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In this paper, we study the propagation and evolution of higher-order mixed-pattern solitons in nonlinear media with a strong nonlocality. The propagation analytic formula of higher-order mixed-pattern solitons is derived and discussed in detail. Taking the fourth-order mixed-pattern solitons as an example and based on numerical calculations, we present the variations of second-order moment beam width, the light intensity, and the wavefront curvature. We show that the propagation evolution exhibits unique characteristics depending on different relative factors of higher-order mixed-pattern solitons. The influence of the beam order on the propagation evolution is also discussed.

Acellular allograft (ACA) improves the repair and reconstruction of long peripheral nerve defects. ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) carry a neuroprotective potential, and their effects on ACA bridging were elucidated. Thirty rats with long gap sciatic nerve defects (15 mm long) were randomly divided into three groups (n=10): ACA, ACA + PUFAs, and autograft (AU). Limb condition, wet weight of tibialis anterior muscle (TAM), nerve electrophysiology, S-100, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and percentage of splenic CD4+ and CD8 + T-lymphocytes were evaluated for 12 weeks after the operation. Rats in the AU and ACA + PUFA groups showed superior condition in affected limbs compared to the ACA group. At 12 wk after surgery, the wet weight of TAM in the ACA + PUFA group was higher than that in the ACA group (0.4519±0.1185vs.0.3049±0.1272;P<0.01) but lower than that in the AU group (0.4519±0.1185,0.5628±0.0092;P<0.05). In all the three groups, sole irritation elicited withdrawal reflex, and S-100 staining was detected in plantar skin. Moreover, horseradish peroxidase staining was overt in both the ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord. Nerve conduction velocity (m/s), amplitude of action potential (mV), or somatosensory evoked potentials in ACA + PUFAs (28.81±1.04,2.20±0.27,6.98±0.29) were significantly different from that in the AU (35.71±1.28,1.81±0.19,8.15±0.52;P<0.05) and ACA (20.03±1.94,2.95±0.36,5.22±0.53;P<0.01) groups. The percentages of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ cells were similar among the three groups. Omega-3 PUFAs improve the bridging effect of ACA on long gap peripheral nerve defects by promoting neuroprotection without arousing an immune response.

Traditional artificial lattice with untunable refractive index have been restricted to flexible applied to kinds of micro medium imaging. This study proposes a novel approach to quantifying lattice using nonlinear optically induced periodic lattice, which possesses a striking feature of tunable refractive index, to further broaden current knowledge of optical imaging equipment. We conduct self-dressed and dual-dressed nonlinear four-wave mixing (FWM) signal modulation in the atoms by using the dressing effect of standing waves, and then investigate the space amplitude modulation and synthetization (amplitude and phase) modulation of the electromagnetic induced lattice (EIL) of FWM signal at the atom surface. The EIL presented in the far-field diffraction region confirms that diffraction intensity of the FWM signal can be easily transformed from zero-order to higher-order based on the dispersion effects. The tunable EIL with ultra-fast diffraction energy change can contribute to a better understanding of nonlinear process and provides a further step toward developing two-dimensional nonlinear atomic higher-resolution.

The phenomenon of “dark resonances” is a well-known concept in quantum optics and laser spectroscopy. As a general rule, interactions involving in such a “dark state” lead to multiple quantum superposition states that interact coherently and are undesirable. In this paper, two types nonlinear interaction in an atomic cavity, namely the nested and cascaded interactions, are theoretically analyzed how the dark resonances form the dark state peak to modulate the vacuum Rabi splitting (VRS) and optical bistability (OB) behavior. In both the zero- and high order modes, there are four VRS peaks generated in the nested interaction and three in the cascade interaction. Dark resonance can modulate not only the peak number of VRS, but also the OB thresholds. It is found that dark state can determine the asymmetric OB distribution of nested type and symmetric OB distribution of cascade type. Besides that, the distinctive OB thresholds in two kinds of interaction also be studied. The observations not only conceptually extend the conventional “dark resonances” phenomenon, but also opens the door for a variety of new applications in tunable all-optical switch and quantum communication.

