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We examined the effects of representative clay minerals, montmorillonite (M) and kaolin (K), on perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) transport under saturated conditions. Results showed that low amounts of M or K addition increased and high addition amounts reduced PFOA retardation in quartz sand during the transport. With increasing addition of clay minerals (0-50%, weight ratio), the retardation factor of the M-added system increased from 1.03±0.00 to 1.31±0.03 and then decreased to 0.72±0.06, while that of the K-added system increased to 1.30±0.02 and then decreased to 0.49±0.11. Results of the tracer experiment showed that low amount of M or K addition did not produce preferential flow, while high amount addition induced obvious preferential flow, which resulted in the decrease in PFOA retardation. In addition, due to limitations of the highly negative-charged surface of the M or K modified sand and the solid-liquid ratio of column experiment, the modified M or K sand had low adsorption capacity of PFOA and thus almost did not affect PFOA retention. However, the adsorption and desorption of PFOA by clay minerals might still be responsible for the increases in PFOA retardation with low amount of M or K addition. The results are of great significance for accurately assessing the transport process and eco-environmental risks of PFOA in soil-groundwater systems.本研究以蒙脱石(M)和高岭土(K)为代表性黏土矿物,探究了饱和条件下黏土矿物对全氟辛酸(PFOA)运移行为的影响。结果表明: 较低量的M或K添加增强了石英砂中PFOA的运移阻滞,较高量添加则减弱其阻滞。随黏土矿物添加量的增加(0～50%,重量比),添加M的PFOA阻滞系数由1.03±0.00增至1.31±0.03后降至0.72±0.06;添加K的PFOA阻滞系数增至1.30±0.02后降至0.49±0.11。示踪试验结果显示,较低量的M或K添加未形成优先流,而较高量的M或K添加产生了明显的优先流,该条件下PFOA阻滞减弱。此外,受M或K改性石英砂电负性强及柱试验固液比等限制,试验条件下M或K改性石英砂对PFOA吸附量较低,几乎未影响PFOA滞留,但黏土矿物对PFOA的吸附和脱附作用仍可能是较低量的M或K添加增强PFOA运移阻滞的原因。本研究结果对准确评估土壤-地下水系统中PFOA的迁移过程和生态环境风险具有重要意义。.

Peatlands contain a significant fraction of global soil carbon, but how these reservoirs will respond to the changing climate is still relatively unknown. A global picture of the variations in peat organic matter chemistry will aid our ability to gauge peatland soil response to climate. The goal of this research is to test the hypotheses that 1) peat carbohydrate content, an indicator of soil organic matter reactivity, will increase with latitude and decrease with mean annual temperatures (MAT), 2) while peat aromatic content, an indicator of recalcitrance, will vary inversely, and 3) elevation will have a similar effect to latitude. We used Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to examine variations in the organic matter functional groups of 1034 peat samples collected from 10-20, 30-40, and 60-70 cm depths at 165 individual sites across a latitudinal gradient of 79˚N to 65˚S and from elevations of 0 to 4773 meters. Carbohydrate contents of high latitude peat were significantly greater than peat originating near the equator, while aromatic content showed the opposite trend. For peat from similar latitudes but different elevations, the carbohydrate content was greater and aromatic content was lower at higher elevations. Higher carbohydrate content at higher latitudes indicates a greater potential for mineralization, whereas the chemical composition of low latitude peat is consistent with their apparent relative stability in the face of warmer temperatures. The combination of low carbohydrates and high aromatics at warmer locations near the equator suggests the mineralization of high latitude peat until reaching recalcitrance under a new temperature regime.

SummaryAlmost all terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) still assume infinite mesophyll conductance (gm) to estimate photosynthesis and transpiration. This assumption has caused low accuracy of TBMs to predict leaf gas exchange under certain conditions.In this study, we developed a photosynthesis-transpiration coupled model that explicitly considers gm and designed an optimized parameterization solution through evaluating four different gm estimation methods in 19 C3 species at 31 experimental treatments.Results indicated that temperature responses of the maximum carboxylation rate (Fcmax) and the electron transport rate (Jmax) estimated by fusing the Bayesian retrieval algorithm and the Sharkey online calculator together with gm temperature response estimated by fusing the chlorophyll fluorescence-gas exchange method and anatomy method predicted leaf gas exchange more accurately. The gm temperature response exhibited activation energy (ΔHa) of 63.13 ± 36.89 kJ mol-1 and entropy (ΔS) of 654.49 ± 11.36 J K-1 mol-1. The gm optimal temperature (Topt_gm) explained 58% of variations in photosynthesis optimal temperature (ToptA). The gm explicit expression has equally important effects on photosynthesis and transpiration estimations.Results advanced understandings of better representation of plant photosynthesis and transpiration in TBMs.

