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The energy flow optimization is important to the operation, planning and trading of integrated energy systems. Based on the energy hub (EH) model, this paper establishes a multi-objective hybrid optimal energy flow model for integrated energy systems that consider operation economy and pollution gas emissions. Power grid constraints, gas grid constraints and EH constraints are involved in the proposed model. The non-dominated improved genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and particle swarm optimization algorithm combined solution method is used to solve the proposed multi-objective hybrid optimal energy flow model. The results show that the proposed model can balance the operation economy and pollution gas emission according to the difference of energy price and load demand. It can flexibly change the transformation and utilization mode of natural gas to provide more operation solutions for operators and realize more rational utilization of energy.

Polarization-based dehazing methods can enhance the quality of haze images. However, existing methods tend to a manual selection of sky area and bias coefficient to estimate the degree of polarization (DoP) of the airlight, which leads to inaccurate estimation of the airlight. Aiming at the problem, a reconstruction algorithm based on the blind separation model of polarized orthogonal airlight is proposed. Importantly, the depth-dependent DoP of the airlight is automatically estimated without manual selection of sky area and bias coefficient. To reduce the interference of white objects on the estimation of airlight at infinity, an adaptive estimation method using the deviation between the DoP of the airlight and incident light is proposed. In order to accurate estimate the airlight from the airlight at infinity, a blind separation model of the airlight with multi-regularization constraints is established based on the decomposition of the airlight at infinity into a pair of polarized components with orthogonal angles. The experimental results show that the method effectively improves the visibility of scenes under different haze concentrations, especially in dense or heavy haze weather.

It’s a key issue in the research of polarized light navigation to obtain the solar position information efficiently and accurately by using the polarized skylight pattern. But existing calculation methods for solving solar position use time-consuming data-processing algorithms that solve nonlinear equations. In this paper, we propose a linear data-processing method to calculate solar position by utilizing the $\infty $ characteristic model of the polarized skylight pattern. The linear analytic model of the solar azimuth angle and zenith angle are established respectively by polar coordinate transformation of the $\infty $ characteristic model of polarized skylight pattern, which transforms the solution of solar position into the slope solution of the linear equations. The measured experiments under clear, cloudy and partial occlusion conditions verify the effectiveness and better robustness of our linear algorithm, which can provide a more simple and efficient method to achieve the solar position.

The voltage-based equalization strategy is very simple, and it is widely used in industrial applications, however, for the traditional control strategy, while the battery voltages are equal, the battery management system (BMS) will stop balancing, due to the complex composition of the battery voltage, the battery cell is not well balanced. This paper proposed a battery balancing control strategy for industrial applications, which adds ohmic voltage compensation based on the traditional equalization control strategy, by increasing the compensation and prolonging the equalization time of the battery cell, a better equalization effect can be achieved. Compared with the traditional equalization strategy, the only parameters required are equalization current and battery internal resistance, these parameters are very easy to obtain without any burden, and are very suitable for industrial applications. This paper analyzes in detail the reasons why the traditional equilibrium strategy is insufficient, introduces the principle and error of the proposed strategy, and compares it with the traditional equilibrium strategy. The experimental results show that the error of the equalization strategy proposed in this paper is about 3 mV (discharge) and 2 mV (idle), while the traditional strategy is 10 mV and 8 mV, respectively.

Abstract Excessive microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation is closely involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. CQMUH-011, as a novel adamantane sulfonamide compound, has been shown anti-inflammatory properties in activated macrophages (RAW264.7). However, the role of CQMUH-011 in microglial activation-induced neuroinflammation and neuroprotective properties has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the potential effects and mechanisms of CQMUH-011 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary microglia in vitro and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO)–induced acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. The results demonstrated that CQMUH-011 significantly suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β by LPS-stimulated primary microglia. In addition, CQMUH-011 inhibited the proliferation of activated microglia by arresting the cell cycle at the G1/S phase accompanied by downregulating the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1. CQMUH-011 was seen to induce apoptosis in activated microglia by regulating the expression of Bax and Bcl-2. Furthermore, CQMUH-011 markedly attenuated the protein expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) as well as the phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor-kappa (NF-κB) subunit p65, inhibitory kappa B-alpha (IκBα), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinases. In vivo, CQMUH-011 administration significantly improved neurological function and infarct volume, and ameliorated the inflammatory cytokines and microglia amount around the injury site of mice. In conclusion, these results suggested that CQMUH-011 has a notable anti-inflammatory effect and protects mice from I/R injure. Thus, CQMUH-011 may be a candidate drug for the treatment of cerebral ischemia patients.