A light beam reflected and refracted at a sharp interface can acquire a momentum-dependent Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase, which produces a topological phase transition from one kind of spin–orbit interaction (e.g., spin-controlled vortex generation) to another (e.g., photonic spin-Hall effect). However, this process is extremely inefficient and difficult to observe directly in experiments, which also hinders its applications. Here, we propose to enhance significantly the topological phase transitions by c-cut uniaxial crystals. We first give a full-wave theory to describe the spin–orbit interactions of a beam passing through a c-cut uniaxial crystal and experimentally observe the topological phase transition process of the transmitted beam when the angle between the beam propagation direction and the optical axis direction changes. It is found that the efficiency of the spin–orbit interactions caused by the momentum-dependent PB phase can be increased as high as 50%, which is much larger than that at isotropic sharp interfaces. Our findings provide an alternative approach for manipulating the spin and orbital angular momenta of light and exhibit potential applications in the future spin–orbit photonic components.

In this paper, we show how the diffraction of light beams is balanced by the nonlinearity of graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures, which discretely occurs in the very thin graphene layers, forming spatial solitons. We also discuss the effects of the layer number and the peak E-field amplitude on the soliton width.

The impairment of cognitive function is one of the core symptoms in schizophrenia, and the degree of recovery is closely related to whether patients are able to rejoin society successfully.This study was to clarify the correlation between cognitive function and cerebral grey matter volume in schizophrenia.The neuro-cognitive functions of thirty-seven patients with first-episode schizophrenia (the patient group) and thirty healthy controls (the control group) was evaluated with the Clock Drawing Test, Trail Marking Test, Digit Span Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Semantic Similarity Test and Stroop Color-Word Test. The facial emotion cognitive task was employed to assess the facial emotion cognitive functions of thirty-two patients with first-episode schizophrenia (the patient group) and 29 healthy controls (the control group). The psychotic symptoms of patients with first-episode schizophrenia were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The brain imaging data of the patient group and control group were collected using the magnetic resonance imagine (MRI).The difference between the patient group and the control group in the results of Clock Drawing Test, Trail Marking Test, Digit Span Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Verbal Fluency Test, Semantic Similarity Test and Stroop Color-Word Test's reaction time were significant. These two groups' Slopes in the facial emotion cognitive task were also significantly different from each other. According to the comparison of cerebral grey matter volume between the patient group and the control group, it was found that the grey matter volume of the patient group increased in the left superior frontal gyrus, and decreased in the left occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus and upper cerebellum. Based on the analyses of neuro-cognitive data and brain imaging data of the patient group, the scores of the number of correct responses in Stroop Color-Word Test's Card C were negatively correlated with grey matter volumes of the left upper frontal gyrus, right upper frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus. The analyses on the facial emotion cognitive task and brain imaging data of the patient group showed that the slope data were positively correlated with grey matter volumes of the right superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus.There are general impairments in the neuro-cognitive functions and facial emotion cognitive functions of patients with first-episode schizophrenia, and the results suggest that brain areas with abnormal grey matter volumes are likely to be the brain structure and functional basis of the cognitive impairments.认知功能损害是精神分裂症的核心症状之一， 其恢复程度关系到患者能否重新回归社会。.明确精神分裂症认知功能与脑灰质体积的关系。.采用画钟测试、连线测试、数字广度测试、听 觉词语测试、威斯康星卡片分类测验、言语流畅性测 试、语义相似性测验、斯特鲁色词测试对37 例首发精 神分裂症住院患者（病例组）和30 名健康对照组（对 照组）进行神经认知功能检测，采用面孔情绪认知任 务测试对32 例首发精神分裂症住院患者（病例组）和 29 名健康对照组（对照组）进行面孔情绪认知功能检 测，采用阳性和阴性症状量表（Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale ，PANSS）评定首发精神分裂症住院患 者的精神症状，利用磁共振分别对病例组和对照组进 行脑部影像学数据的采集。.病例组和对照组在画钟测试、连线测试、数字 广度测验、听觉词语测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验、 言语流畅性测验、语义相似性测验、斯特鲁色词测验 反应时间中，两组间的差异有统计学意义；面孔情绪 认知任务测试斜率（Slope）之间有统计学意义；病例 组与对照组的脑灰质体积差异比较发现病例组的左侧 额上回的灰质体积增加，左侧枕下回、舌回和小脑上 部灰质体积减少；病例组神经认知数据与脑影像学数 据分析，斯特鲁色词测验中的卡片C 正确反应个数测 验分数，显示与左侧额上回和右侧额上回、额中回灰 质体积负相关；病例组面孔情绪认知任务与脑影像学 数据分析，病例组转换斜率数据的相关灰质异常脑区 为与右侧颞上回、颞中回，左侧颞中回、颞下回和梭 状回灰质体积成正相关。.首发精神分裂症住院患者的神经认知功能和面 孔情绪认知功能存在广泛性损害，上述结果提示灰质 体积异常脑区可能为认知功能障碍的脑结构和功能基 础。.

