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We study the mass spectra and radiative decays of $D_{s0}^*(2317)$ and $D_{s1}^{\prime}(2460)$ in an unquenched framework. In addition to coupled channel effects between the $c\bar{s}$ cores and $D^{(*)}K$ channels, $D^{(*)}K$-$D^{(*)}K$ self interactions are also considered in this work and we succeed to reproduce their mass spectra. Furthermore, we study the radiative decays of the $D_{s0}^*(2317)$ and $D_{s1}^{\prime}(2460)$ by simultaneously including the compound structures of conventional $c\bar{s}$ cores and $D^{(*)}K$ components. We also calculate their bottom analogs with heavy quark symmetry. Our study offers useful insights into the important unquenched effects in the formation of $D_{s0}^*(2317)$, $D_{s1}^{\prime}(2460)$ and the bottom counterparts., Comment: 18 pages, 3 tables, 7 figures

We calculate the amplitudes of the axion photoproduction off the nucleon, i.e., $\gamma N \to a N$, within the framework of chiral effective field theory. Several different types of contributions are simultaneously included in our calculation, namely the nucleon exchanges up to next-to-leading order, the $a\gamma\gamma$ vertex and the vector meson exchanges in the $t$-channel. We utilize the existing hadronic inputs as much as possible to fix the unknown couplings. A comprehensive study of the phenomenological discussions is then provided in this work. Different mechanisms in the $\gamma N \to a N$ processes manifest distinct behaviors in the total and differential cross sections, which could provide useful quantities to distinguish different axion models., Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures

How to simultaneously locate multiple global peaks and achieve certain accuracy on the found peaks are two key challenges in solving multimodal optimization problems (MMOPs). In this paper, a landscape-aware differential evolution (LADE) algorithm is proposed for MMOPs, which utilizes landscape knowledge to maintain sufficient diversity and provide efficient search guidance. In detail, the landscape knowledge is efficiently utilized in the following three aspects. First, a landscape-aware peak exploration helps each individual evolve adaptively to locate a peak and simulates the regions of the found peaks according to search history to avoid an individual locating a found peak. Second, a landscape-aware peak distinction distinguishes whether an individual locates a new global peak, a new local peak, or a found peak. Accuracy refinement can thus only be conducted on the global peaks to enhance the search efficiency. Third, a landscape-aware reinitialization specifies the initial position of an individual adaptively according to the distribution of the found peaks, which helps explore more peaks. The experiments are conducted on 20 widely-used benchmark MMOPs. Experimental results show that LADE obtains generally better or competitive performance compared with seven well-performed algorithms proposed recently and four winner algorithms in the IEEE CEC competitions for multimodal optimization., Comment: under review

Evolutionary multitasking (EMT) is an emerging approach for solving multitask optimization problems (MTOPs) and has garnered considerable research interest. The implicit EMT is a significant research branch that utilizes evolution operators to enable knowledge transfer (KT) between tasks. However, current approaches in implicit EMT face challenges in adaptability, due to the use of a limited number of evolution operators and insufficient utilization of evolutionary states for performing KT. This results in suboptimal exploitation of implicit KT's potential to tackle a variety of MTOPs. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel Learning to Transfer (L2T) framework to automatically discover efficient KT policies for the MTOPs at hand. Our framework conceptualizes the KT process as a learning agent's sequence of strategic decisions within the EMT process. We propose an action formulation for deciding when and how to transfer, a state representation with informative features of evolution states, a reward formulation concerning convergence and transfer efficiency gain, and the environment for the agent to interact with MTOPs. We employ an actor-critic network structure for the agent and learn it via proximal policy optimization. This learned agent can be integrated with various evolutionary algorithms, enhancing their ability to address a range of new MTOPs. Comprehensive empirical studies on both synthetic and real-world MTOPs, encompassing diverse inter-task relationships, function classes, and task distributions are conducted to validate the proposed L2T framework. The results show a marked improvement in the adaptability and performance of implicit EMT when solving a wide spectrum of unseen MTOPs., Comment: Under review