Inspired by the use of polarized information for navigation behaviors in nature, many researchers have carried out a lot of researches on bionic polarized light navigation. Due to the complexity of the atmospheric radiation transmission process, there is a lot of uncertainty for the bionic polarized light navigation method that accurately calculates the polarization information of the polarized skylight pattern pixel by pixel. This paper studies the distribution of the polarized skylight pattern under different weather conditions through a large number of observational experiments. It is found that the distribution of the angle of polarization shows a stable $\infty $ characteristic, which can reflect the macro distribution characteristics and changing laws of the polarized skylight pattern. This paper extracts the $\infty $ characteristic from the polarization angle image, then we establish a model of $\infty $ characteristic to solve the solar position by calculating the feature similarity indexes between the measured $\infty $ characteristic images and Rayleigh $\infty $ characteristic images. And we propose an improved harmony search algorithm to solve the optimal solution of the model. By searching in the Rayleigh $\infty $ characteristic image database, the solution vector corresponding to the Rayleigh $\infty $ characteristic image with the highest feature similarity index is the solar position. In this paper, experiments are performed on measured polarized images under sunny and cloudy weather, and the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

When light transports in water, it will be scattered and absorbed by the water body and water particles, resulting in blurred images and color distortion. In order to improve the quality of underwater imaging, the local linear model and restoration method of underwater images are proposed in this paper. Based on the distance-invariant feature in the local region, the local linear model is established, and the slope and intercept of the model represent the transmission rate and the backscattered light of the local region of the image, respectively. Utilizing this model, the problem of underwater image restoration has been transformed into the problem of solving the slope and intercept of linear equations. To solve the linear imaging model, the concept of local special-value is defined in this paper, and several fitting points can be obtained through the special-value. Then the linear model is solved by the fitting method, and the restoration of underwater images is completed. The restoration results of different underwater scene images verify that the linear model has a good effect in improving the image clarity and removing the color distortion.

In this paper, two kinds of abnormal rail-armature contact states are assumed and simulated, and the simulated B-dot probe waveforms are compared with the results from the experiments. Through theoretical analysis, simulations, and experiments, relations between the abnormal contact states and the output waveforms of the B-dot probe are investigated. Results show that with the help of the B-dot probe output waveforms, the transition position can be obtained and the intervals between the parallel circuit branches, which are created by the arcs arising from the abnormal contact states, can be primarily measured.

The classified treatment of rural domestic waste is an urgent need to promote the Rural Revitalization Strategy and an important way to meet the needs of people’s better life. With the rapid development of rural economy and society and the continuous improvement of farmers’ living standards, how to realize the reduction, recycling and harmless treatment of rural domestic waste has become an urgent issue for economic and social development. Based on the investigation of rural domestic waste classification and resource utilization pilot areas in Shaanxi Province, from the perspective of suppliers, this paper uses case analysis method to compare the basic situation, classification practice mode and suppliers of four pilot villages, and further comprehensively evaluate the domestic waste end classification degree, resource utilization rate and annual unit cost resource utilization of each pilot village Reduction and harmless treatment effect. It is found that: at present, rural domestic waste classification is faced with supply dilemma, institutional dilemma, capital dilemma and Governance Dilemma. To solve these problems, we must start from four aspects: building a diversified supply subject, establishing a long-term stable capital investment mechanism, establishing and improving the relevant legal system and integrated collaborative governance system, so as to promote the formation of farmers’ waste classification habit and form a waste management system Long term mechanism of garbage disposal.