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), as well as microplastics, have drawn global attention due to their presence in the aquatic ecosystem and persistence in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In the present study, for simultaneous bio-removal of two EDCs, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), and a microplastic, polypropylene (PP) four kinds of periphytic biofilms were employed. Additionally, the effect of humic acid (HA) on the removal efficacy of these biofilms was evaluated. It was observed that EE2 and BPA (0.2 mg L

Peat bogs, which cover only 3% of the global land surface, store about 30% of the global soil carbon (C), and are important carbon pools in terrestrial ecosystems. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important part of carbon cycle in peatland, and also an important participant in biogeo-chemical process of peat. The variation of redox ability of DOM and inorganic ions in surface water, groundwater, and pore water of two sampling peatland (minerotrophic fen, LB; ombrotrophic bog, OS) were analyzed using novel electrochemical method and stable carbon isotope. The results showed that in the LB plot, inorganic elements were rich, and that anaerobic respiration dominated by inorganic electron acceptor was the main process. The redox ability differed across different LB water sources (surface water, groundwater, and pore water), which was mainly affected by the actual redox potentials. Iron and sulfate were generally in reduced state in the profile of pore water. The reaction level and depth of redox active groups of DOM which participated in redox process were influenced by inorganic electron acceptor. In the OS plot, organic matter was extremely rich, and organic electron acceptor contributed significantly in redox process. The redox ability of OS water samples from different sources performed differently, which was also mainly attributed to the actual redox potentials. The redox ability of pore water profile was affected by the chemical composition in peat substance at different depths. Therefore, electron accepting capacities (EAC) and oxidation index (OI) values could be used to identify the redox conditions along the gradient and to indicate the redox state of organic matter in aquatic systems.泥炭沼泽湿地仅占地球陆地面积的3%,而碳储量却占全球的30%,是陆地生态系统重要的碳库。溶解性有机质(DOM)是泥炭地碳循环重要组成部分,也是泥炭地生物地球化学过程的重要参与者。本研究利用新型电化学方法、稳定同位素技术对2个泥炭样地(矿养型泥炭沼泽,LB;雨养型泥炭沼泽,OS)地表水、地下水、土壤孔隙水中DOM及无机离子的氧化还原能力变化特征进行分析。结果表明: LB样地的无机元素丰富且浓度较高,无机主导的厌氧呼吸过程起主要作用;不同来源(地表水、地下水和孔隙水)水样中的氧化还原能力差异主要受实际氧化还原电位影响,孔隙水剖面铁和硫酸盐大多以还原价态赋存,无机电子受体会影响DOM的氧化还原活性基团发生氧化还原反应的水平和深度。OS样地的有机质极其丰富,有机电子受体参与氧化还原过程贡献显著,不同来源(地表水、地下水和孔隙水)水样中氧化还原能力差异同样受实际氧化还原电位影响,孔隙水剖面的氧化还原能力还受不同深度泥炭基质化学组成差异的影响。利用电子接受能力(EAC)和氧化指数(OI)值可表示沿梯度变化的氧化还原条件,进而可有效指示水生系统中有机质氧化还原状态。.

