiomyopathy's cardiac dysfunction and safeguard injured cardiomyocytes via autophagy. • For the clinical management of diabetic cardiomyopathy, HUCMSC-EXO can influence the regulation of autophagy through the AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway and enhance heart function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic degradation of harmful organic matter is a feasible and environmentally friendly method. Bi2WO6 has become a hotspot of photocatalysts because of its unique layered structure and visible light response. In the present study, Sn doping was adopted to modified Bi2WO6 by hydrothermal method. The Sn-doped Bi2WO6 photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, PL, and DRS, respectively. The results show that Sn-doped Bi2WO6 shows three-dimensional (3D) flower-like morphology, which is composed of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets. Sn4+ ions enter into the Bi2WO6 lattice, producing a degree of Bi2WO6 lattice distortion, which is in favor of reducing the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Moreover, the specific surface area of Bi2WO6 is significantly increased after doping, which is beneficial to providing more active sites. The photocatalytic results show that 2%Sn-Bi2WO6 exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity. After 60 min of irradiation, the photocatalytic degradation degree of methylene blue (MB) increases from 80.6% for pure Bi2WO6 to 92.0% for 2%Sn-Bi2WO6. The first-order reaction rate constant of 2%Sn-Bi2WO6 is 0.030 min−1, which is 1.7 times than that of pure Bi2WO6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron transfer between metal‐oxides and supports considerably affects the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) performance of catalysts, while this is far from being well understood. Herein, molybdenum dioxide with oxygen vacancies (VO‐MoO2) catalysts derived from Mo‐based metal‐organic frameworks are anchored on electron‐rich nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (NC) to obtain excellent ODS activity and reusability. Results show that either dibenzothiophene (DBT) or 4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6‐DMDBT) is removed 100% on the composite catalyst (VO‐MoO2@NC) within 40 min of reaction when cumene hydroperoxide is chosen as an oxidant. After five cycles of reaction, DBT and 4,6‐DMDBT removal still exceeded 99.5 and 95.0%, respectively. Results from density functional theory calculations and characterizations confirm that the strong electron‐donating effect of NC on VO‐MoO2 can promote the dispersion of VO‐MoO2 and reduce the bond energy of the MoO bond, leading to exposure of active sites and enrichment of oxygen vacancies (VO). Furthermore, the strong interfacial electrostatic interaction caused by the electron transfer from NC to VO‐MoO2 can reduce the leaching of active sites of the catalyst. This study provides a versatile strategy of constructing strong electronic interaction between metal‐oxide and support via anchoring on NC for the design of high‐performance ODS catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need for techniques that ensure antibiotic removal in anaerobic digesters for robust methane production. In this article, we discuss recent strategies for enhanced antibiotic removal from swine wastewater and offer insights on anaerobic digestion (AD) process design for improved antibiotic removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Ag 3 PO 4 /PANI/Cr:SrTiO 3 photocatalysts were designed to effectively eliminate organic pollutants including Rhodamine B and phenol from high salinity wastewater under visible light. The phase composition, optical properties, and morphology of powders were studied, and the effects of inorganic salts on removal performance of the as-prepared particles were also tested. Results showed that the photocatalytic activities of Ag 3 PO 4 /PANI/Cr:SrTiO 3 composites for Rhodamine B and phenol reached 100% within 10 min and 18 min, respectively. The reaction rate of pure Ag 3 PO 4 was 7 times less than that of the ternary composite with the adding of PANI and Cr:SrTiO 3. The activity of Ag 3 PO 4 /PANI/Cr:SrTiO 3 remained at 92.25% after five cycles, so the photocatalytic and recyclable performance of ternary composite was greatly improved. In addition, when there was SO 4 2− with a content of ranging from 1% to 21%, the degradation activity of the ternary catalyst under visible light was not changed for Rhodamine B, which indicated that the ternary catalyst exhibited the excellent sulfate resistance ability. Results from ESR and radical trapping experiments showed that O 2 − and h+ made an important contribution to visible-light photocatalytic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used to treat cancers and systemic autoimmune diseases. However, it is severely toxic to healthy cells, especially those of the reproductive system, and therefore poses a great risk to patient fertility. In addition, the underlying mechanism of MTX‐induced reproductive toxicity has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, a spermatocyte cell line (GC2) was used as an in vitro model system to determine whether MTX induces autophagy and apoptosis, and to elucidate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ in these two processes. Treatment with MTX resulted in a dramatic decrease in cell viability, inhibition of cell proliferation, collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase 3, suggesting that MTX induced apoptosis. Moreover, MTX activated autophagy, as indicated by conversion of LC3‐I to LC3‐II (microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3) and an increase in the number of LC3 puncta. Furthermore, MTX triggered ROS overproduction, rather than a Ca2+ burst. Intriguingly, eliminating excess ROS significantly alleviated MTX‐induced apoptosis and autophagy. In addition, inhibiting autophagy significantly reversed apoptosis and promoted cell survival, indicating that autophagy aggravated MTX‐induced apoptosis in GC2 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that ROS signalling, not Ca2+, is critical in mediating MTX‐induced autophagy and apoptosis and autophagy serves as a promoted partner of apoptosis to deteriorate MTX‐induced cytotoxicity in GC2 cells. The findings from this study provide new perspectives for evaluating the reproductive toxicity of MTX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical public health and socioeconomic problem worldwide. The herb pair Astragali Radix (AR)-Radix Angelica Sinensis (RAS) is a common prescribed herbal formula or is added to other Chinese medicine prescriptions for traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the active ingredients and action targets of AR-RAS based on the combined methods of network pharmacology prediction and experimental verification. Furthermore, the corresponding potential mechanisms of “multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways” were disclosed. Methods. A network pharmacology approach including ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) filter analysis, target prediction, known therapeutic targets collection, Gene Ontology (GO), pathway enrichment analysis, and network construction was used in this study. Further verification experiments were performed to reveal the therapeutic effects of AR-RAS in a rat model of TBI. Results. The comprehensive systematic approach was to successfully identify 14 bioactive ingredients in AR-RAS, while 33 potential targets hit by these ingredients related to TBI. Based on GO annotation analysis, multiple biological processes were significantly regulated by AR-RAS. In addition, 89 novel signaling pathways (P<0.05) underlying the effects of AR-RAS for TBI treatment were identified by DAVID. The neurotrophin signaling pathway was suggested as the major related pathway targeted by AR-RAS to improve axonal growth. The animal experiment confirmed that AR-RAS significantly induced tissue recovery and improved neurological deficits on the 14th day (P<0.01). Treatment with AR-RAS markedly reduced the protein and mRNA expression level of NogoA in the hippocampus of TBI rats. Conclusion. Our work illuminates the “multicompounds, multitargets, and multipathways” curative action of AR-RAS in the treatment of TBI by network pharmacology. The animal experiment verifies the effects of AR-RAS on neurological function improvement and axonal outgrowth via downregulation of NogoA expression, providing a theoretical basis for further research on treatment of TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Rhubarb, a traditional Chinese medicine, promotes viscera and remove blood stasis. Rhubarb is skilled in smoothening meridians, improving blood circulation which exhibits better efficacy on cerebral ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to analyze the underlying mechanisms of rhubarb which treated rats of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model according to an iTRAQ-based proteomics and bioinformatics analysis. 30 rats were randomly allocated into three groups including sham group (SG), model group (MG), and rhubarb group (RG). Rhubarb group was given a gavage of rhubarb decoction at dose of 3 g/kg and the remaining groups were prepared with normal saline by gavage. Rats from MG and RG were induced into MCAO model. The effects of rhubarb were estimated by Modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) and cerebral infarct volume. The brain tissues were measured via the quantitative proteomic approach of iTRAQ coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Furthermore, the bioinformatics analysis of overlapping differentially expression proteins (DEPs) was conducted by DAVID, KEGG, and Cytoscape. Specific selective DEPs were validated by Western blotting. Rats treated with rhubarb after MCAO showed a significant reduction on mNSS and cerebral infarct volume compared with MG. In MG versus SG and RG versus MG, we identified a total of 4578 proteins, of which 287 were DEPs. There were 76 overlapping DEPs between MG versus SG and RG versus MG. Through bioinformatics analysis, 14 associated pathways were searched including cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, tuberculosis, synaptic vesicle cycle, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, long-term potentiation, and so on. 76 overlapping DEPs mainly involved synaptic vesicle cycling biological processes based on GO annotation. Further, the selective overlapping DEPs were verified at the protein level by using