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NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 (NLRP2) is a novel member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family. However, our understanding of NLRP2 has long been ambiguous. NLRP2 may have a role in the innate immune response, but its specific functions remain controversial. Although NLRP2 can initiate inflammasome and promote inflammation, it can also downregulate inflammatory signals. Additionally, NLRP2 has been reported to function in the reproductive system and shows high expression in the placenta. However, the exact role of NLRP2 in the reproductive system is unclear. Here, we highlight the most current progress on NLRP2 in inflammasome activation, effector function, and regulation of nuclear factor-κB. And we discuss functions of NLRP2 in inflammatory diseases, reproductive disorders, and the potential implication of NLRP2 in human diseases.

This paper proposes a deep-learning-assisted design method for 2-bit coding metasurfaces. This method uses a skip connection module and the idea of an attention mechanism in squeeze-and-excitation networks based on a fully connected network and a convolutional neural network. The accuracy limit of the basic model is further improved. The convergence ability of the model increased nearly 10 times, and the mean-square error loss function converges to 0.000168. The forward prediction accuracy of the deep-learning-assisted model is 98%, and the accuracy of inverse design results is 97%. This approach offers the advantages of an automatic design process, high efficiency, and low computational cost. It can serve users who lack metasurface design experience.

Migration has the potential to induce outbreaks of cooperation, yet little is known about random migration. Does random migration really inhibit cooperation as often as previously thought? Besides, prior literature has often ignored the stickiness of social ties when designing migration protocols and assumed that players always immediately disconnect from their ex-neighbors once they migrate. However, this is not always true. Here, we propose a model where players can still retain some bonds with their ex-partners after they move from one place to another. The results show that maintaining a certain number of social ties, regardless of prosocial, exploitative, or punitive, can nevertheless facilitate cooperation even if migration occurs in a totally random fashion. Notably, it reflects that tie retention can help random migration, previously thought to be harmful to cooperation, restore the ability to spark bursts of cooperation. The maximum number of retained ex-neighbors plays an important role in facilitating cooperation. We analyze the impact of social diversity in terms of the maximum number of retained ex-neighbors and migration probability, and find that the former enhances cooperation while the latter often engenders an optimal dependence between cooperation and migration. Our results instantiate a scenario in which random migration yields the outbreak of cooperation and highlight the importance of social stickiness.

In response to the increasing pollution caused by unseparated garbage, classification systems for garbage separation have become very popular. First, we constructed a complex data augmentation combination for model training. Second, we designed a novel lightweight neural network garbage classification system called WasNet. This proposed network's 1.5 million parameters on the ImageNet dataset are one-half of mainstream neural networks, while at 3 million floating point operations per second (FLOPs) it is one third of mainstream neural networks that have obtained the best performance among known lightweight neural networks. The accuracy on the ImageNet data set is 64.5%, on the Garbage Classification dataset it is 82.5%, and on the TrashNet dataset it is 96.10%. Furthermore, we transplanted the model to the hardware platform and assembled an intelligent trash can; we developed a garbage recognition application to facilitate users to directly identify and receive platform information; we built a visualization and decision support platform to help managers monitor traffic in real time. We combined the intelligent trash can, application, visualization and decision-making platform into a system, which is the most complete and effective system among the known research works. The results of the test we conducted on our platform using our extended dataset showed that our scheme is very reliable. At the same time, we also open source our extended datasets for use by other researchers.

Lyman transitions of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{53+*}$ produced by nonradiative electron capture in collisions of 95, 146, and 197 ${\mathrm{MeV/u}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{Xe}}^{54+}$ ions with Kr and Xe atoms have been studied experimentally. It shows that the captured electrons preferentially populate lower states. The intensity ratios $I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\beta})/I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})$ and $I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma})/I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})$ are found to decrease with increasing projectile velocity, and the ratios for Xe decrease faster than those of Kr. The obtained results are compared with the relative cross sections calculated with the relativistic eikonal approximation. For both targets, the theoretical results overestimate the experimental ratio $I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\beta})/I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})$ but underestimate $I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma})/I(\mathrm{Ly}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha}).$ Moreover, the theory gives parallel decreasing curves for the two targets, which does not agree with the present experiment. In order to well understand the experimental findings, a more sophisticated theoretical approach is urgently required.