The neutral points are one of the most significant characteristics of the polarized skylight pattern in the whole sky. At present, detection of the neutral points mostly utilizes ellipse fitting of the degree of polarization. However, because the degree of polarization distribution characteristics of a polarized skylight pattern is easily affected by the environment, the robustness of the detection is unstable. Aiming at the problem, we analyzed the angle of polarization distribution characteristics of polarized skylight patterns in the region around the neutral point by measurement experiments. Based on this, we proposed an automatic detection method of neutral points using the angle of polarization of the polarized skylight pattern. The experimental results of different times in a continuous period of time show that compared with ellipse fitting of the degree of polarization, the detection accuracy of the proposed method is almost the same, but the robustness is better. It provides a novel method for the position detecting of the neutral point, which is in favor of the measurement applications of polarization technology.

In recent years, China’s urbanization and industrialization have developed rapidly. As cities continue to expand and people’s living standards continue to increase, the amount of domestic waste produced has also increased with each day, and has become more and more diversified, leading to prominent problems in urban waste disposal. With the rapid development of urbanization, the phenomenon of “garbage siege” has become increasingly prominent, and the living environment of residents has also gradually deteriorated. From the perspective of sustainable development strategies, strengthening the classification of urban waste is of great significance and will become a social Big development trend. The effective classification of garbage is not only good for the environment, but also beneficial to human beings. By comparing the current status of domestic garbage disposal at home and abroad, this article summarizes the problems of urban domestic garbage in China and gives a reasonable treatment plan.

With the rapid economic development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the problem of environmental pollution cannot be ignored. Especially in recent years, the haze weather, the increase of carbon dioxide emissions, the development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei has brought a negative impact. Now, the primary energy consumption of the three regions of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei is decomposed into five factors including population, economy, industrial structure, energy intensity and energy consumption structure by using LMDI decomposition method. The results show that: overall population and per capita GDP promote the growth of carbon emissions, and overall industrial structure effect, energy intensity effect and energy consumption structure factors inhibit the growth of carbon emissions. The energy intensity of the secondary industry and the tertiary industry has a very significant inhibiting effect on the growth of carbon emissions.

In view of the world carbon emission problem, the current status of low carbon economy research is reviewed. Based on the historical data of industrial carbon emissions in Hebei Province from 2008 to 2017, based on the historical data of industrial carbon emissions in Hebei Province, the Kaya decomposition model was used to find the industry affecting Hebei Province. The driving factors of carbon emission levels and the trends of various factors, and then combined with the LMDI model, the absolute contribution of each driving factor to the economic development of Hebei Province, and the specific analysis of carbon emission levels, and finally put forward rationalized emission reduction measures and suggest.

To lower the large-scale network cost and energy consumption, we proposed a hierarchical topology with low-radix switches. The hierarchical topology HyperFatTree is designed by combining Fat Tree topology and complete graph topology. Theory analysis of topology characteristic shows that the proposed topology can achieve high cost performance and high scalability. According to the characteristic of HyperFatTree, we designed a minimum path routing algorithm and a load balanced non-minimum path random routing algorithm for the WorstCase traffic. Evaluation shows that the saturated throughput of HyperFatTree is nearly 68.5 % at the scale of 83,232 nodes under Uniform Random traffic, which is higher than both Fat Tree and Dragonfly. It is also important that the throughput reduces only 5 % while the scale has increased 80 times, which shows good smooth scalability. Evaluation on energy efficiency shows that HyperFatTree performs better than Fat Tree and can achieve 3---7 times higher energy efficiency than Dragonfly.

E-commerce enterprises represented by JD have made a great contribution to the economic growth and economic development of our country. Delivery, as an important part of logistics, has self-evident importance. By establishing efficient and perfect self-built logistics systems and building good cooperation models with third-party logistics enterprises, e-commerce enterprises have created their own logistics advantages. Characterized by multi-batch and small-batch, e-commerce is much more complicated than traditional transaction. It’s not easy to decide which delivery model e-commerce enterprises should adopt. Having e-commerce’s logistics delivery as the main research object, this essay aims to find a more suitable logistics delivery model for JD’s development.