Western blotting. Our present study reveals that rhubarb highlights promising neuroprotective effect. Rhubarb exerts novel therapeutic action via modulating multiple proteins, targets, and pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new bioflocculant was produced by culturing Rhodococcus erythropolis in a cheap medium. When culture pH was 7.0, inoculum size was 2 % ( v/ v), NaHPO concentration was 0.5 g L, and the ratio of sludge/livestock wastewater was 7:1 ( v/ v), a maximum flocculating rate of 87.6 % could be achieved. Among 13 different kinds of pretreatments for sludge, the optimal one was the thermal-alkaline pretreatment. Different from a bioflocculant produced in a standard medium, this bioflocculant was effective over a wide pH range from 2 to 12 with flocculating rates higher than 98 %. Approximately, 1.6 g L of crude bioflocculant could be harvested using cold ethanol for extraction. This bioflocculant showed color removal rates up to 80 % when applied to direct and disperse dye solutions, but only 23.0 % for reactive dye solutions. Infrared spectrum showed that the bioflocculant contained functional groups such as -OH, -NH, and -CONH. Components in the bioflocculant consisted of 91.2 % of polysaccharides, 7.6 % of proteins, and 1.2 % of DNA. When the bioflocculant and copper sulfate (CuSO) were used together for decolorization in actual dye wastewater, the optimum decolorization conditions were specified by the response surface methodology as pH 11, bioflocculant dosage of 40 mg/L, and CuSO 80 mg/L, under which a decolorization rate of 93.9 % could be reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycloastragenol (CAG), a secondary metabolite from the roots of Astragalus zahlbruckneri, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects in heart, skin and liver diseases. However, its role in asthma remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of CAG on airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse asthma model. The current study evaluated the lung function and levels of inflammation and autophagy via measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung histology examination, inflammatory cytokine measurement and western blotting, amongst other techniques. The results demonstrated that CAG attenuated OVA-induced AHR in vivo. In addition, the total number of leukocytes and eosinophils, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and immunoglobulin E were diminished in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the OVA-induced murine asthma model. Histological analysis revealed that CAG suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration and goblet cell secretion. Notably, based on molecular docking simulation, CAG was demonstrated to bind to the active site of autophagy-related gene 4-microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 complex, which explains the reduced autophagic flux in asthma caused by CAG. The expression levels of proteins associated with autophagy pathways were inhibited following treatment with CAG. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that CAG exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in asthma, and its role may be associated with the inhibition of autophagy in lung cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common bacterial pathogens have become resistant to traditional antibiotics, representing an indispensable public health crisis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), especially when common visible light sources are used as photodynamic power, is a promising bactericidal method. Based on the special photodynamic properties triggered by commonly available light emitting diode (LED) lamps, a kind of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) based composite system (termed GQDs@hMSN(EM)) was prepared through loading both GQDs and erythromycin (EM) into the hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticle (hMSN), aiming to achieve joint antimicrobial effect. Bacterial density experiments confirmed that GQDs@hMSN(EM) had combined antimicrobial effects from photodynamic effect and drug release on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In animal models, the healing degree of wounds infected by bacteria also confirmed that GQDs@hMSN(EM) group had the best therapeutic effect, with the significantly reduced inflammatory factors in blood. Different from traditional GQDs synthesized by solvothermal method, the as-prepared GQDs@hMSN can produce singlet oxygen (1O 2) under light exposure to destroy the structure of bacteria, thus achieving highly efficient antimicrobial effect. The GQDs@hMSN(EM) in this work possesses good antimicrobial activity, sufficient drug loading, and controllable drug release ability, which provides a new opportunity for GQDs-based nanoplatform to enhance antimicrobial effect and reduce their drug resistance. • An antibiotic-photodynamic combined modality using GQDs was prepared. • The photodynamic properties can be triggered by commonly available LED lamps. • 1O 2 releasing from GQDs destroy the structure of bacteria. • The combined therapy was verified in wound therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilic VOCs (volatile organic compounds) were applied to explore their positive influence