Some of the archival data derived from the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) at the US National Solar Observatory ranging from 0 − 36,947 cm−1 were investigated to study the hyperfine structure (HFS) patterns of Nb I and Nb II lines. The analysis of 155 lines in the FTS spectra was performed by a least squares fitting to derive values of the magnetic dipole HFS constant A. In total, the HFS constant A was determined for 68 levels of Nb I between 11,524.65 and 45,719.07 cm−1 and for 57 levels of Nb II between 2356.816 and 73,869.773 cm−1. 26 results for Nb I and 46 results for Nb II are reported for the first time, as far as we know.

In this paper, we report visible light emission from 320 keV Krq+ (4 ≤ q ≤ 9) ions on the Cu target. The wavelength range measured is from 300 nm to 656 nm. Two Cu I spectra deriving from different initial states and one Kr I line are detected. Specifically, the two Cu I lines belong to transitions 3d104p(2P03/2) − 3d104s (2S1/2) at 324.78 nm (A) and 3d104p(2P01/2) − 3d104s(2S1/2) at 327.42 nm (B), respectively, and the photon yield ratio of spectra lines (A) and (B) are about 2:1. The Kr I line belongs to transition 4s24p5(2P03/2)11d 2[3/2]0 − 4s24p5(2P03/2)5p 2[1/2] at 486.12 nm (C). In addition, the experimental results show that the photon yields of all lines are increasing with the charge state increase.

Group interactions, formulated in terms of a public goods game, can not be deduced by the corresponding sum of pairwise interactions. This study proposes a collective interdependence characterizing the functioning of interdependent groups between subnetworks. Via the establishment of global group interactions across subnetwork layers, we show a double-edged sword of collective interdependence in promoting cooperation. Enhancement of collective interdependence hinders the evolution of cooperation whenever global synergy factor is small, while an optimal collective interdependence emerges most favoring the evolution of cooperation for high global synergy factors. However, for such high global synergy factors a low level of interdependence puts cooperators to a most disadvantaged place. A combination of low levels of collective interdependence and high local synergy factors shows that a moderate global synergetic effect most favors the evolution of cooperation. Our work reveals that collective interdependence impacts interdependent network reciprocity significantly and highlights the importance of network reciprocity in enhancing the evolution of cooperation.

X-ray spectra of K-shell hollow krypton atoms produced in single collisions with 52 - 197 MeV/u Xe54+ ions are measured in a heavy-ion storage ring equipped with an internal gas-jet target. Energy shifts of the K{\alpha}_1,2^s, K{\alpha}_1,2^(h,s), and K\b{eta}_1,3^s transitions are obtained. Thus, the average number of the spectator L-vacancies presented during the x-ray emission is deduced. From the relative intensities of the K{\alpha}_1,2^s and K{\alpha}_1,2^(h,s) transitions, the ratio of K-shell hollow krypton to singly K-shell ionized atoms is determined to be 14 - 24%. In the considered collisions, the K-vacancies are mainly created by the direct ionization which cannot be calculated within the perturbation descriptions. The experimental results are compared with a relativistic coupled channel calculation performed within the independent particle approximation., Comment: 5 figures, 9 pages. Accepted by Physical Review A

Previous studies concerning mobile populations seldom distinguish mobility on the individual level. In these models, all individuals have the identical moving speed and this moving speed has not been clearly defined in terms of its relevance to other features intrinsic to individual. Here we investigate the evolution of cooperation with a minimal co-evolutionary snowdrift game in which the payoff-dependent velocity as well as velocity diversity is taken into account. We find that the fate of evolution in such scenarios is precisely ruled both by population mobility and the inherent parameter of the snowdrift game. The outside-in and inside-out like attacks on cooperator clusters (C-clusters) are triggered in the Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that low mobility can lead to a plateau of full cooperation provided the challenge to cooperate is not too high, and also that high mobility always inhibits cooperation. Nevertheless, the phase transition diagram implies moderate population mobility most benefits the survival of cooperators when cooperation faces the greater challenge. Finally, the evolution of strategies seemingly rises superior to selection strength once the mobility intensity is fixed. Our findings may shed new light on the evolution of strategies in mobile systems.

