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The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor learning and memory, and recent studies have proposed various cerebellar models to investigate these functions. This review examines the literature on different levels of cerebellar modeling, including animal models, neuronal and synaptic plasticity models, relevant artificial intelligence (AI) paradigms, and real-time applications. The development of cerebellar models is discussed, from simple to complex and from theory to application. Optimization methods used in AI for optimizing cerebellar neuronal electrophysiology parameters are also highlighted, allowing for the prediction of difficult-to-observe neuronal features. Combining neuroscience and computer science-oriented neural networks, such as the spiking neural network (SNN) and the artificial neural network (ANN), can enable the cerebellar model to adapt to various applications, including robotic control, neurological disease simulation, and drug delivery simulation. This review provides a useful guide for future research on cerebellar modeling.

Abstract Introduction Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI) with a very high mortality, despite advances in surgical and circulatory support. The tremendous hemodynamic disturbance and the severely fragile myocardium render surgical repair a great challenge. The optimal time of surgical repair with or without circulatory support is still controversial. Objective The aim of this study is to review our experience with early surgical repair of post-MI VSD in a single major cardiac institution in China. Methods From January 2013 to October 2020, 9consecutive patients presented to our emergency department with a diagnosis of post-MI VSD. Among them, 8 were male, and the mean age was 58 ± 7years. The mean VSD size was 22.5 ± 5.7 mm. In all patients, an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)was inserted immediately after admission to cardiac surgery service. All patients were operated at a mean of 3.3 ± 2.9 days, and 4 within 24 h of the rupture (range 1 to 9 days post-VSD). In 5 cases, the VSD was located superiorly, and 4 cases in the posterior septum. Results The overall 30-day mortality was 11% (1/9). Coronary angiography was performed in all nine patients, four with single vessel disease had coronary stents implanted, and the other five received concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting during VSD repair surgery. There was no death in all 5 patients with anterior septal perforation. One patient with posterior septal perforation died in the operating room due to bleeding from the ventriculotomy site. Three survived patients were diagnosed with a small residual defect and mild left to right shunt post-repair. However, no further intervention was required, and patients remained asymptomatic (Killip II in 1 and III in 2). Conclusion In our experience, immediate insertion of IABP and hemodynamic stabilization with early surgical intervention of VSD repair and concomitant coronary revascularization provided an 89% survival rate.

Abstract Background The majority of women with epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa) are diagnosed with metastatic disease, resulting in a poor 5-year survival of 31%. Obesity is a recognized non-infectious pandemic that increases OvCa incidence, enhances metastatic success and reduces survival. We have previously demonstrated a link between obesity and OvCa metastatic success in a diet-induced obesity mouse model wherein a significantly enhanced tumor burden was associated with a decreased M1/M2 tumor-associated macrophage ratio (Liu Y et al. Can, Res. 2015; 75:5046–57). Methods The objective of this study was to use pre-clinical murine models of diet-induced obesity to evaluate the effect of a high fat diet (HFD) on response to standard of care chemotherapy and to assess obesity-associated changes in the tumor microenvironment. Archived tumor tissues from ovarian cancer patients of defined body mass index (BMI) were also evaluated using multiplexed immunofluorescence analysis of immune markers. Results We observed a significantly diminished response to standard of care paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy in HFD mice relative to low fat diet (LFD) controls. A corresponding decrease in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio and enhanced tumor fibrosis were observed both in murine DIO studies and in human tumors from women with BMI > 30. Conclusions Our data suggest that the reported negative impact of obesity on OvCa patient survival may be due in part to the effect of the altered M1/M2 tumor-associated macrophage ratio and enhanced fibrosis on chemosensitivity. These data demonstrate a contribution of host obesity to ovarian tumor progression and therapeutic response and support future combination strategies targeting macrophage polarization and/or fibrosis in the obese host.