It is surprising that many insect species use only the ultraviolet (UV) component of the polarized skylight for orientation and navigation purposes, while both the intensity and the degree of polarization of light from the clear sky are lower in the UV than at longer (blue, green, red) wavelengths. Why have these insects chosen the UV part of the polarized skylight? This strange phenomenon is called the "UV-sky-pol paradox". Although earlier several speculations tried to resolve this paradox, they did this without any quantitative data. A theoretical and computational model has convincingly explained why it is advantageous for certain animals to detect celestial polarization in the UV. We performed a sky-polarimetric approach and built a polarized skylight sensor that models the processing of polarization signals by insect photoreceptors. Using this model sensor, we carried out measurements under clear and cloudy sky conditions. Our results showed that light from the cloudy sky has maximal degree of polarization in the UV. Furthermore, under both clear and cloudy skies the angle of polarization of skylight can be detected with a higher accuracy. By this, we corroborated empirically the soundness of the earlier computational resolution of the UV-sky-pol paradox.

The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is the basic data of municipal solid waste management. It is an important basis for urban green planning to predict MSW output scientifically and accurately. Therefore, first this paper uses Grey Relation Analysis, and points out that the main factor affecting the production of municipal solid waste is the urban resident population. Then the Grey Prediction Model is used to predict the amount of MSW in Shanghai from 2005 to 2020. The prediction results show that the amount of MSW in Shanghai will reach 8.86 million tons in 2020. Finally, in view of the above analysis, this paper puts forward some countermeasures, so as to provide reference for the future environmental planning in Shanghai.

Today's competitive education in our society increasingly fierce competition, especially in higher education. More and more colleges and universities began to apply marketing ideas to the management of higher education in the past, to make itself can survive and grow in a competitive environment. This thesis is devoted to the research of the application of the marketing ideas in the higher education of our country. Firstly, this paper makes a comprehensive summary of the background, significance and current situation of the research, and demonstrates the possibility and necessity of the introduction of marketing management ideas in Colleges and universities in China. Secondly, this paper analyzes the application of marketing ideas in the management mode of higher education from the perspective of "4P". In the process of the analysis, this paper gives some suggestions and opinions, which provides a marketing strategy for the healthy development of colleges and universities.

SummarySpermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have the ability to self-renew and offer a pathway for genetic engineering of the male germ line. Cryopreservation of SSCs has potential value for the treatment of male infertility, spermatogonial transplantation, and so on. In order to investigate the cryopreservation effects of different cryoprotectants on murine SSCs, 0.2 M of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), trehalose and soybean lecithin were added to the cryoprotective medium, respectively, and the murine SSCs were frozen at −80°C or −196°C. The results indicated that the optimal recovery rates of murine SSCs in the cryoprotective medium supplemented with LDL, trehalose and soybean lecithin were 92.53, 76.35 and 75.48% at −80°C, respectively. Compared with freezing at −196°C, the optimum temperature for improvement of recovery rates of frozen murine SSCs, cryopreservation in three different cryoprotectants at −80°C, were 17.11, 6.68 and 10.44% respectively. The recovery rates of murine SSCs in the cryoprotective medium supplemented with 0.2 M LDL were significantly higher than that of other cryoprotectants (P < 0.05). Moreover, the recovery rates were demonstrated to be greater at −80°C compared with at −196°C (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 0.2 M of LDL could significantly protect murine SSCs at −80°C. In the freezing–thawing process, LDL is responsible for the cryopreservation of murine SSCs because it can form a protective film at the surface of membranes. However, more research is needed to evaluate and understand the precise role of LDL during the freezing–thawing of SSCs.

TiNi and Ti-based shape memory alloys were processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 673-773 K along B c route to obtain ultrafine grains for increasing the strength of parent phase and improving the functional properties. The effects of both thermodynamically stable and metastable second phases on the mechanical properties and martensitic transformations of these alloys were investigated. It is found that thermodynamically stable Ti 2 Ni phase has no effect on martensitic transformation and superelasticity of Ti-rich TiNi alloy, thermodynamically stable α phase is harmful for ductility of Ti–Mo–Nb–V–Al alloy, but metastable Ti 3 Ni 4 phase is effective for R phase transformation, martensitic transformation and superelasticity of Ni-rich TiNi alloy. The mechanisms of the second phases on the martensitic transformations and mechanical properties were discussed.