The propagation and transformation of four-petal Gaussian vortex beams in optical fractional Fourier transform system is investigated on the basis of the framework of Collins diffraction integral. The mathematical expression of propagation transformation is derived, and typical propagation and transformation characteristics are illustrated by numerical results. The effects of fractional Fourier order, beam order, vortex topological charge, beam width and lens focal length on the fractional Fourier transform of four-petal Gaussian vortex beams are discussed in detail. The four-petal Gaussian vortex beam has four petals rectangular symmetric intensity distribution in the source plane, which is different from the traditional circular symmetric vortex beam. The four-petal Gaussian vortex beam shows abundant transformation properties. The fractional Fourier transform system can be equivalent to other several optical systems, so the results obtained her e can be extended to other equivalent optical systems.

The nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NNLSE) describes the propagation dynamics of optical beams in nonlinear media with a spatial nonlocal response. Based on NNLSE, we obtain the generalized sine hollow solitons and breathers and show that the transverse intensity evolutions of them are always periodical. However, if the incident power takes a critical value, the beam width can remain invariant during the propagation, just like the solitons. Otherwise, the beam width varies periodically, just like the breathers. We investigate the evolution characteristics for both cases analytically and numerically in detail.

In this paper, the propagation properties of hollow Gaussian beams (HGBs) are discussed in detail when they are off-waist incident in strongly nonlocal media. A set of mathematic expressions are given to describe the evolutions of the beam intensity, the beam width, and the real beam radius. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate these propagation properties depended on the off-waist incidence. It is found that a HGB always periodically transforms its transverse patterns during propagation. Accordingly, the beam width and the real beam radius are also periodic during propagation. Keywords: Hollow Gaussian beam, Strongly nonlocal media, Propagation property, Off-waist incident case

In high-power laser systems for inertial confinement fusion, hot images may be intense enough to damage expensive optical components. Basing on split-step fast-Fourier-transform algorithm, the intensity and location of hot images of a spectrally dispersed sinusoidal phase modulated laser beam is numerically investigated. It is found that, the time-average intensity of hot image firstly decreases monotonically with the modulation depth and eventually reaches a certain minimum, then increases slowly and reaches a saturated value; in addition, with the modulation frequency and the grating dispersion coefficient increasing, the time-average intensity of hot image decreases generally; while the location of hot image always does not change. Finally, the influence of the distance from the obscuration to the nonlinear optical element on the suppression effect of spectral dispersion of sinusoidal phase modulated light on formation of hot images is discussed. The result is helpful to appropriately choose parameters of the spectrally dispersed sinusoidal phase modulated light to minimize the threat of optical damage of hot image and improve the performance of high-power laser system.

We theoretically investigate the co-propagation characteristics of two hollow solitons in (2+1)-dimensional nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which can be regarded as a mathematical model of optical nonlocal nonlinear media. It is found that the two solitons always collide periodically. The influences of initial parameters (such as the initial phase, the input energy, the initial interval etc.) on the evolutions of soliton collision are analyzed in detail. A set of analytical expressions are obtained to describe these characteristics, which are illustrated by the numerical results. Keywords: Nonlinear Schrödinger equation, Nonlocality, Soliton, Collision

In this paper, we investigate the evolution characteristics of periodically revived elliptical cos-Gaussian solitons and breathers based on nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which can be applied into describing the beam evolution in nonlocal nonlinear media. The elliptical cos-Gaussian solitons can present a variety of intensity distribution modes. With different incident energies, the statistical spot size can remain unchanged during the process of evolution, namely the soliton state; otherwise, the statistical spot size changes periodically, namely the breathing state. The transverse intensity mode always changes periodically which is similar to the higher-order temporal solitons. That is, they can be revived to the original mode at the end of each evolution period. Mathematical expressions are derived to describe the soliton propagation, the intensity pattern, the statistical spot size and the axial intensity etc. Various evolution characteristics are discussed in details and illustrated by numerical simulations.