Abstract The sedimentary architecture of fan deltas, which commonly constitute reservoirs, is a primary control on distribution and recovery efficiency of oil and gas. Deep-water fan deltas have been extensively discussed in the literature, whereas the sedimentary architecture of shallow-water fan-delta fronts, especially the characterization of mouth bar, quantification of architectural elements, and factors controlling the various architectural elements, remain poorly understood. Here, based on the integration of field survey and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) observation, the sedimentary architecture of Sangyuan section of the Lower Cretaceous Xiguayuan Formation in the Luanping Basin to is qualitatively and quantitatively characterized. Furthermore, factors controlling the architecture of the shallow-water fan-delta front are highlighted. Five facies associations, which differ in both lithofacies and dimensions, were interpreted in gravel-sand deposits of Sangyuan section, and indicate variations in flow conditions during deposition. The width/thickness ratio of facies associations generally increases rapidly as the flow energy and flow concentration decreases from debris flow to traction currents during the evolution of shallow-water fan delta. Both distributary channels and mouth bars dominate facies associations in the shallow-water fan-delta front, accounting for 53.42% and 36.88% of gravel-sand deposits respectively in Sangyuan section. Mouth bar consists of gravel accretions and sand accretions. Grain size of sediments influences the relative strength of the inertial force and bed friction, which determine the effluent behavior in a river-mouth system and the vertical grain-size trend of mouth bar accretions. Gravel accretions are characterized by normal grading, and these are interpreted as the products of inertia-dominated effluent. Sand accretions exhibit coarsening-upward trends in the river-mouth systems where friction-dominated outflow occurred. The overall vertical grain-size trend of mouth bar depends on the stacking pattern of accretions rather than the grading of one accretion.

Objective To establish a cutoff level of AMH which could help for the diagnosis of PCOS, to investigate the predictive value of AMH combined with androgens in Chinese women to diagnose PCOS.Materials and Methods This is a prospective case control study, 550 women recruited (aged 20–40 years), in which 450 PCOS women recruited according to the Rotterdam criteria and 100 non-PCOS women in the control group were from the women for the pregnancy preparation examination. AMH were measured by the Elecsys AMH Plus immunoassay. Androgens and other sex hormone were measured. The validity of AMH toward the diagnosis of PCOS, or AMH combined with total testosterone, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone and androstenedione was estimated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curves, and correlations between paired variables was estimated by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Results The cutoff value of AMH in Chinese reproductive-age women with PCOS is 4.64 ng/mL, AUC under the curve is 0.938, with 81.6% sensitivity, and 92.0% specificity. Total testosterone, free testosterone, bioactive testosterone, and androstenedione are significantly higher in women with PCOS of reproductive age than in controls. The combination of AMH and free testosterone resulted in a higher AUC of 94.8%, with higher sensitivity (86.1%) and excellent specificity (90.3%) for the prediction of PCOS.Conclusion The Elecsys AMH Plus immunoassay, with a cutoff of 4.64 ng/mL, is a robust method for identifying PCOM to aid in PCOS diagnosis. The combination of AMH and free testosterone resulted in a higher AUC of 94.8% for the diagnose of PCOS.

Desorption of ions from sorbents generally involves high acid or base concentrations and long desorption times, especially for multivalent ions. Here the authors report a rapid and efficient desorption of Co2+, Mn2+, and Sr2+ adsorbed on magnetite-graphene oxide that occurs by adding low amounts of Al3+, which is shown to interact with graphene more strongly than divalent ions.

Abstract Carbon dots (CDs) have raised broad interest because of their great potential in the fluorescence related fields, such as photocatalysis and bioimaging. CDs exhibit different optical properties when dissolved in various solvents. However, the effects of solvents during the process of preparation on the fluorescence emission of CDs are still unclear. In this work, CDs were prepared by a simple one-pot solvothermal route. Typical critic acid and thiourea were used as precursors. Through changing the volume ratio of water to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), we have obtained color tunable CDs, with the emission wavelength from 450 to 640 nm. TEM images, Raman and XPS spectra indicate that the particle size of CDs and the content of surface functional groups (C–N/C–S and C≡N bonds) increase with the increasing ratio of DMF to water, which results in the optimal emission wavelength red-shifted. The prepared multicolor CDs may have prospects in the lighting applications. Graphical abstract

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional noncollagenous matrix phosphoprotein that is expressed both intracellularly and extracellularly in various tissues. As a growth regulatory protein and proinflammatory immunochemokine, OPN is involved in the pathological processes of many diseases. Recent studies have found that OPN is widely involved in the aging processes of multiple organs and tissues, such as T-cell senescence, atherosclerosis, skeletal muscle regeneration, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative changes, hematopoietic stem cell reconstruction, and retinal aging. However, the regulatory roles and mechanisms of OPN in the aging process of different tissues are not uniform, and OPN even has diverse roles in different developmental stages of the same tissue, generating uncertainty for the future study and utilization of OPN. In this review, we will summarize the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of OPN in different tissues and cells, such as the musculoskeletal system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, liver, and eye, during senescence. We believe that a better understanding of the mechanism of OPN in the aging process will help us develop targeted and comprehensive therapeutic strategies to fight the spread of age-related diseases.