Effect of aging on the tensile and superelasticity (SE) behaviors of Ti-9.8Mo-3.9Nb-2V-3.1Al (wt.%) alloy have been investigated. It is found that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength of aged alloy change with the aging temperature following a nonlinear relationship due to ω-phase and α-phase precipitates. The SE, especially elastic recovery behavior, is closely related with the morphology of α-phase precipitates, as well as ω-phase formed during aging. At a maximum tensile strain of 4%, the specimen aged at 673 K with ω + α-phase precipitates shows a superelastic recovery strain of 3.2%. Lots of α-phase precipitates, distributing homogeneously in specimen aged at 773 K, result in the lost of SE. A maximum recovery strain of 3.3% is obtained for specimens aged at 873 or 973 K for 30 min, with coarse short bar-like α-phase precipitates.

Ultrafine-grained (UFG) commercial pure (CP, grade 3) Ti was produced using two-step severe plastic deformation, eight passes equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) and cold rolling (CR) at liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). Microstructural evolution and mechanical behaviors of UFG CP-Ti have been systematically investigated. After eight passes ECAE, the grain size was refined to sub-micron scale, smaller than 0.5 μm. Subsequent CR at LNT or RT for both UFG and coarse-grained (CG) specimens led to further refinement of structure, dramatically intensifying (0 0 0 2) peak, and the preferred orientation along the (0 0 0 2) crystal plane is formed at the expense of other crystal plane. After eight passes ECAE and CR at LNT, the ultimate tensile strength of UFG CP-Ti (grade 3) is 1218 MPa, and an elongation of 12.6%. Strain hardening behaviors of UFG CP-Ti (grade 3) during tensile deformation at RT have been analyzed.

The temperature of the billet deformation is a key factor in equal channel angular extrusion process. In this study, temperature rise and temperature distribution in the die and CP–Ti billet at different deformation stages during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process was conducted by three-dimension finite element method (FEM). The influence of initial extrusion temperature on the temperature rise was also discussed. The simulation results showed that the temperature rises in the die and billet were very different at different locations. The distribution of temperature was inhomogeneous at different initial extrusion temperature.

In this paper, 3D FEM was applied to analyze the commercial pure Ti (CP-Ti) billet subjected to four-pass ECAE process at 400 °C with Bc route. The effective strain distribution and load–stroke curves within up to four-pass were described with friction conditions. The load was increased with the number of ECAE process. The propensity for cracks was predicted, which did correlate approximately to the experiment.

Ti-50.9 at.% Ni alloy was subjected to Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) at 723 K and 773 K. The initial coarse grains were refined after eight passes ECAE at 773 K, 0.2–0.3 μm as processed, the grains on longitudinal plane of samples were elongated along the shearing force direction of ECAE process. The R phase transformation of Ti-50.9 at.% Ni alloys was stimulated after ECAE processes, corresponding thermal peaks underwent within a larger temperature range, and the reverse R phase transformations of Ti-50.9 at.% Ni alloy after eight passes ECAE at 773 K, or four passes ECAE at 723 K, were eventually observed on heating. With the increase of extrusion passes, the martensitic transformation peak temperature (Mp) was lowered gradually.

in this paper, using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in China's small and medium-sized enterprises made an evaluation of the efficiency of energy conservation and emissions reduction, calculates and analyses the non DEA effective province small and medium-sized enterprises energy conservation and emissions reduction potential of space. Through the correlation analysis between variables, it is concluded that the technology level of development of small and medium-sized enterprises, the development scale and industrial structure is having a significant impact on energy conservation and emissions reduction efficiency factors. Finally, according to the result of empirical study, this paper puts forward policy Suggestions.

Based on the existing literature combing found online reviews impact on impulse buying intentions. However, previous studies on how it affects the existence of contradictory inconsistent. Therefore, this paper introduces the concept of psychology, regulatory focus theory, trying to study this problem from the inside perspective.