To reconstruct the deposition rate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in different historical periods and to examine the temporal and spatial trend of PCBs pollution, we analyzed the changes of PCBs concentration and deposition rate in peat cores and lake sediments, and evaluated the suitability of peat cores and lake sediments for studying PCBs deposition trend. Through the dating analysis of all samples, we found that peat bog could well record the historical sedimentation of PCBs. PCBs did not degrade in peat, and it was thus feasible to use peatland to examine the settlement of PCBs. In this study, the reconstruction time of ∑为了重建不同历史时期多氯联苯(PCBs)的沉降速率以研究其污染的时空变化趋势,本研究分析了PCBs在泥炭芯和湖泊沉积柱芯中浓度和沉降速率的变化规律,并评估了泥炭芯和湖泊沉积柱芯用于PCBs沉降变化研究的适用性。对采集柱芯进行定年分析发现,泥炭沼泽可以很好地记录PCBs历史沉降变化,并且泥炭中的PCBs没有出现降解情况,因此采用泥炭地研究PCBs沉降变化是可行的。本研究中泥炭地11种多氯联苯同系物(∑

Greenhouse gases (GHGs; particularly, CO2, CH4, and N2O) emission from wastewater treatment systems (WWTS) is one of the inevitable concerns for sustainable development. This indicator is directly linked with the carbon footprint and potential impacts of WWTS on climate change. In this view, various modeling, design, and operational tools have been introduced to mitigate the WWTS associated GHGs, at regional and global scales. In this study, authors have critically reviewed the selected potential operational control strategies for GHGs emission, particularly emitted from the operational stages of biological WWTS. The investigated operational control strategies and/or treatment configurations included intermittent aeration, varying dissolved oxygen, enhanced sludge retention time, coupled aerobic–anoxic nitrous decomposition operation, and microalgae integrated treatment process. Based on this analysis and considering the trade-off between treatment performance of WWTS and GHGs control, an integrated framework is also proposed for existing and upcoming WWTS. The findings of this study and proposed framework will play an instrumental role in mitigating the GHGs at various operational stages of WWTS. Future research works in this direction can lead to a better understanding of investigated operational GHGs emission control strategies in WWTS.

Hydropower is one of the widely used renewable energy sources and contributing a huge share in overall electricity generation in developing countries like India. A few decades ago, hydropower reservoirs were found to be a clean source of renewable energy, but after the pre-industrial era (1990s), these reservoirs were emitting a significant amount of greenhouse gases (GHG). The GHG are contributing a huge share to the regional/global carbon budget. The current study represents the first regional review and focuses on: present scenarios of Indian hydropower, environmental issues, constraints in dam construction, identified key predictors (i.e., age, depth of reservoir) impacting GHG potential, GHG risk to reservoirs, and suggested mitigation measures to the way forward for the sustainable planning of hydropower development. The review reveals that most Indian hydropower reservoirs are coming under the low to medium GHG risk of reservoirs. Small hydropower projects (SHPs) are deliberated as a worthy alternative for the sustainable management of hydropower projects. There are still many issues associated with SHPs, which cannot be neglected completely. This study provides baseline information to the hydropower industries, policy-makers, environmentalists, and water managers to take corrective measures before impoundment of a reservoir at the regional and global scale.

The microstructures, phase transformations, mechanical properties and shape memory effect of Ti-20Zr-10Nb-xAl (x=1, 2, 3, 4 at%) alloys were investigated. The X-ray diffraction results show that the alloys are composed of a single martensitic α″-phase and that the corresponding unit cell volume decreases with increasing Al content. The reverse martensitic transformation start temperature ( A s ) of the Ti-20Zr-10Nb-Al alloy is 534 K and decreases with increasing Al content. The addition of Al results in solid solution strengthening and grain refinement strengthening, thus improving the mechanical properties and the shape memory effect of the Ti-20Zr-10 Nb-xAl alloys. The Ti-20Zr-10Nb-3Al alloy shows the greatest shape memory strain (3.2%) and the largest tensile strain (17.6%) as well as a very high tensile strength (886 MPa).

Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful heavy metal that can cause potent environmental and health hazards at different trophic levels through food chain. Cd is relatively non-biodegradable and persists for a long time in the environment. Considering the potential toxicity and non-biodegradability of Cd in the environment as well as its health hazards, this is an urgent issue of international concern that needs to be addressed by implicating suitable remedial approaches. The current article specifically attempts to review the different biological approaches for remediation of Cd contamination in natural resources. Further, bioremediation mechanisms of Cd by microbes such as bacteria, fungi, algae are comprehensively discussed. Studies indicate that heavy metal resistant microbes can be used as suitable biosorbents for the removal of Cd (up to 90%) in the natural resources. Soil-to-plant transfer coefficient (TC) of Cd ranges from 3.9 to 3340 depending on the availability of metal to plants and also on the type of plant species. The potential phytoremediation strategies for Cd removal and the key factors influencing bioremediation process are also emphasized. Studies on molecular mechanisms of transgenic plants for Cd bioremediation show immense potential for enhancing Cd phytoremediation efficiency. Thus, it is suggested that nano-technological based integrated bioremediation approaches could be a potential futuristic path for Cd decontamination in natural resources. This review would be highly useful for the biologists, chemists, biotechnologists and environmentalists to understand the long-term impacts of Cd on ecology and human health so that potential remedial measures could be taken in advance.