Exosomes are membranous lipid vesicles fused with intracellular multicellular bodies that are released into the extracellular environment. They contain bioactive substances, including proteins, RNAs, lipids, and cytokine receptors. Exosomes in the skeletal microenvironment are derived from a variety of cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Their biological function is key in paracrine or endocrine signaling. Exosomes play a role in bone remodeling by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Genetic engineering technology combined with exosome-based drug delivery can therapy bone metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarized the pathways of exosomes derived from different skeletal cells (i.e., BMSCs, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts) regulate the skeletal microenvironment through proteins, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs. By exploring the role of exosomes in the skeletal microenvironment, we provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of bone-related metabolic diseases, which may lay the foundation to improve bone tumor microenvironments, alleviate drug resistance in patients.

Abstract Ultra‐dense networking is considered an effective solution to achieve high capacity in 5G networks. However, the densely distributed base stations (BSs) in ultra‐dense networks (UDNs) make the inter‐cell interference much more serious than that in traditional cellular networks. Therefore, it is important to mitigate inter‐cell interference in the UDNs to improve network performance. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel virtual resource mapping algorithm that includes a resource reservation (RR) algorithm and a real‐time resource embedding (RE) algorithm. Specifically, according to the number of services predicted by a dynamic service model, the RR algorithm is proposed to determine the sets of multiplexing BSs in the next time cycle and reserve channel resource required by each BS. Then, to further reduce inter‐cell interference, the real‐time RE algorithm is proposed to allocate the channel resource in real time. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio and acceptance ratio, compared to the existing algorithms, such as the frequency reuse channel allocation algorithm and inter‐cell interference coordination algorithm.

This paper reviews motor techniques for reducing the cost of electric vehicles (EVs) and improving their range. In recent years, environmental issues, energy crises and the greenhouse effect have urged the popularization of clean energy EVs. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to overcome technical difficulties in vehicle cost and range. As a key component of an EV, the motor occupies a large proportion of the overall vehicle cost, and its efficiency directly affects the mileage. In this context, this article discusses the merits and challenges of three mainstream EV motors: permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), induction motor (IM), and switched reluctance motor (SRM) in terms of vehicle cost and range. Then this paper compares the advanced techniques of these motors in terms of topology, material applications and control strategies. Finally, the development trends and opportunities of the three motors in EVs are predicted.

Both long-term exposure to air pollution and abnormal fasting blood glucose (FBG) are linked to dyslipidemia prevalence. However, the joint role of air pollution and FBG on dyslipidemia remains unknown clearly. In this study, we aimed to test whether abnormal FBG could enhance the risks of long-term exposure to air pollutants on dyslipidemia in general Chinese adult population. The present study recruited 8917 participants from 4 cities in Hebei province, China. Participants' individual exposure to air pollutants was evaluated by the Empirical Bayesian Kriging statistical model in ArcGIS10.2 geographic information system. Dyslipidemia was defined according to Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Chinese Adults. Subjects were grouped into normal, prediabetes, diabetes according to FBG level. Generalized linear models were applied to analyze the interaction of air pollutants and FBG on dyslipidemia prevalence. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 43.83% in our investigation. After adjusting all covariates, we found the risk of four air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2) on dyslipidemia prevalence was stronger as higher FBG level, and the adjusted odd ratio of interaction (ORinter (95% CI)) between PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2 and FBG levels on dyslipidemia was 1.171 (1.162, 1.189), 1.119 (1.111, 1.127), 1.124 (1.115, 1.130), 1.107 (1.098, 1.115), respectively. Stratified analyses indicated the modifying effects of FBG on the association of air pollution with dyslipidemia were stronger among male, less than 65 years old, overweight/obesity (all Pinter

Abstract Background Osteoporosis (OP) is one of the commonly seen bone diseases with low bone mineral densities and trauma fractures. Accumulative studies have demonstrated that the occurrence of OP is closely related to osteoclasts differentiation. LncRNA FTX has been demonstrated to inhibit the development of some human cancers. However, its potential functions in human OP remains to be elusive. Methods The expressions of FTX and miR-137 in bone and serum samples of patients with or without OP were measured. Bioinformatics analysis, RIP assays and luciferase reporter assays were performed to examine the upstream and downstream transactional factors of miR-137. Functional assays were conducted to check the roles of the Notching1 signaling pathway OP. Results FTX was suppressed in OP samples and serums, however, miR-137 was greatly elevated. FTX reduced osteoclast-genesis and inhibited osteogenic differentiation by targeting miR-137. This also inhibited the Notch1 signaling pathway. Conclusion Our experiments and results pointed out that lncRNA FTX up-regulated miR-137 in OP through the Notch1 signaling pathway.