on the elimination of the single hydrophobic VOC in biotrickling filters (BTFs). Comparison experiments were carried to evaluate the effect of 4-methyl-2-pentanone and toluene on the performance of BTFs for n-hexane removal. The results showed that the existence of 4-methyl-2-pentanone improved the removal performance of BTFs at short gas empty bed contact time (EBRT) of 15 s and low temperature of 10 °C. The degradation of n-hexane in the presence of 4-methyl-2-pentanone was slightly enhanced with a loading ratio of 6:1. When the mixing ratio was greater than 4, toluene significantly promoted the biodegradation of n-hexane with toluene loading rate less than 10 g m−3 h−1. Additionally, The promotion effect was not only reflected in the contents of proteins and polysaccharides, but also in the growth rates of microorganisms in biofilms. This work discussed the detailed effect between n-hexane and hydrophilic VOCs in BTFs, which would contribute to develop a more economical method to improve the removal performance of hydrophobic VOCs in BTFs. Image 1 • Hydrophilic VOCs improve BTF performance for n-hexane at low EBRTs and temperatures. • Both toluene and 4-methyl-2-pentanone promote the degradation of n-hexane in BTFs. • Mass of biofilms in BTFs increased at the presence of each of the hydrophobic VOCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fe-N/C catalysts were synthesized facilely via in-situ Fe doping and calcination. • Hierarchical porous structure and size of Fe-N/C was adjusted by Fe doping. • Fe-N/C exhibited outstanding performance for the degradation of bisphenol F. • Fe-N/C-PMS system showed high tolerance to the pH and water constituents. • Dominant singlet oxygen was identified and activation mechanism was elucidated. Fabrication of high-performance, cost-effective and environmentally friendly carbocatalysts for environmental remediation is still a challenge. In this study, a series of iron and nitrogen co-doped porous carbon catalysts (Fe-N/C) were prepared through pyrolysis of Fe-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8. The catalytic performance of the Fe-N/C was evaluated for the degradation of bisphenol F via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Fe-N/C at appropriate Fe doping (0.5–5.0%) possessed hierarchically porous architecture with abundant micro- and meso-pores, rich defects, enhanced N doping and conductivity. Compared with N/C, Fe-N/C retained original polyhedral morphology and the particle size could be tuned by controlling Fe doping amount. An optimized catalyst, 1.0%Fe-N/C was obtained, which exhibited superior catalytic activity for the degradation of bisphenol F. The rate constant was 34.0 and 6.1 times of that for N/C and benchmark catalyst Co 3 O 4 , respectively. More importantly, the 1.0%Fe-N/C-PMS system was not affected by pH and common water components, and had high selectivity of organic contaminants. The mechanism of PMS activation by 1.0%Fe-N/C was examined with chemical, electrochemical and physical analyses (chemical probes, solvent exchange, ESR spectra and radical trapping). The results indicated that singlet oxygen was proved as the primary reactive species responsible for the degradation. Furthermore, Fe-N x , pyridinic/graphitic N and structural defects were possible catalytically active sites. This study provides a new insight for development of high-performance carbocatalysts toward environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The novel photocatalysts Ag 3 PO 4 @γ-G were successfully synthesized facilely. • An electrons transfer layer in catalyst composite was successfully constructed and proved. • The composite photocatalysts exhibited superior photocatalytic activities and great stability under visible light irradiation. • The pathway for photocatalytic degradation of 2-Hydroxynaphthalene and norfloxacin were proposed. γ-graphyne (γ-G), as a new kind of 2D carbon allotrope that consists of sp- and sp2-hybrid carbon atoms, has great potential in the development of highly efficient photocatalytic systems because of its unique properties. In this study, novel photocatalysts Ag 3 PO 4 @γ-G with excellent photocatalytic activity and photostability were successfully synthesized by a facile preparation method. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation results of Ag 3 PO 4 @γ-G composite, including the band charge density distributions, three-dimensional charge density difference and planar average electrostatic potential, indicated the successful construction of electrons transfer layer in Ag 3 PO 4 @γ-G composite. The photogenerated electrons of Ag 3 PO 4 can be rapidly transferred to the γ-G under the driving of built-in potential well, which leads to the high separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and greatly improves the photocatalytic performance of catalysts. The photocatalytic degradation rate of norfloxacin (NFL), 2-Hydroxynaphthalene (2-HNP) and phenol over the binary composite catalyst could reach 100 % only after 8, 5 and 16 min of visible light irradiation respectively, and the apparent rate constants of which were 15.3, 9.6 and 19.7 times higher than that of the pure Ag 3 PO 4 respectively. The analyses of LC–MS and 3D EEMs showed that the 2-HNP and NFL mainly degraded into