The effects of annealing temperature on microstructures, phase transformation, mechanical properties, and shape memory effect of Ti–20Zr–10Nb–5Al alloy were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns show that the alloy is composed of single hexagonal α′-martensite phase for both as-rolled sample and sample annealed at 773 K for 30 min, while single orthorhombic α″ phase exists in the samples annealed at 873 and 973 K for 30 min. The optical observations indicate that the alloy is recrystallized when annealed at 873 K, and the grain size of the sample annealed at 973 K is about five times larger than that annealed at 873 K. Both of the samples annealed at 873 and 973 K show almost the same reverse martensite transformation start temperature of 483 K as demonstrated by thermal dilatation tests. The critical stress values for martensite reorientation (σ M) are 392 and 438 MPa for the alloys annealed at 873 and 973 K, respectively. The maximum shape memory strain is 2.8 %, which is obtained in the alloy annealed at 873 K due to the lower σ M. Moreover, the sample annealed at 873 K exhibits larger tensile stress and tensile strain due to the smaller grain size.

The deteriorating water quality (WQ) of the sacred north-flowing perennial Indian River, Ganga was a serious concern in recent decades for population adjoining to the river and policy planners. The present evaluation attempts to assess the long-term (1989–2016) physiochemical characteristics of WQ of river Ganga at five upstream locations (Uttarkashi, Tehri, Rudraprayag, Devprayag, and Rishikesh) of Uttarakhand, India using comprehensive pollution index (CPI) and environmetrics (PCA and CA). These methods were used to categorize, summarize expensive datasets, and grouping the similar polluted areas along the river stretches. The WQ of river at all the locations were within the good category and most of the physiochemical parameters were well within their acceptable limit for drinking WQ. Considerably, CPI demonstrated the river WQ was in slight pollution range (CPI: 0.40–1.00) in the year 2007 and 2015 at all the five locations. The positive correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.50) among NO2+NO3, Ca, Na, B, and K indicates the significant contribution of organic and inorganic salts through runoffs from catchments due to weathering of rocks. PCA confirmed the input source of nutrients in the river from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Moreover, the upstream WQ assessed was found to be good as compared to the severely polluted downstream region. Due to COVID-19 and shutdown in the country, reduction of pollution load in the river was observed due to the rejuvenation capability of river Ganga. This information can assist the environmentalist, policymaker, and water resources planners & managers to prepare strategic planning in advance to maintain the aesthetic and cultural value of Ganga river in future., Graphical abstract, Highlights • Water quality at the upstream river course was good. • Lockdown due to COVID-19, facilitate the reduction of pollution load in the river. • River self-regulation capability facilitate for improvement of water. • The study would act as a baseline for strategic mitigation plan of the river Ganga.

Marine copepods play an important role in transferring mercury to higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems. Exposure time is an important environmental parameter that potentially influences the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of Hg in copepods, which increases the uncertainty in risk assessments of Hg in food chains. In the present study, we employed the radiotracer technique to evaluate the efflux behavior of inorganic mercury [Hg(II)] and methylmercury (MeHg), and the effects of exposure time in a population of Tigriopus japonicus copepods. Exposure treatments were compared to understand the effects of exposure time (1 d, 3 d, and 7 d) on the release routes and efflux rate constants (ke) of Hg in copepods. During a depuration period of 5 d, the ke value of Hg(II) in the three exposure treatments ranged from 0.190–0.330 d−1, while the ke of MeHg was generally slower and ranged from 0.031–0.051 d−1. The exposure time significantly affected the efflux rates of Hg(II), i.e., a longer exposure time caused a higher retained Hg(II) burden in copepods, while no significant changes were observed in the MeHg treatments. The release routes of Hg in T. japonicus included excretion, feces production, and reproduction. In all the treatments, the excretion of Hg was the most important release route. The relative contribution of reproduction significantly increased in the MeHg exposure treatments, while the contribution of water excretion decreased with exposure time. Our study demonstrated that the retention of Hg(II) and the maternal transfer of MeHg were time-dependent and significantly affected by exposure time. Long-term exposure caused a decrease in the ke of Hg(II) and increase in the contribution of MeHg transfer to nauplii, thereby indicating an increasing risk of biological transmission of Hg under long-term exposure.