Desert ant (Cataglyphis) is famous for its ability in navigation. In deserts with very few visual and odor information, the ant can return to its den almost along a straight line after foraging away in a distance of much more than thousands of times longer than its body length. Several kinds of information must be acquired during its trip, and the most important two are: path integration and visual navigation. Path integration is achieved by using sky light compass based on polarized light and odometer, while visual navigation relies on landmark based memory and matching. In this paper, a survey of research work on desert ant navigation from the viewpoint of information acquisition and fusion is presented, as well as the application of these kinds of information to navigate robots, especially bionic robots cruising in strange environment.

Communication locality is an important characteristic of parallel applications. A great deal of research shows that utilizing the characteristic will favor most applications. Aiming at communication locality, we present a hierarchical direct network topology to accelerate neighbor communication. Combining mesh topology and complete graph topology, it can be used to optimize local communication and build large-scale network with low radix routers. Analyzing the characteristic of hierarchical topology, we find the presented topology has high cost performance and excellent expandability. We also design two minimum path routing algorithms and compare them with Mesh, Dragonfly and PERCS topologies. The results show the saturated throughput of hierarchical topology is nearly 40% with uniform random trace and 70% with local communication model of 4K nodes. That indicates high scalability for applications with local communication and cost efficiency for uniform random trace.

As the scale of high performance computer keeps increasing, the hierarchical high dimension direct network, such as Cray Dragonfly and K computer 6D mesh, becomes commonly used. In such architecture, the variety of topologies in each hierarchy leads to the complexity of topology and routing algorithm. Facing to the high complexity and scalability, parallel network simulator is the suitable platform to design network architecture efficiently and study its performance. We design and implement a packet-level parallel network simulator HiNetSim which can achieve both high accuracy and efficiency. In addition, the simulator provides flexible interfaces and configuration files for establishing hierarchical topologies and implementing routing algorithms. As a demonstration of HiNetSim, studies on flattened butterfly, 4D Torus and a proposed hierarchical network are given. Evaluation shows that HiNetSim achieves linear parallel speedup and is capable of simulating the network with tens of thousands nodes.

We present a computationally inexpensive analytical model for simulating celestial polarization patterns in variable conditions. We combine both the singularity theory of Berry et al (2004 New J. Phys. 6 162) and the intensity model of Perez et al (1993 Sol. Energy 50 235–245) such that our single model describes three key sets of data: (1) the overhead distribution of the degree of polarization as well as the existence of neutral points in the sky; (2) the change in sky polarization as a function of the turbidity of the atmosphere; and (3) sky polarization patterns as a function of wavelength, calculated in this work from the ultra-violet to the near infra-red. To verify the performance of our model we generate accurate reference data using a numerical radiative transfer model and statistical comparisons between these two methods demonstrate no significant difference in almost all situations. The development of our analytical model provides a novel method for efficiently calculating the overhead skylight polarization pattern. This provides a new tool of particular relevance for our understanding of animals that use the celestial polarization pattern as a source of visual information.

Being Faced of the problem of growing energy demand and the grim situation of reducing emissions, taking full advantage of renewable energy in every family is an increasingly important issue. Shanxi University, College of Physics & Electronics Engineering and Shanxi spring solar heating Co., Ltd commitment to “Building and research of low-carbon home demonstration projects” in the long term. In this paper, we described the function, structure, energy saving effect, economic and social benefits of the two demonstration projects.

Ni-free shape memory alloys are promising functional materials for medical applications. A newly developed Ti-Mo based shape memory alloy shows superelasticity after thermomechanical treatment. However, the microstructure evolution and precipitation during thermomechanical processes are still not well understood. In the present paper, compressive deformation behavior at a series of temperatures of 298K - 973K and tensile deformation behavior of the alloy after aged at 573K - 973K have been investigated systematically. It is found that the compressive yield stress and ultimate compressive strength change with the deformation temperature. The ultimate tensile strength and yield stress of aged specimens also change with the aging temperature following a non-linear relationship. Microstructures of aged specimens as well as effects of lattice softening and aging-induced precipitates on the deformation behavior have been investigated and discussed.