In this paper, we focus on the on-axis intensity evolutions of anomalous hollow Gaussian beams in highly nonlocal nonlinear media. It is found that the evolution of on-axis intensity is always periodic and the incident power of the beams plays a key role. By selecting the different amplitude of the incident power, the on-axis intensity evolutions exhibit themselves as three different shapes in each evolution period, i.e. the protrusion situation, the platform situation and the indentation situation. We analyze the three situations in detail, and the extreme values of on-axis intensity and their positions are all given analytically. The influences of the beam ellipticity and the off-waist departure distance on the on-axis intensity evolutions are also discussed. It is found that the evolution of on-axis intensity becomes more complicated, and the on-axis intensity evolution in each period splits into two intensity peaks. Keywords: Highly nonlocal nonlinear medium, Beam propagation, On-axis intensity

The motion of two interactional solitons is investigated in nonlinear media with an exponential nonlocal response. A differential equation describing the motion trajectories of soliton center is proposed. Some numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the characteristics of the motion trajectories. The results show that the trajectories always oscillate periodically. However, if the two solitons are launched with a relative inclined angle which is larger than a critical value, they do not collide any more but diverge from each other. The critical angle is also given.

The interaction trajectory of solitons in nonlocal nonlinear media is investigated. A simple differential equation describing the interaction trajectories is derived based on the light ray equation. Numerical calculations are carried out to illustrate the interaction trajectories with different parameters. The results show that the degree of nonlocality greatly affects the interaction of solitons. For a strongly nonlocal case, the interaction trajectory can be described by a cosine function. Analytical expressions describing the trajectory and the oscillation period are obtained. For generally and weakly nonlocal cases, the interaction trajectories still oscillate periodically, however it is no longer sinusoidal and the oscillation period increases with the nonlocal degree decreasing. In addition, the trajectory of two solitons launched with a relative angle at the entrance plane is investigated. It is found that there exists a critical angle. When the initial relative angle is larger than the critical angle, the two solitons do not collide on propagation. The influence of the degree of nonlocality on the critical angle is also discussed.

We investigate the propagation properties of quadrupole breather in nonlinear media with a nonlocal exponential-decay response by using the variational method and the equivalent particle method. The analytical solution of the quadrupole breather is obtained. The breather beamwidth, the wavefront curvature, the intensity pattern, and the comparisons between the analytical quadrupole breather solution and the numerical simulations of the nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger equation in the case of highly nonlocal nonlinearity are analyzed. The results show that the analytical solution is in good agreement with the numerical simulations at near-critical power incidence. Furthermore, we find that the envelope of the difference value curve between the analytical solution and the numerical simulation can be described as a logarithmic function under different input powers. It is useful for further understanding the propagation properties of optical breathers in nonlocal nonlinear media and might be of interest to the applications in error analysis and precision measurements.

In this paper, we investigate the nonlinear dynamics of the off-waist incident cosh-squared-Gaussian beams (CSGBs) in highly nonlocal media. The analytical expression describing nonlinear dynamics of CSGBs is derived. It is found that the evolutions of the statistical beam width and the intensity pattern of CSGBs are always periodic, which is similar to the temporal higher-order breathers in nonlinear fiber. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the evolution characteristics.

We obtain two equivalent analytic expressions describing the propagation of two interacting modified hollow Gaussian beams in highly nonlocal nonlinear media. We carry out some numerical simulations to illustrate their interaction properties, such as the transverse intensity distributions and the on-axis intensity evolutions. We find that the evolutions of two interacting modified hollow Gaussian beams in highly nonlocal nonlinear media are periodical. The two beams always attract each other for the in-phase case and even for the out-of-phase case. The difference is that a prominent intensity peak appears at the center of the interacting region for the in-phase case, while it is zero for the out-of-phase case.