Four new species of the genus Miridiba Reitter, 1902 from South China are described and illustrated: Miridiba ( Miridiba ) bannaensis Gao & Fang, new species, M. ( M .) kuatunensis Gao & Fang, new species, M. ( M .) xingkei Gao & Fang new species and M. ( M .) youweii Gao & Fang, new species. Miridiba ( M .) tuberculipennis obscura Itoh, 1995 is raised to species level. Miridiba ( M .) obscura Itoh, 1995 and M . ( M .) tuberculipennis (Moser, 1913) are newly recorded for China. A catalogue of Miridiba species from China is provided. [Zoobank registrations: Miridiba bannaensis Gao & Fang, new species: LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0AEA5EFC-0914-437A-AEF6-C2685247E427 Miridiba kuatunensis Gao & Fang, new species: LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:148F9BA8-5666-40DC-A209-25C4B68D5CD5 Miridiba xingkei Gao & Fang, new species: LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:65A3141D-C7AC-4E89-BB20-5F5CFFA4D58E Miridiba youweii Gao & Fang, new species: LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DDA98D6C-5753-4F82-A49A-D9C7913DCFC2]

To reveal the effect of coupling process of wetting-drying and seasonal temperature on sediment nitrogen (N) minerization, surface sediment samples were collected from the water level fluctuating zone(WLFZ) of Pengxi River crossing two hydrological sections. The sediment samples were incubated under drying and submerging conditions at the controlled temperature. The result showed that NO

The medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus accumulates large numbers of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), including the pharmaceutically important vinblastine, vincristine, ajmalicine, and serpentine. The phytohormone ethylene or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can markedly enhance alkaloid accumulation. The interaction between ethylene or MeJA in the regulation of TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus is unknown. Here, a metabolomics platform is reported that is based on liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to study candidate components for TIA biosynthesis, which is controlled by ethylene or MeJA in C. roseus. Multivariate analysis identified 16 potential metabolites mostly associated with TIA metabolic pathways and seven targeted metabolites, outlining the TIA biosynthesis metabolic networks controlled by ethylene or MeJA. Interestingly, ethylene and MeJA regulate the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and acetate-mevalonate (MVA) pathways through AACT and HMGS and through DXS, respectively, to induce TIA biosynthesis in C. roseus. Overall, both nontargeted and targeted metabolomics, as well as transcript analysis, were used to reveal that MeJA and ethylene control different metabolic networks to induce TIA biosynthesis.

Phytochemical investigation of the barks of Juglans mandshurica Maxim led to the isolation, purification, and identification of one new lignan named Juglansol A (1), along with nine known compounds (2–10). Their structures were determined by the results of UV, IR, CD, HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1–10 were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against A549, HepG2, Hep3B, Bcap-37, and MCF-7 cell lines. The results showed that compound 2 possessed stronger cytotoxicities against the tested tumor cell lines compared with positive control 5-fluorouracil.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential hepatoprotective effects of flavonoids from mung beans in an alcohol-induced liver injury mouse model. Mung bean extract (ME) was obtained by extraction with 75% ethanol, followed by concentration and lyophilization. Two major flavonoids (TMF) were isolated from mung beans and authenticated as vitexin and isovitexin. The hepatoprotective effect of ME and TMF against liver damage was investigated by measuring the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as well as the hepatic level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results obtained demonstrated that alcohol-induced hepatic pathological changes, elevations in ALT, AST and MDA, and a decrease in SOD were significantly inhibited in animals given ME and TMF. In conclusion, mung beans had a significant protective effect against alcohol-induced liver injury and its hepatoprotective effect was mainly produced by TMF. Practical Applications Numerous studies have shown that the consumption of mung beans promotes health. This is because it contains several important bioactive compounds such as protein, carbohydrates, minerals, flavonoids and vitamins that have been isolated from mung beans in earlier investigations. Mung beans are effective against heatstroke, fever, diabetes and diseases related to the liver. It is also effective for detoxication of minerals, toxic herbs and pesticides. The findings of this study demonstrate the hepatoprotective effect of mung bean extract and its active ingredients. It suggests that mung bean could be used as a nutraceutical and functional food for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease.