To overcome the effect of floating platform heave motion on the drilling operation, a new crown-block heave compensation system with compound cylinders is developed. The new heave compensation system has certain advantages, such as low derrick, short hydraulic pipeline, compact structure, easy operation, etc. The numerical calculation functions of the new heave compensation system are established based on the theories of fluid dynamics and theoretical mechanics. The entire model was built using the Simulink module of MATLAB with a hierarchical structure. As the core component of the compensation system, four control strategies are established to improve the compensation performance, including the PID control, fuzzy control, fuzzy PID control, and Terminal Sliding Mode (TSM) control. Laboratory equipment with a ratio of 1:5 to the new compensation system was designed and developed. The simulation and experimental results show that the new compensation system achieves a good compensation rate of more than 90% under different heave conditions. Among these four strategies, the TSM control strategy generates the highest compensation rate and lowest power fluctuation for the compensation cylinders.

Bone serves as the support for body and provide attachment points for the muscles. The musculoskeletal system is the basis for the human body to complete exercise. Studies believe that bone is not only the basis for constructing structures, but also participates in the regulation of organs outside bone. The realization of this function is closely related to the protein secreted by bone. Whether bone can realize their positions in the human body is also related to their secretion. Bone-derived proteins provide a medium for the targeted regulation of bones on organs, making the role of bone in human body more profound and concrete. Mechanical stimulation effects the extra-skeletal organs by causing quantitative changes in bone-derived factors. When bone receives mechanical stimulation, the nichle of bone responds, and the secretion of various factors changes. However, whether the proteins secreted by bone can interfere with disease requires more research. In this review article, we will first introduce the important reasons and significance of the in-depth study on bone-derived secretory proteins, and summarize the locations, structures and functions of these proteins. These functions will not only focus on the bone metabolism process, but also be reflected in the cross-organ regulation. We specifically explain the role of typical bone-derived secretory factors such as osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), sclerostin (SOST) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in different organs and metabolic processes, then establishing the relationship between them and diseases. Finally, we will discuss whether exercise or mechanical stimulation can have a definite effect on bone-derived secretory factors. Understanding their important role in cross-organ regulation is of great significance for the treatment of diseases, especially for the elderly people with more than one basic disease.

Autonomous underwater helicopter, referred to as AUH, has high maneuverability in the horizontal plane and stable movement in the vertical direction due to its disc shape. Thus, the AUH demonstrates great advantages when working in scenarios that require high accuracy of horizontal movement, fixed height and depth, operation near the seafloor, and so on. In this paper, we propose a new design for an autonomous underwater helicopter with three thrusters in the vertical direction (three-vertical-thrusters), so it is equipped with fewer thrusters while maintaining maneuverability and motion stability. The three-vertical-thruster AUH not only achieves stable attitude control, but also reduces the number of thrusters, enabling the AUH to save space, reduce drag, and decrease power consumption. The three-vertical-thruster structure is designed first and compared with the existing four-vertical-thrusters type to verify its advantages through dynamic analysis and hydrodynamic simulation. The three-vertical-thruster AUH is then modelled, and a compensation method is proposed for its more complex control. The three-vertical-thruster AUH’s controllability and stability are also verified by experiments on the basis of the experimental prototypes.

Exosomes are membranous lipid vesicles fused with intracellular multicellular bodies and then released into the extracellular environment. They contain various bioactive substances, including proteins, mRNA, miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, lipids, transcription factors, and cytokine receptors. Under certain conditions, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and biological functions. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) in osteology, exploring different sources of exosomes to improve bone microenvironment and resist bone metastasis. We also provided new ideas for the prevention and rehabilitation of human diseases by exosomes.