The propagation properties of anomalous vortex beams in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media are investigated. Two equivalent analytical expressions for the evolution of anomalous vortex beams are obtained. It is found that the input power plays a key role in the beam evolutions. Selecting a proper input power, the beam width can be broadened or be compressed periodically, even it can keep invariant during propagation. The beam order and the topological charge mainly influence the intensity evolution and the phase evolution, respectively. The evolution period, the beam width, the phase distribution and the intensity distribution are discussed in detail. The results can also be generalized to other equivalent physical systems, such as an optical fractional Fourier transform system or a medium with a quadratic graded refractive index distribution.

Based on the angular spectrum representation of the Maxwell equations and the method of stationary phase, this paper presents the far-field analytical expression of a pulsed hollow Gaussian beam with constant waist width diffracted by the circular aperture, and the result can be simplified for the case of the paraxial propagation of pulsed Gaussian beam in the free space. Based on the analytical result, the influences of truncation parameter on the transverse intensity distribution of the pulsed beam are analyzed. Comparisons of normalized temporal intensity between the pulsed Gaussian beam and the fourth order pulsed hollow Gaussian beam are presented. We find that the spatial mode can induce the temporal shape changing.

By applying the variational approach, the analytical expression of dipole breathers is obtained in nonlinear media with an exponential-decay nonlocal response. The parameters of the width, the amplitude, the phase-front curvature, and the phase of the complex amplitude of the dipole breathers are all given in analytical expressions. It is found that the input power plays a key role in the evolution of dipole breathers, whose magnitude decides the change of the beam width (compressed or broadened) during propagation. The physical reason for the evolution of dipole breathers is analyzed in detail. Numerical simulations are also carried out, and the analytical solutions are in good agreement with numerical simulations.

By applying nonequilibrium Green’s functions in combination with density-function theory, the spin-dependent transport properties of cross-linked carbon nanotube spintronic devices are investigated. Our calculations show that the perfect spin filtering effect with the almost 100% spin polarization, and the magnetoresistance effect with a magnetoresistance ratio larger than 10 4 % can be observed in the device. The occurrence of the perfect spin-filtering and magnetoresistance effects in the cross-linked carbon nanotube spintronic device provides the possibility for further improving the integration level of carbon nanotube networks. Moreover, the mechanisms for these interesting phenomena are suggested.

The spectral characteristics of a pulsed hollow Gaussian beam passing through a circular aperture are studied. Based on the vectorial Rayleigh diffraction integrals, the analytical expressions of the spectra for the complex analytic signal representation and for the complex amplitude envelope representation are derived, respectively, and the comparison between them is made. The influences of the truncation parameter and the beam order on the spectral shifts and on the spectral switches are illustrated. It is shown that the spectrum for the complex analytic signal representation and that for the complex amplitude envelope representation are obvious different as the pulse shorter than an optical period.

This paper discusses the propagation characteristics of astigmatic mixed-pattern solitons in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media. From the initial expression of the astigmatic mixed-pattern soliton, it is found that the propagation pattern of solitons can be divided into three different cases: oval type, two-petal type and four-petal type. We further derive the beam propagation expression, and solve the analytical expressions of the intensity, beam width, power and curvature of the soliton. Through numerical simulation, we made a series of graphs and carried on the necessary elaboration. The propagation dynamics are described emphatically and the propagation characteristics are discussed in detail.

In high-power laser system such as Petawatt lasers, the laser beam can be intense enough to result in saturation of nonlinear refraction index of medium. We present an analytical and simulative investigation of hot image formation in an intense laser beam through a saturable nonlinear medium slab based on Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral and the standard split-step Fourier method. The analytical results are found in agreement with the simulative ones. It is shown that, hot images can still form in an intense laser beam through a saturable nonlinear medium slab, additionally, the saturable nonlinearity does not change the location of hot images, while may decrease the intensity of hot images, i.e., the intensity of hot images decreases with the saturation light intensity lowering, and can stop to increase with the intensity of the incident laser beam heightening due to saturation of nonlinearity. Moreover, variations of intensity of hot images with the obscuration type and the slab thickness are discussed.