© 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Institute of Physics and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Real networks are not only multi-layered yet also dynamic. The role of coordinated network evolution regarding dynamic multi-layer networks where both network and strategy evolution simultaneously show diverse interdependence by layers remains poorly addressed. Here, we propose a general and simple coevolution framework to analyze how coordination of different dynamical processes affects strategy propagation in synergistically evolving interdependent networks. The strategic feedback constitutes the main driving force of network evolution yet the inherent cross-layer self-optimization functions as its compensation. We show that these two ingredients often catalyze a better performance of network evolution in propagating cooperation. Coordinated network evolution may be a double-edged sword to cooperation and the network-Adapting rate plays a crucial role in flipping its double-sided effect. It often economizes the cost and time consumption for driving the system to the full cooperation phase. Importantly, strongly coupled slow-Tuned networks can outperform weakly coupled fast-regulated networks in solving social dilemmas, highlighting the fundamental advantages of coordinated network evolution and the importance of synergistic effect of dynamical processes in upholding human cooperation in multiplex networks.

Nb L-shell ionization cross sections induced by Xeq+ (12 ≤ q ≤ 29) ions were measured as a function of the incident charge state q in the energy ranging from 1500 to 2500 keV. In this experiment, w...

L-shell X-ray production cross sections are measured for molybdenum and niobium target induced by Xe26+ ions. The incident energy range varies from 1500 to 3500 keV. The experimental results are well reproduced by the binding-energy-modified binary encounter approximation model in the united-atom limit. In addition to target L-shell X-ray spectra, we also observe a weak spectrum which corresponds to the forbidden transition 3d → 2s from the projectiles.

We study the role of recommendation in a co-evolutionary public goods game in which groups can recommend their members for establishment of new relationships with individuals outside the current group according to group quality. Intriguingly, for square lattices and ER graphs there exists optimal group quality for recommendation that induces positive feedback between cooperation and recommendation. Snapshots of spatial patterns of cooperators, defectors, recommended cooperators and recommended defectors show that if group quality is appropriate for recommendation, cooperation and recommendation can simultaneously emerge. Moreover, we find that local recommendation improves cooperation more than global recommendation. As an extension, we also present results for Barabasi–Albert networks. The positive effect of recommendation on cooperation for Barabasi–Albert networks is independent of group quality. Our results provide an insight into the evolution of cooperation in real social systems.

In this paper, the x-ray emissions are measured by the interaction of 1500–3500 keV Xeq+ (q = 12, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 26 and 29) ions with Zn target. When q 1, Lβ2 and Lγ characteristic x-rays from Xeq+ ions and a broad M-shell molecular orbital (MO) x-ray band from the transient quasi-molecular levels. It is found that their yields quickly increase with different rates as the incident energy increases. Besides, the widths of the broad MO x-ray bands are about 0.9–1.32 keV over the energy range studied and are proportional to v1/2 (v = projectile velocity). Most remarkably, when the projectile charge state is 29, the broad x-ray band separates into several narrow discrete spectra, which was never observed before in this field.

X-ray emission from Xe30+ ions at 350–600 keV impacting on an Au target was investigated at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou. Characteristic X-rays of Xe ions at energy of about 1.65 keV were observed. This X-ray emission is induced by the decay of very high Rydberg states of Xe ions. It was also found that the yield of such characteristic X-rays is decreasing with increasing the projectile kinetic energy. Simultaneously, the yield of the characteristic Au X-rays from the M shell increases also. These phenomena are qualitatively analyzed with the classical Coulomb over the Barrier Mode (COBM) for highly charged ions interacting with solid state surfaces.