short-chain carboxylic acids. The results of free radical quenching experiment and ESR characterization suggested that all kinds of active species worked in the degradation process, while the photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals played a dominant role. The novel addition of γ-G and the construction of electrons transfer layer in photocatalysts provide a new strategy for the design of efficient environmental remediation catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the performances and mechanisms of UV/ferrate(VI) oxidation were investigated comprehensively using 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as a probe compound. UV/ferrate(VI) oxidation could efficiently degrade 2,4-DCP and its oxidation ability outperformed conventional UV-based advanced oxidation processes. Moreover, the degradation process of 2,4-DCP followed the pseudo-first order kinetics. In the absence of phosphate buffer, the rate constant of 2,4-DCP degradation increased from 9.4 × 10−3 to 2.4 × 10−2 min−1 when pH value was increased from 3.0 to 6.0. However, the degradation was significantly inhibited by phosphate buffer at an identical pH due to the complexation of phosphate with the ferrate(VI) decay products. HCO 3 − appreciably accelerated the degradation of 2,4-DCP, while Cl− showed a negligible effect on the degradation. For the first time, combining with the results of chemical probe method, competitive kinetic experiment, electron spin resonance spectra and radical quenching studies, superoxide radicals were demonstrated as the dominant reactive species responsible for the degradation. On the basis of the intermediates detected by LC-MS/MS analysis, a pathway for 2,4-DCP degradation was proposed. This study provides a novel approach for contaminant removal using UV/ferrate(VI) oxidation and sheds new insights into the oxidation mechanisms. Image 1 • The oxidation ability of UV/ferrate(VI) was superior to most UV-based AOPs. • UV/ferrate(VI) could oxidize 2,4-dichlorophenol efficiently. • Phosphate-buffered system inhibited the efficiency of UV/ferrate(VI) oxidation. • Superoxide radicals were main reactive species contributing to the degradation. • The generation of superoxide radicals was notably enhanced under UV irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• COD removal rate could reach 92.1% with initial COD concentration of 960 mg/L. • Acclimation of the microorganism led to high removal efficiency of nitrogen. • AMS activity and protein content in EPS could be fit by quadratic function model. • A peak was identified as active substances in 3-D EEM diagram. • SDBS inhibited the transport and metabolisms of amino acids, carbohydrate and lipids. Sequential vertical flow trickling filter and horizontal flow multi-soil-layering bioreactor were investigated for the treatment of decentralized domestic wastewater at various concentrations of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). Results have shown that the removal rate of COD could reach 92.1% at initial COD concentration of 960 mg/L (800 mg/L was provided by SDBS). NH 4 +-N concentration could be reduced from 52.4 to 9.71 mg/L without aeration. Besides, a quadratic function model was fit to describe the relationship between the relative activity of amylase and the protein content in extracellular polymer substance. SDBS could inhibit the transport and metabolisms of amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates in biofilms. The analysis of three-dimensional fluorescence diagram indicated that the peak in excitation/emission wavelengths = 310–340/370–430 nm was the characteristic peaks of some active substances such as some enzymes in EPS. Only Microbacterium could totally offset the toxicity of SDBS degradation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The development of the electroplating and battery industries has increased the environmental problems and the needs for resource recovery of Cd(II). In this study, the Electro-membrane extraction (EME) behaviour of Cd(II) was investigated by using polymer inclusion membrane with bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as carrier and polyvinyl chloride as base polymer(PD-PIM) at 0−80 V. Results showed that the EME of Cd(II) by PD-PIM can be obtained in the feed phase with pH 3–8 and stripping phase of dilute acid. Voltage is the main factor to increase the mass transfer rate of Cd(II). The applied electric field reduced the mass transfer activation energy of Cd(II) by PD-PIM and weakened the mass transfer interference of Cd(II) on the background material of the feed phase. After using kerosene-stabilised PD-PIM for operation at pH5, 60 V for 120 h, Cd(II) in the 1 L solution reduced from 15 mg/L to 0.08 mg/L, and the enrichment factor was 9.79. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of various supports on activation of peroxymonosulfate and consequent degradation of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) in aqueous solutions was examined at the presence of LaFeO 3 perovskite as catalyst. Results showed that the AO7 degradation efficiency by LaFeO 3 supported on different supports was in an order of LaFeO 3 /Al 2 O 3 (86.2%) > LaFeO 3 (70.8%) > LaFeO 3 /CeO 2 (59.0%) > LaFeO 3 /SiO 2 (52.3%) > LaFeO 3 /TiO 2 (32.2%). Moreover, the pseudo first-order rate constant for AO7 degradation by LaFeO 3 /Al 2 O 3 was 3.2 times than that by LaFeO 3. The enhancement was attributed to its large surface area, abundant chemisorbed surface-active oxygen, redox property and faster electron transfer. AO7 degradation and the leaching of iron ions decreased with the increase of pH. Data of electron spin resonance spectroscopy and quenching experiments revealed that sulfate and hydroxyl radicals were generated on LaFeO 3 /Al 2 O 3 surface, while sulfate radicals were identified to be the main reactive species responsible for AO7 degradation. Mechanisms for peroxymonosulfate activation were consequently proposed. Furthermore, LaFeO 3 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst exhibited a superior stability after five cycles. This work provides a new approach for design of iron-based perovskite catalysts with high and stable catalytic activity for removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solutions. Image 1 • Catalysts of LaFeO 3 perovskites were successfully prepared by the citric sol-gel method. • Support effect on catalytic properties of LaFeO 3 for PMS activation was reported. • LaFeO 3 /Al 2 O 3 showed the highest activity for AO7 degradation than other supported catalysts. • Surface-bound sulfate radical was identified responsible for AO7 degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel photocatalyst Ag 3 PO 4 @MWCNTs@PPy was successfully synthesized. • A spatial separation system of photogenerated carriers in catalyst composite was successfully constructed and proved. • A new method was proposed to prepare Ag 3 PO 4 particles with uniform small-size ranging from 0.2 to 1.4 μm. • A pathway for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride was proposed. Visible-light-driven photocatalysis is a promising technology in the environmental pollutant remediation, and charge separation is crucial for increasing the activity of photocatalysts. In this study, novel photocatalysts Ag 3 PO 4 @MWCNTs@PPy with excellent photocatalytic activity and photostability were successfully synthesized. The results of density functional theory (DFT) calculation and photochemical deposition experiments demonstrated that a spatial separation system of photogenerated carriers in Ag 3 PO 4 @MWCNTs@PPy composite was successfully constructed. The photogenerated electrons of Ag 3 PO 4 were readily transferred to MWCNTs and the photogenerated holes tended to migrate to the surface of PPy, resulting in superior separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and great enhancement of photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of phenol and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) over optimal ternary catalyst could reach 100% with visible light irradiation for 20 min and 5 min, respectively. Simultaneously, 80.12% of TOC removal efficiency was also achieved within 20 min on the mineralization of phenol. The LC–MS and 3D EEMs (three-dimensional excitation-emission-matrix spectra) analyses showed that TC was mainly degraded into small molecule acids, fulvic acids- and humic acids-like matters. In addition, a new method of preparing Ag 3 PO 4 with uniform small-sized particles was proposed, by which the large Ag 3 PO 4 polyhedron crystals with a diameter of 10–25 μm were transformed into particles in a range of 0.2–1.4 μm in diameter, and the apparent rate constant of phenol degradation by this small-sized Ag 3 PO 4 was 3.8 times of that by the large-sized. In this work a new photocatalyst with great application potential has been fabricated, and the strategy for constructing the carrier spatial separation system is promising and intriguing for designing high efficient photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Oxytetracycline could significantly inhibit nutrient removal and the duckweed growth. • 0.05 mg/L oxytetracycline enhanced photosynthetic pigment and protein synthesis. • The protein content in duckweed gradually decreased with the increased duration. • Twelve intermediates and degradation pathways of oxytetracycline were proposed. The concentration of antibiotics in anaerobically digested swine wastewater (ADSW) usually gradually increases due to the addition of antibiotics in livestock feed. Lemna aequinoctialis was used to treatment synthetic ADSW contaminated by oxytetracycline (OTC) whose concentrations were 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/L, and its influences on NH 3 -N and TP remove were investigated. The fresh weight, photosynthetic pigment and protein content of duckweed were also investigated. Results have shown that nutrient removal and duckweed growth followed the "dose-response" relationships, and 0.05 mg/L OTC could significantly promote the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and proteins in duckweed. Meanwhile, the protein content gradually decreased during investigation. More important, the degradation products and possible degradation pathways of OTC were diagrammatized via liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and twelve intermediates were detected in the duckweed systems. This study can offer a novel view for phytoremediation of ADSW containing antibiotics by aquatic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]