In high-power laser system such as Petawatt lasers, the laser beam can be intense enough to result in saturation of nonlinear refraction index of medium. Based on the standard linearization method of small-scale self-focusing and the split-step Fourier numerical calculation method, we present analytical and simulative investigations on the hot-image formation in cascaded saturable nonlinear medium slabs, to disclose the effect of nonlinearity saturation on the distribution and intensity of hot images. The analytical and simulative results are found in good agreement. It is shown that, saturable nonlinearity does not change the distribution of hot images, while may greatly affect the intensity of hot images, i.e., for a given saturation light intensity, with the intensity of the incident laser beam, the intensity of hot images firstly increases monotonously and eventually reaches a saturation; for the incident laser beam of a given intensity, with the saturation light intensity lowering, the intensity of hot images decreases rapidly, even resulting in a few hot images too weak to be visible.

We present a hybrid Poincare sphere, whose eigenstates are defined as a pair of circularly polarized fundamental-mode Gaussian beam and a Laguerre-Gaussian beam, to describe the so-called full Poincare beam. We also show that any desired full Poincare beam over the hybrid Poincare sphere via modulating the incident polarization state of light and two cascaded half-wave plates. This research provides an alternative way for charactering and manipulating the full Poincare beam and an effective method to control the polarization state of light.

In this study, free electron laser (FEL) with selective wavelength was used to induce structure changes of biomolecules, which were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. For understanding of the interactions between FEL and biomolecules as well as biological tissues, the biomolecules investigated are ATP, ADP, AMP, t-RNA, d -ribose and the complex of SmCl 3 - d -ribose. Their FTIR spectra before and after irradiation of FEL show molecular structure variations of the samples after irradiation of FEL, especially the rearrangement of their hydrogen bond networks. Along with the various irradiation wavelengths, irradiation time and molecular structures, the changes after irradiation are different for these molecules. In the FTIR spectra after irradiation, the phenomenon that the bands split into several peaks indicates the existence of several structures, conformations and configurations, which may be prompted by multiple photons process induced by FEL. After irradiation, the changes in their IR spectra indicate the occurrence of stable or metastable states of the molecules after irradiation, which illustrated that IR spectroscopy is a sensitive probe of molecular structure and provides us a method to detect the information related to the mechanism of the irradiation process.

We report the demonstration of intrinsic spin Hall effect (SHE) of cylindrical vector beam. Employing a fan-shaped aperture to block part of the vector beam, the intrinsic vortex phases are no longer continuous in the azimuthal direction, and results in the spin accumulation at the opposite edges of the light beam. Due to the inherent nature of the phase and independency of light-matter interaction, the observed SHE is intrinsic. Modulating the topological charge of the vector beam, the spin-dependent splitting can be enhanced and the direction of spin accumulation is switchable.

In this paper, the interactional behaviors of anomalous vortex beams in highly nonlocal media are investigated. An analytical expression describing the interaction is given, and some numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the interactional characteristics. It is found that two interactional anomalous vortex beams always attract each other, and their evolution is periodical. The influence of different relative phases between two anomalous vortex beams on their interaction is presented in details. Keywords: Interaction, Anomalous vortex beam, Nonlocal media

Background Anhedonia is a prominent symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia. At present, it is believed that hedonic processing rather consists of the anticipatory and consummatory phase. The aim of this research is to explore the different anhedonia components in MDD and schizophrenia in Chinese populations. Methods A Chinese version of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) was used to evaluate 176 MDD patients, 346 schizophrenia patients, and 268 healthy controls. Additionally, the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) was used for MDD patients, while the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied for schizophrenia. Results The scores of consummatory (TEPS-CON) and anticipatory pleasure (TEPS-ANT) in MDD and schizophrenia were both significantly lower than healthy controls (both P 0.05). There was no significant correlation between TEPS-ANT and any clinical variables (P > 0.05). Conclusions The consummatory and anticipatory pleasures were both impaired in MDD and schizophrenia. Consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia can be considered as a “state” in MDD, but as a “trait” in schizophrenia.