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is considered to be the primary reason for low back pain (LBP), which has become more prevalent from 21 century, causing an enormous economic burden for society. However, in spite of remarkable improvements in the basic research of IVD degeneration (IVDD), the effects of clinical treatments of IVDD are still leaving much to be desired. Accumulating evidence has proposed the existence of endogenous stem/progenitor cells in the IVD that possess the ability of proliferation and differentiation. However, few studies have reported the biological properties and potential application of IVD progenitor cells in detail. Even so, these stem/progenitor cells have been consumed as a promising cell source for the regeneration of damaged IVD. In this review, we will first introduce IVD, describe its physiology and stem/progenitor cell niche, and characterize IVDSPCs between homeostasis and IVD degeneration. We will then summarize recent studies on endogenous IVDSPC-based IVD regeneration and exogenous cell-based therapy for IVDD. Finally, we will discuss the potential applications and future developments of IVDSPC-based repair of IVD degeneration.

The autonomous underwater helicopter, shortly referred to as AUH, is a newly developed underwater platform with a unique disc shape. An autonomous underwater helicopter with a suboptimal disc shape is presented in this paper. It adopts a multirotor configuration and stable fins to overcome the shape shortcoming for motion stabilization. Its motion analysis and mathematical model have been introduced accordingly. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is carried out to evaluate fins’ hydrodynamic performance. Proportional integral derivative (PID) and sliding mode fuzzy (SMF) control are adopted for controller design. Finally, the controller is applied on this AUH and extensively tested in various simulations and experiments, and the results illustrate the high stabilization and robustness of the controller and the hovering stability and manoeuvrability of AUH.

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes have found great application in sewage purification and desalination due to their high permeation flux and high rejection rate for contaminants under low-pressure conditions, but the flux and antifouling ability of UF membranes needs to be improved. Tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) has good hydrophilicity, and it is protonated under strongly acidic conditions and then forms strong hydrogen bonds with N, O and S, so that the TCPP would be well anchored in the membrane. In this work, NaHCO3 was used to dissolve TCPP and TMC (trimesoyl chloride) was used to produce a strong acid. Then, TCPP was modified in a membrane with a different rejection rate by a method similar to interfacial polymerization. Performance tests of TCPP/polysulfone (PSf) membranes show that for the membrane with a high BSA (bovine serum albumin) rejection, when the ratio of NaHCO3 to TCPP is 16:1 (wt.%), the pure water flux of membrane Z1 16:1 is increased by 34% (from 455 to 614 Lm−2h−1bar−1) while the membrane retention was maintained above 95%. As for the membrane with a low BSA rejection, when the ratio of NaHCO3 to TCPP was 32:1, the rejection of membrane B2 32:1 was found to increase from 81% to 96%. Although the flux of membrane B2 32:1 decreased, it remained at 638 Lm−2h−1bar−1, which is comparable to the reported polymer ultrafiltration membrane. The above dual results are thought to be attributed to the synergistic effect of protonated TCPP and NaHCO3, where the former increases membrane flux and the latter increases the membrane rejection rate. This work provides a way for the application of porphyrin and porphyrin framework materials in membrane separation.

The flavonoids in the extracts of Ginkgo leaves have been shown to have great medical value: thus, a method to increase the flavonoid contents in these extracts is of significant importance for human health. In the present study, we investigated the changes in flavonoid contents and the corresponding gene expression levels in post-harvest Ginkgo leaves after various treatments. We found that both ultraviolet-B and NaCl treatment induced flavonoid accumulation. However, gene expression analysis showed that the increases in flavonoid contents were achieved by different pathways. Furthermore, post-harvest Ginkgo leaves responded differently to NaCl treatment compared with naturally grown leaves in both flavonoid contents and corresponding gene expression. In addition, combined treatment with ultraviolet-B and NaCl did not further increase the flavonoid contents compared with ultraviolet-B or NaCl treatment alone. Our results indicate the existence of a novel mechanism in response to NaCl treatment in post-harvest Ginkgo leaves, and provide a technique to increase flavonoid content in the pharmaceutical industry.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are extensively adopted in the applications of biotechnology and biomedicine. Their interactions with cell membranes are of great importance for understanding the toxicity of CNTs and the application of drug delivery. In this paper, we use atomic molecular dynamics simulations to study the permeation and orientation of pristine and functionalized CNTs in a lipid bilayer. Pristine CNT (PCNT) can readily permeate into the membrane and reside in the hydrophobic region without specific orientation. The insertion of PCNTs into the lipid bilayer is robust and independent on the lengths of PCNTs. Due to the presence of hydroxyl groups on both ends of the functionalized CNT (FCNT), FCNT prefers to stand upright in the lipid bilayer center. Compared with PCNT, FCNT is more suitable to be a bridge connecting the inner and outer lipid membrane. The inserted CNTs have no distinct effects on membrane structure. However, they may block the ion channels. In addition, preliminary explorations on the transport properties of CNTs show that the small hydrophobic molecule carbon dioxide can enter both PCNT and FCNT hollow channels. However, hydrophilic molecule urea is prone to penetrate the PCNT but finds it difficult to enter the FCNT. These results may provide new insights into the internalization of CNT in the lipid membrane and the transport properties of CNTs when embedded therein.

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are the mainstream equipment for underwater scientific research and engineering. However, it remains a great challenge for AUVs to carry out near-seabed operations because of their poor maneuverability. In this paper, a new design for a high-maneuverability disc-shaped AUV is proposed, namely, the Autonomous Underwater Helicopter (AUH). We designed the AUH’s propulsion system through dynamic analysis based on the unique disc shape. The experimental prototype was built by mechatronics technology, after which several motion experiments were carried out to demonstrate the high maneuverability. We find that the prototype has high maneuverability: it can cruise at 0.8 m/s (about 1.5 knots), at least; its turning radius is zero and its turning speed is at least 20 deg/s; and the motion of specific curves in a small range was completed. It is demonstrated that over-actuation is not necessary for the high-maneuverability AUH because of its unique disc shape. A propulsion system consisting of four propellers and a buoyancy adjustment system is used for the highly maneuverable AUH. In addition, the AUH may be a solution for near-seafloor operations.

Artificial upwelling is a geoengineering method to repair and improve marine ecosystems, and its operation requires long-term and continuous temperature field observation. However, existing methods are rarely seen to accomplish such observation. In this study, we investigate the coastal acoustic tomography (CAT) to obtain the long-term horizontal temperature field of an artificial upwelling area in an anechoic tank. We conduct four sets of experiments with different CAT station numbers and compare their data with those collected from temperature sensors. By analyzing the travel time from the CAT experiments, the horizontal temperature field of the upwelling area could be mapped. The CAT results and the comparison results show that the surface temperature of the observed area decreases by approximately 3 °C after upwelling, while the temperature of where the CAT is deployed decreases by about 1 °C; the temperature is lowest at the center of the upwelling area. Increasing the number of stations and station spacing would improve the temperature mapping accuracy. Therefore, the feasibility of using the CAT system to observe artificial upwelling is proved valid. This study indicates the potential application of CAT in temperature field observation in artificial upwelling area in the sea.

With the aging of the global population, the incidence of musculoskeletal diseases has been increasing, seriously affecting people's health. As people age, the microenvironment within skeleton favors bone resorption and inhibits bone formation, accompanied by bone marrow fat accumulation and multiple cellular senescence. Specifically, skeletal stem/stromal cells (SSCs) during aging tend to undergo adipogenesis rather than osteogenesis. Meanwhile, osteoblasts, as well as osteocytes, showed increased apoptosis, decreased quantity, and multiple functional limitations including impaired mechanical sensing, intercellular modulation, and exosome secretion. Also, the bone resorption function of macrophage-lineage cells (including osteoclasts and preosteoclasts) was significantly enhanced, as well as impaired vascularization and innervation. In this study, we systematically reviewed the effect of aging on bone and the within microenvironment (including skeletal cells as well as their intracellular structure variations, vascular structures, innervation, marrow fat distribution, and lymphatic system) caused by aging, and mechanisms of osteoimmune regulation of the bone environment in the aging state, and the causal relationship with multiple musculoskeletal diseases in addition with their potential therapeutic strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel wafer-edge quality inspection method based on analysis of curved-edge diffractive fringe patterns, which occur when light is incident and diffracts around the wafer edge. The proposed method aims to identify various defect modes at the wafer edges, including particles, chipping, scratches, thin-film deposition, and hybrid defect cases. The diffraction patterns formed behind the wafer edge are influenced by various factors, including the edge geometry, topography, and the presence of defects. In this study, edge diffractive fringe patterns were obtained from two approaches: (1) a single photodiode collected curved-edge interferometric fringe patterns by scanning the wafer edge and (2) an imaging device coupled with an objective lens captured the fringe image. The first approach allowed the wafer apex characterization, while the second approach enabled simultaneous localization and characterization of wafer quality along two bevels and apex directions. The collected fringe patterns were analyzed by both statistical feature extraction and wavelet transform; corresponding features were also evaluated through logarithm approximation. In sum, both proposed wafer-edge inspection methods can effectively characterize various wafer-edge defect modes. Their potential lies in their applicability to online wafer metrology and inspection applications, thereby contributing to the advancement of wafer manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]