© 2018 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. The evolution of cooperation on interdependent networks is arousing increasing concern based on the fact that more and more complex systems in the real-world have been proven to be organized in the form of multi-layer networks rather than single-layer networks. In this study, we examine the effects of self-organized interdependence on the evolution and stabilization of cooperation with social dilemmas depicted by the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (PDG) and the Public Goods Game (PGG) in which agents with the most common strategy have the chance to be rewarded proportionally to the fitness of corresponding agents belonging to the other network. We show that such a type-free rewarding rule, independent of game strategy, establishes a time-varying interdependence between two initially independent populations whereby cooperation is highly promoted as well as stabilized both in the two-player PDG and in the multi-player PGG. Majority-pressure based interdependence at stake has proven pretty neutral in regard to game strategy because it is contingent on strategy configuration rather than strategy itself, which thus gives birth to homologous communities, including cooperative as well as non-cooperative, and thereby an enhanced spatial reciprocity between non-identical networks is triggered. Of particular interest is the double-edged sword effect of network interdependence on cooperation although in most instances the heavier the interdependence, the better the evolution of cooperation. Furthermore, interpretations of the nontrivial relationship between cooperation and benchmark threshold measuring the strategy's local popularity highlight that rewarding the minimum majority is optimal for the evolution of cooperation in such scenario. Finally, we claim our observations are also quite robust with respect to mutation.

The highly charged ion 40Ar16+ with the velocity (kinetic energy EK=150 keV, velocity V=8.5×105 m/s) smaller than Bohr velocity (VBohr=2.9×106 m/s) was found to hove impacts on the surfaces of metals Ni, Mo, Au and Al, and the Ar atomic infrared light lines and X-rays spectra were simultaneously measured. The experimental results show that the highly charged ion that captures electrons is neutralized, and the multiply-excited hollow atom forms. The hollow atom cascade decay radiates lights from infrared to X-ray spectrum. The intensity of infrared lights shows that the metallic work functions play an important role in the neutralization process of highly charged ions during their interaction with metallic surfaces, which verifies the classical over-the-barrier model.

Since the successful completion of the cooling storage ring (CSR) project in China at the end of 2007, high qualitative heavy ion beams with energy ranging from keV to GeV/u have been available at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou (HIRFL). More than 10 9 1 GeV/u C 6+ particles or 10 8 235 MeV/u Xe particles can be stored in the CSR main-ring and extracted within hundred nano-seconds during the test running, the beam parameters will be improved in the coming years so that high energy density (HED) conditions could be achieved and investigated there. Recent scientific results from the experiments relevant to plasma research on HIRFL are summarized. Dense plasma research with intense heavy ion beams of CSR is proposed here.

The X-ray spectra of Nb surface induced by Arq+ (q = 16,17) ions with the energy range from 10 to 20 keV/q were studied by the optical spectrum technology. The experimental results indicate that the multi-electron excitation occurred as a highly charged Ar16+ ion was neutralized below the metal surface. The K shell electron of Ar16+ was excited and then de-excited cascadly to emit K X-ray. The intensity of the X-ray emitted from K shell of the hollow Ar atom decreased with the increase of projectile kinetic energy. The intensity of the X-ray emitted from L shell of the target atom Nb increased with the increase of projectile kinetic energy. The X-ray yield of Ar17+ is three magnitude orders larger than that of Ar16+.

L-shell X-ray spectra of Mo surface induced by Xe25+ and Xe29+ were measured. The X-ray intensity was obtained in the kinetic energy range of the incident ions from 350 to 600 keV. The relationship of X-ray intensity with kinetic energy of the projectile and its charge state were studied, and the simple explanation was given.

L-shell x-ray yields of molybdenum bombarded by highly charged Arq+ ions (q = 11-16) are measured. The x-ray production cross-sections are extracted from the yields data. The energy of the incident Ar ions ranges from 200 to 350 keV. After the binding energy correction, experimental data are explained in the framework of binary-encounter-approximation (BEA). The direct ionization is treated in the united atom (UA) limit (Lapicki and Lichten 1985 Phys. Rev. A 31 1354), not in the separate atom (SA) limit. The calculation results of BEA (Gacia and Fortner 1973 Rev. Mod. Phys. 45 111) are much lower than the experimental results, while the results of binding energy modified BEA are basically in agreement with the experimental results.

The X-ray emission induced by highly charged argon and xenon ions impinging on a beryllium surface is investigated. It is found that spectra of the X-ray induced by Ar 17,18+ interacting with the surface are very different from those of the X-ray induced by Ar 17,18+ interacting with residual gases. The result provides an experimental evidence for the existence of hollow atoms below the surface. Several unexpected X-ray lines are also found in the experiment. Firstly, K X-rays are observed when Ar 16+ ions which initially have no K shell holes interact with the surface. Secondly, if there are more than 2 M shell vacancies at the initial time, strong Mαα two-electron-one-photon (TEOP) transitions are found in the collisions of Xe 28+,29+,30+ ions with the surface.

We report on a theoretical study of the electronic structures of InSb and GaSb nanowires oriented along the [001] and [111] crystallographic directions. The nanowires are described by atomistic, spin-orbit inteaction included, tight-binding models, and the band structures and the wave functions of the nanowires are calculated by means of a Lanczos iteration algorithm. For the [001]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires, the systems with both square and rectangular cross sections are considered. Here, it is found that all the energy bands are double degenerate. Furthermore, although the lowest conduction bands in these nanowires show good parabolic dispersions, the top valence bands show rich and complex structures. In particular, the topmost valence bands of these nanowires with a square cross section show a double maximum structure. In the nanowires with a rectangular cross section, this double maximum structure is suppressed and top valence bands gradually develop into parabolic bands as the aspect ratio of the cross section is increased. For the [111]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires, the systems with hexagonal cross sections are considered. It is found that all the bands at the \Gamma-point are again double degenerate. However, some of them will split into non-degenerate bands when the wave vector moves away from the \Gamma-point. Furthermore, although the lowest conduction bands again show good parabolic dispersions, the topmost valence bands do not show the double maximum structure but, instead, a single maximum structure with its maximum at a wave vector slightly away from the \Gamma-point. We also investigate the effects of quantum confinement on the band structures of the [001]- and [111]-oriented InSb and GaSb nanowires and present an empirical formula for the description of quantization energies of the band edge states in the nanowires., Comment: 17 pages, 19 figures

The X-rays induced during interaction of highly charged argon ions with a beryllium surface are reported. It is found that the K shell X-ray yield of single particle during interaction of hydrogen-like argon ions was 3.6 × 10 −3 , which is five orders more than that of helium-like argon ions. Moreover, due to the screening the 2s electron, no K X-ray was emitted during interaction of lithium-like argon ions with the beryllium surface. It is also found that the X-ray spectrum induced by Ar 17+ interacting with residual gases is very different from that induced by Ar 17+ interacting with the surfaces, that provided an experimental evidence for the existence of the hollow atoms below the surface.

By use of optical spectrum technology, the spectra of X-ray induced by highly charged 40 Ar q + ions interacting with Au surface have been studied. The results show that the argon Ka X-ray were emitted from the hollow atoms formed below the surface. There is a process of multi-electron exciting in neutralization of the Ar 16+ ion, with electronic configuration 1s 2 in its ground state below the solid surface. The yield of the projectile Kα X-ray is related to its initial electronic configuration, and the yield of the target X-ray is related to the projectile kinetic energy.

Experimental investigation of Molybdenum L-shell X-ray emission is reported in the collision of highly charged Xe q+ (q = 26,27,30) ions with Molybdenum surface in the energy range 400 to 600 keV. Based on the X-ray spectra obtained and by the extrapolation of experimental data to the lower incident energy range, a limit was found for the energy of the incident ions. The influence of initial charge state on X-ray emission from the target L-shell was observed. The difference of the initial charge state and electron configuration of the incident ions may lead to observably different contribution to the target atom vacancy production and L-shell X-rays emission. Based on COB model, a simple explanation was presented to interpret the features of the experimental results.

The measurements of spectra with wavelengths from 200nm to 1000nm emitted from solid surfaces excited by highly charged ions(HCIs) are reported. The results show that the spectral line of specimen materials can be excited by HCIs, and when the quantity of electric charge is more than a critical number, the intensity of the excited spectral line will be sharply enhanced. Theoretical analysis gives that, this mutation is tied up with the excitation of the conducting-electron gas plasmon in the metal surface.

The cross-section ratios R of transfer ionization to single electron capture of Helium atom induced by fluorine ions in the strong-interaction region were measured by means of the position-sensitive-detection and the time-of-flight (TOF) technologies. The velocity and charge state dependence of R were studied. It is found that the R decreases when the 2q/v increases, where q and v are the charge state and velocity of projectile respectively. In this energy region the transfer ionization can be look as Two-Step process that one target electron is captured, and another electron is ionized.

The spectra of highly charged titanium ions produced by the interaction of 120 MeV titanium ions with carbon foil were investigated with the so-called beam-foil technique using the HI-13 tandem accelerator in China Institute of Atomic Energy. Spectral lines emitted from fifty-three excited energy levels were observed in the wavelength range 120–220 A, among which eleven lines were new. Our experimental results show good agreement with the results of laser plasma experiments, and are in reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations.

We report the measured results of the 200 nm—1000 nm characteristic spectral lines of target atoms when highly charged ions40Ar q+(6≤q≤14) with the same kinetic energy and40Ar6+ with different kinetic energies are incident upon Al, Ti, Ni, Ta and Au surfaces, respectively. The results for129Xe6+,129Xe10+ and129Xe15+ with the same kinetic energy (150 keV) incident upon a Ta surface are also reported. These results show that when the projectile and target are properly selected (40Ar12+ impinges on Al,129Xe6+ impinges on Ta), the spectral intensity of characteristic spectral lines of the target atom is effectively enhanced, and is not strongly dependent on the kinetic energy of the incident ions.

The 200 MeV/u Xe 54+ ions were utilized to collide with N 2 molecules and the K- and L-REC, as well as the Lyman lines of Xe 53+ were observed. After electron cooling, the ion beam momentum spread Δ P / P ≈ 2.2 × 10 −5 was achieved and the target thickness was stabilized at about 10 13 atom/cm 2 . As the first atomic experiment at HIRFL-CSR with the internal target, its feasibility and stability were verified.

The excitation spectra in the wavelength range of 19—40 nm for highly ionized sulphur ions were measured by using the beam-foil method at the Heavy lon Research Facility in Lanzhou. In this experiment, more than 30 spectral lines were observed, which belonged to the transitions of the excitation energy levels for highly ionized SX—SXV ions, and 5 new lines were determined. The experimental results were compared with those from other experiments and theoretical calculations.

The coincidence experimental setup for studying multiple electron processes at low energies established at the Institute of Modern Physics was presented. The setup includes time-of-flight spectrometer, position sensitive detector, and multi-parameter data acquisition system. Presented were a TOF spectrum for Ar12+ on Ar collisions, a position spectrum obtained in O2+ + He collisions, and a two-dimension spectrum for Ar8+ + Ar collisions at 104 keV. The experimental results were analyzed in detail and 12 subprocesses were identified from the two-dimension spectrum.

Beam foil experiments were carried out for 47 MeV Ne ions passing through C (39 μg/cm2) and A1 (3.4mg/cm2) foils. Highly charged H-, He-., Li-, and Be-like ions were obtained after the foils. The excitation spectra and level lifetimes for these ions were measured, and transition configurations for most measured lines were identified.