Nanosecond-level pulses of specific shape is usually generated by stacking chirped pulses for high-power inertial confinement fusion driver, in which nonlinear imaging of scatterers may damage precious optical elements. We present a numerical study of the characteristics of nonlinear imaging of scatterers in broadband laser stacked by chirped pulses to disclose the dependence of location and intensity of images on the parameters of the stacked pulse. It is shown that, for sub-nanosecond long sub-pulses with chirp or transform-limited sub-pulses, the time-mean intensity and location of images through normally dispersive and anomalously dispersive self-focusing medium slab are almost identical; While for picosecond-level short sub-pulses with chirp, the time-mean intensity of images for weak normal dispersion is slightly higher than that for weak anomalous dispersion through a thin nonlinear slab; the result is opposite to that for strong dispersion in a thick nonlinear slab; Furthermore, for given time delay between neighboring sub-pulses, the time-mean intensity of images varies periodically with chirp of the sub-pulse increasing; for a given pulse width of sub-pulse, the time-mean intensity of images decreases with the time delay between neighboring sub-pulses increasing; additionally, there is a little difference in the time-mean intensity of images of the laser stacked by different numbers of sub-pulses. Finally, the obtained results are also given physical explanations.

We develop a hybrid Poincare sphere to characterize the so-called full Poincare beam with any polarization geometry. The two eigenstates of the hybrid Poincare sphere are defined as a fundamental-mode Gaussian beam and a Laguerre–Gaussian beam. We further establish a robust and efficient experimental setup to generate any desired full Poincare beam on the hybrid Poincare sphere via modulating the incident polarization state of light. Our research provides an alternative way for describing and manipulating the full Poincare beam and an effective method to control the polarization state of light.

We address the impact of imprinted optical lattices on the mobility of a strongly nonlocal spatial optical soliton. With the aid of the Ehrenfest theorem in quantum mechanics, we obtain an equation of motion for the soliton center, and find its analytical solution. Comparison with numerical simulations shows that our analytical solution can describe the motion of the soliton center very well when the optical lattice period is much larger than the soliton width. It is found that there exists a critical angle that is a function of the optical lattice parameters. When its incident angle is smaller than the critical angle, the soliton is trapped within the waveguide induced by the optical lattices. Above the critical angle, the soliton leaves the central waveguide and propagates along its original direction traveling across the optical lattices. A way to control the soliton mobility is discussed based on the finding.

In this paper, using the rotating coordinates, we take the anomalous hollow Gaussian beam as an example to investigate the evolution of an ellipse-symmetric beam in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media. A set of analytical expressions are obtained and some numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the relation between the evolution characteristics and the rotation angle. It is found that the evolution properties, such as the critical powers, beam widths, and intensity distributions in x and y directions, are all variational with the rotation angle.

We investigate here a new class of optical beams: modified hollow Gaussian beams (MHGBs) in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media (SNNM). A set of analytical expressions for the propagation properties is deduced and some numerical simulations are also carried out to illustrate the propagation properties. It is found that the evolution of the MHGBs in SNNM is periodical, which is the result of the competition between nonlinearity and diffraction. The second-order moment beam width of the MHGBs can keep invariant during propagation like a soliton when the input power equals the critical power, otherwise it varies periodically like a breather. However, the patterns of transverse intensity are always changing with the propagation distance increasing, which is different from solitons or breathers. It is also found that the evolution curve of on-axis intensity may manifest itself in a concave, a platform, or a Gaussian-like shape depending on the input power.

An analytical expression of the carrier–envelope (CE) phase of ultrashort pulsed Hermite–Gaussian beams on propagation has been deduced in detail. Numerical calculations have been carried out to illustrate the evolution of the CE phase of ultrashort pulsed Hermite–Gaussian beams on propagation with different parameters. The results show that the order of the Hermite function greatly affects the evolution of the CE phase. The higher the order of the Hermite function, the larger the CE phase is. The beam waist affects the CE phase in the near field, especially in a few Rayleigh distances. In addition, the variation in the CE phase on the axis is larger than that on the beam periphery on propagation.

Based on the nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the propagation properties of anomalous hollow beams in strongly isotropic nonlocal media are investigated. The analytical expressions of the beam propagation, the on-axis intensity and the beam width are obtained. The results show that the evolution of the beam is periodical and the input power is the most important parameter. The input power determines the variation of the period. Furthermore, it is found that there exists a critical input power in the x direction and in the y direction separately when the initial beam widths in the two transversal directions are unequal. The beam width remains invariant in the corresponding transversal direction when the input power equals the critical power in one of the transversal directions. Selecting a proper input power, the beam can be broadened or compressed in the two transversal directions at the same time. In particular, the beam can be broadened (compressed) in one transversal direction, whereas in the other transversal direction, it is compressed (broadened), i.e., the transversal reverse transformation.