The Fe-Cr-Si-P amorphous powder with various La2O3contents was cladded on 304L substrates by laser technology. The effects of La2O3contents on microstructure and properties of the coatings were investigated. The results showed that the coating mainly consisted of amorphous, Fe3P and Fe2Si phases. A small amount of La2O3addition could inhibit the epitaxial growth, and refine the dendrite crystals. When the content of La2O3was 0.1%, the amorphous content of the coating was up to about 55%, and the maximum microhardness was about 900HV0.2.

To reveal the effect of seasonal temperature increasing on nitrogen mineralization in soil of the water level fluctuating soil zone of three gorge reservoir areas in the Yangtze river tributary during the dry period, surface soils were collected from the water level fluctuating zone of Pengxi river crossing two hydrological sections, i.e., upstream and downstream and three water level altitudes, 155 m (low), 165 m (middle) and 175 m (high). We incubated the soil at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C to determine the transformation rates of nitrogen in soil of Pengxi river basin during the dry period. The result showed that TN and NO3- -N contents in the soil of upstream section and higher (175 m) altitude of water level were higher than those in downstream and low (165 m) altitude of water level, whereas the pattern for NH4+ -N was different, with higher NH4+ -N contents in downstream and low water level. The inorganic nitrogen was dominated by NO3- -N, which accounted for up to 57.4%-84.7% of inorganic nitrogen. Generally, soil ammoniation, nitration and net N mineralization increased with the rising water level altitude and stream sections (P0.05). In summary, nitration and net N mineralization significantly increased with increasing temperature, (P0.05), while ammoniation showed no difference (P0.05).

A sensitive and selective ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, and hydroxy-γ-sanshool in rat plasma after the subcutaneous and intravenous administration of an extract of the pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. Piperine was used as the internal standard. The analytes were extracted from rat plasma by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and separated on a Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.9 μm) with a gradient elution system at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/0.05% formic acid in water and the total analysis time was 4 min. Positive electrospray ionization was performed using multiple reaction monitoring mode for the analytes. The calibration curves of the three analytes were linear over the tested concentration range. The intra- and interday precision was no more than 13.6%. Extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were satisfactory in rat plasma. The developed and validated method was suitable for the quantification of hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, and hydroxy-γ-sanshool and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of these analytes after subcutaneous and intravenous administration to rats.

Natural Immune System is a highly complicated, distributed, and auto-adaptive system. It has very strong ability of self-learning, memory and association, and then it can quickly eliminate the intruders and keep itself stability. Information filtering is to choose useful information with filtering strategies from information. So, the original information is going to be as antigen, and the filtering strategies and procedure be as antibody, based on the immune self-learning mechanism, we design a model of information filtering. Then, we illustrate and discuss the model performance by experimental evaluation results.

Two new acetonyl-bearing sesquiterpenes, dysifragilisins A and B (1 and 2, resp.), have been isolated from the Hainan marine sponge Dysidea fragilis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses and by comparison of their NMR data with those of structurally related compounds. A plausible biogenetic pathway is proposed for the origin of compounds 1 and 2.

Three new N-containing sesquiterpenes, isofarnesyl formamide (2), 7-formamido-7,8-dihydro-α-bisabolane (3), 4,5-epi-10-isothiocyanatoisodauc-6-ene (4), and a known sesquiterpene, farnesyl formamide (1), were isolated from the Hainan marine sponge Axinyssa sp. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by detailed analyses of their spectroscopic data and by comparison of their NMR data with those of structurally related compounds.

Five new scalarane sesterterpenes, hyrtiosins A–E (1–5), together with three previously reported sesterterpenes, 25-dehydroxy-12-epi-scalarin (6), 12-epi-scalarin (7) and heteronemin (9), were isolated from the South China Sea sponge Hyrtios erecta. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive NMR studies and high-resolution MS measurements.