Many exotic charmoniumlike mesons have already been discovered experimentally, of which the $Z_c$ mesons with isospin 1 are prominent examples. We investigate $J^{PC}=1^{+\pm}$ states with flavor $\bar cc \bar qq$ ($q=u,d$) in isospin 1 using lattice QCD. This is the first study of these mesons employing more than one volume and involving frames with nonzero total momentum. We utilize two $N_f=2+1$ CLS ensembles with $m_{\pi}\simeq 280\,$MeV. As the simulations are performed with unphysical quark masses and at a single lattice spacing of $a=0.086\,$fm, our results provide only qualitative insights. Resulting eigenenergies are compatible or just slightly shifted down with respect to noninteracting energies, where the most significant shifts occur for certain $D\bar D^*$ states. Both channels $1^{+\pm}$ have a virtual pole slightly below the threshold if $D\bar D^*$ is assumed to be decoupled from other channels. In addition, we perform a coupled channel analysis of $J/\psi \pi$ and $D\bar D^*$ scattering with $J^{PC}=1^{+-}$ within an effective field theory framework. The $J/\psi \pi$ and $D\bar D^*$ invariant-mass distributions from BESIII and finite-volume energies from several lattice QCD simulations, including this work, are fitted simultaneously. All fits yield two poles relatively close to the $D\bar D^*$ threshold and reasonably reproduce the experimental $Z_c$ peaks. They also reproduce lattice energies up to slightly above the $D\bar{D}^*$ threshold, while reproduction at even higher energies is better for fits that put more weight on the lattice data. Our findings suggest that the employed effective field theory can reasonably reconcile the peaks in the experimental line shapes and the lattice energies, although those lie close to noninteracting energies. We also study $J/\psi \pi$ scattering in s-wave and place upper bounds on the phase shift., Comment: 23 pages plus appendices, 24 figures

We study the axion and axion-like particle production from the $\eta\to\pi\pi a$ decay within the $SU(3)$ chiral perturbation theory up to the one-loop level. The conventional $SU(3)$ chiral low energy constants are found to be able to reabsorb all the divergences from the chiral loops in the $\eta\to\pi\pi a$ decay amplitude, and hence render the amplitude independent of the renormalization scale. The unitarized $\eta\to\pi\pi a$ decay amplitudes are constructed to take into account the $\pi\pi$ final-state interactions and also properly reproduce the perturbative results from the chiral perturbation theory. Detailed analyses between the perturbative amplitudes and the unitarized ones are given in the phenomenological discussions. By taking the values of the chiral low energy constants in literature, we predict the Dalitz distributions, the spectra of the $\pi\pi$ and $a\pi$ systems, and also the branching ratios of the $\eta\to\pi\pi a$ process by varying $m_a$ from 0 to $m_\eta-2m_{\pi}$., Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures

The development of low earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellation fundamentally threatens ground-based optical astronomical observations. To study the photometric properties of the LEO mega-constellations, we used the Xinglong 50 cm telescope to conduct a large-sample, high-precision, and multicolor target-tracking photometry of two typical LEO Mega-constellations: Starlink and OneWeb. Over a three-month observation period starting on 2022 January 1st, we collected 1,447 light curves of 404 satellites in four typical versions: Starlink v1.0, DarkSat, VisorSat, Starlink v1.5, and OneWeb. According to data statistics, Starlink v1.0 has the smallest median magnitude at clear and SDSS $gri$ band, and OneWeb is the dimmest bus. The brightness of Starlink v1.5 is slightly brighter than VisorSat. We construct a detailed photometric model with solar phase angle variations by calculating the illumination-visibility geometry based on the orbital parameters. Our data analysis shows that the solar phase angle is the significant characteristic which influencing Starlink satellites' brightness, but it is not sensitive to OneWeb satellites. VisorSat and Starlink v1.5 version, which are equipped with deployable visors, have significantly reduced scattered light compared to the previous Starlink v1.0 version. The multiband LOWESS and color-index are analyzed in characterizing the energy and color features of LEO mega-constellation satellites. This work found that the proportion of scattered sunlight mitigation achieved with VisorSat and Starlink v1.5 was 55.1\% and 40.4\%, respectively. The color index of different buses shows an evident clustering feature. Our observation and analysis could provide valuable quantitative data and photometric models, which can contribute to assessing the impact of LEO mega-constellations on astronomical observations.

Axion-pion scattering amplitudes at finite temperatures are calculated within chiral perturbation theory up to the one loop level. Unitarization procedure is implemented to these amplitudes in order to extend the applicable range of energy and temperature. The influence of the thermal axion-pion scattering amplitudes on the $a\pi\to\pi\pi$ cross sections and the axion thermalization rate is investigated, with the emphasis on the comparison with the zero-temperature-amplitude case. A brief discussion on the cosmological implication of the axion thermalization rate, that is calculated by using the $a\pi\to\pi\pi$ amplitudes at finite temperatures, is also given. The thermal corrections to the axion-pion scattering amplitudes can cause around a $10\%$ shift of the determination of the axion decay constant $f_a$ and its mass $m_a$, comparing with the results by using the $a\pi\to\pi\pi$ amplitudes at zero temperature., Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures

In this article, we propose a novel approach, called InPTC (Integrated Planning and Tube-Following Control), for prescribed-time collision-free navigation of wheeled mobile robots in a compact convex workspace cluttered with static, sufficiently separated, and convex obstacles. A path planner with prescribed-time convergence is presented based upon Bouligand's tangent cones and time scale transformation (TST) techniques, yielding a continuous vector field that can guide the robot from almost all initial positions in the free space to the designated goal at a prescribed time, while avoiding entering the obstacle regions augmented with safety margin. By leveraging barrier functions and TST, we further derive a tube-following controller to achieve robot trajectory tracking within a prescribed time less than the planner's settling time. This controller ensures the robot moves inside a predefined ``safe tube'' around the reference trajectory, where the tube radius is set to be less than the safety margin. Consequently, the robot will reach the goal location within a prescribed time while avoiding collision with any obstacles along the way. The proposed InPTC is implemented on a Mona robot operating in an arena cluttered with obstacles of various shapes. Experimental results demonstrate that InPTC not only generates smooth collision-free reference trajectories that converge to the goal location at the preassigned time of $250\,\rm s$ (i.e., the required task completion time), but also achieves tube-following trajectory tracking with tracking accuracy higher than $0.01\rm m$ after the preassigned time of $150\,\rm s$. This enables the robot to accomplish the navigation task within the required time of $250\,\rm s$.

In this paper, we propose a novel formation controller for nonholonomic agents to form general parametric curves. First, we derive a unified parametric representation for both open and closed curves. Then, a leader-follower formation controller is designed to form the parametric curves. We consider directed communications and constant input disturbances rejection in the controller design. Rigorous Lyapunov-based stability analysis proves the asymptotic stability of the proposed controller. Detailed numerical simulations and experimental studies are conducted to verify the performance of the proposed method., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures

We study the $J/\psi \pi$ and $D\bar{D}^*$ coupled-channel system within a covariant framework. The $J/\psi \pi$ and $D\bar{D}^*$ invariant-mass distributions measured at 4.23~GeV and 4.26~GeV by BESIII and the finite-volume energy levels from recent lattice QCD simulations are simultaneously fitted. Phase shifts and inelasticities of the $J/\psi \pi$ and $D\bar{D}^*$ scattering are predicted using the resulting amplitudes. Poles corresponding to the $Z_c(3900)$ state are found in the complex energy plane and their couplings with $J/\psi \pi$ and $D\bar{D}^*$ are determined. Our results indicate that the current lattice data do not preclude the existence of a physical $Z_c(3900)$ state., Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures

Motivated by the recent observation of $T_{c\bar{s}0}(2900)^0$ and $T_{c\bar{s}0}(2900)^{++}$ in the $D_s \pi$ invariant mass distributions, we investigate $D^{\ast}K^{\ast}$ interactions in a coupled-channel approach. We show that the relativistic corrections could be significant for the energy far away from the threshold. Within the hidden local symmetry formalism, a sizable attraction interaction is found in the $J=0$ isospin triplet sector that can form a bound or a virtual state, which is consistent with the experimentally observed $T_{c\bar{s}0}(2900)$. By reproducing a $D_s^*\rho$-$D^*K^*$ bound/virtual state with the pole mass equal to that of the $T_{c\bar{s}0}(2900)$ measured by LHCb in the sector $(I,J)=(1,0)$, we determine the unknown parameter in the loop function, and then search for possible poles in the sectors of $I=1$, $J=1,$ 2 and $I=0$, $J=0$, 1, 2. The predicted resonances provide a useful reference for the future experimental studies of the $(C,S)=(1,1)$ systems and can be also helpful to unravel the nature of the $T_{c\bar{s}0}(2900)$.10, Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables

The diffuse gamma-ray emission between 10 and 1000 TeV from the Galactic plane was recently measured by the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). These observations will help tremendously in constraining the propagation and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. Additionally, new measurements of CR spectra reach a very high precision up to 100 TeV energies, revealing multiple spectral structures of various species. In this work, we confront the model prediction of the diffuse gamma-ray emission, based on up-to-date measurements of the local cosmic ray spectra and simplified propagation setup, with the measurements of diffuse gamma-rays. To better constrain the low-energy part of the model, we analyze the 14.6 years of Fermi-LAT data to extract the Galactic diffuse emission between 1 and 500 GeV from the same sky regions of LHAASO, after subtracting the contribution from known sources and the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background. The joint Fermi-LAT and LHAASO spectra thus cover a very wide energy range from 1 GeV to 1 PeV with small gaps from 0.5 to 10 TeV. Compared with the prediction, we find that clear excesses between several GeV and ~60 TeV of the diffuse emission exist. Possible reasons to explain the excesses may include unresolved sources or more complicated propagation models. We illustrate that an exponential-cutoff-power-law component with an index of -2.40 and cutoff energy of ~30 TeV is able to account for such excesses.

Precise measurements of the spectra of secondary and primary cosmic rays are crucial for understanding the origin and propagation of those energetic particles. The High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility onboard China`s Space Station, which is expected to operate in 2027, will push the direct measurements of cosmic ray fluxes precisely up to PeV energies. In this work, we investigate the potential of HERD on studying the propagation of cosmic rays using the measurements of boron, carbon, and oxygen spectra. We find that, compared with the current results, the new HERD measurements can improve the accuracy of the propagation parameters by 8\% to 40\%. The constraints on the injection spectra at high energies will also be improved., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures