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Background Mitochondria are remarkably dynamic organelles encapsulated by bilayer membranes. The dynamic properties of mitochondria are critical for energy production. Aims The aim of our study is to investigate the global status and trends of mitochondrial dynamics research and predict popular topics and directions in the field. Methods Publications related to the studies of mitochondrial dynamics from 2002 to 2021 were retrieved from Web of Science database. A total of 4,576 publications were included. Bibliometric analysis was conducted by visualization of similarities viewer and GraphPadPrism 5 software. Results There is an increasing trend of mitochondrial dynamics research during the last 20 years. The cumulative number of publications about mitochondrial dynamics research followed the logistic growth model $$\mathrm{f}(x)=\mathrm{a}/\left[1+{e}^{(b-cx)}\right]$$ f ( x ) = a / 1 + e ( b - c x ) . The USA made the highest contributions to the global research. The journal Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Molecular Cell Research had the largest publication numbers. Case Western Reserve University is the most contributive institution. The main research orientation and funding agency were cell biology and HHS. All keywords related studies could be divided into three clusters: “Related disease research”, “Mechanism research” and “Cell metabolism research”. Conclusions Attention should be drawn to the latest popular research and more efforts will be put into mechanistic research, which may inspire new clinical treatments for the associated diseases.

When some coefficients of the constraints are uncertain with only their possible ranges being given, a conventional linear programming (LP) problem can be generalised to the one with set-inclusive constraints. We consider the case where the possible ranges are given by fuzzy sets in this paper. The set-inclusive constraints with fuzzy coefficients have been treated by a necessity measure. However, the usual necessity measure cannot express well the decision-maker’s requirement about the trade-off between the robustness level and the satisfaction level of the constraints. We extend the necessity measure to incorporate the trade-off between the robustness level and the satisfaction level of the constraints. We apply the extended necessity measure to LP problems with fuzzy coefficients. After the problem is formulated and reduced to the conventional programming problem, we propose a solution algorithm. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the proposed approach.

The necessarily optimal solution is known as the most reasonable solution to linear programming problems with interval/fuzzy objective function coefficients. As it remains optimal against the certain fluctuations of objective function coefficients, the necessarily optimal solution can be seen as a robust optimal solution. In this paper, we demonstrate that the necessary optimality degree of a non-degenerate basic feasible solution can be obtained easily by utilizing the tolerance approach. The necessary optimality degree evaluates to what extent the solution remains optimal against the fluctuations of objective function coefficients. Several types of fuzzy subsets showing the possible range of the objective function coefficient vector are considered. For each type of fuzzy subset, an efficient calculation method of necessary optimality degree is proposed. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the proposed methods.

The thermogravimetric properties and chemical characterization of rice straw (RS) pretreated by mixed culture of white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) and brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum) were investigated. The mixed fungal pretreatment showed a synergistic effect, which resulted in an energy-efficient pyrolysis of pretreated rice straw. The differences in thermochemical conversion of rice straw before and after fungal pretreatment were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method. Furthermore, the pretreated samples were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illuminate the changes in chemical composition and pyrolysis behavior. Compared to single fungal pretreatment, the mixed fungal pretreatment worked better and exhibited great potential in biomass pyrolysis.

Background The systems for precisely locating the joint line during primary and revision total knee arthroplasty are still controversial, and they should be better evaluated in the Chinese population. Methods A total of 451 standard anteroposterior knee radiographs from 451 healthy Chinese people (283 males and 168 females, the average age of 33.26 years, range 20–50 years) were included to measure the femoral width (FW) and the distances from the adductor tubercle (AT), the medial epicondyle (ME), the lateral epicondyle (LE), and the fibular head (FH) to the joint line (JL). Correlation between FW and distances from landmarks to the joint line was evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficient, and the ratios of ATJL, MEJL, LEJL, FHJL to FW were calculated. Results The average distances from the AT, the ME, the LE, the FH to the JL were 49.4 ± 5.0 mm, 28.3 ± 3.1 mm, 26.9 ± 2.9 mm, 20.0 ± 4.0 mm, respectively. An excellent linear correlation was found between FW and the distance from AT to the joint line (R = 0.836, R2 = 0.698); it was more reliable than the LE (R = 0.686, R2 = 0.471) and the ME (R = 0.672, R2 = 0.452). The average ratios of ATJL/FW, MEJL/FW, LEJL/FW were 0.553, 0.317, and 0.302, respectively. There were significant differences between our results and the studies based on the Western people. Conclusion The AT can be used as a reliable landmark to locate the JL precisely by the formula (ATJL = 0.548 × FW in males; ATJL = 0.562 × FW in females) in the Chinese population. The LE and ME can be the second choices. Moreover, it may be better to use ratios from the research based on the same race.

The Fenton reaction has been widely used in the pretreatment of lignocellulose. It offers the advantages of simple operation, fast reaction speed, and low pollution. In this study, the effects of different proportions of Fenton reagents on the enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar were compared and analyzed, and the optimal ratio of Fenton reagents was obtained. The maximum yield of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucose in Fenton pretreatment samples was 406 mg/g at H2O2 and Fe2+ concentrations of 1.0 mol/L and 0.01 mol/L, respectively, which was 2.5 times that of untreated samples. Meanwhile, the composition analysis and FT-IR analysis showed that Fenton pretreatment could degrade lignin and hemicellulose effectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that Fenton pretreatment can partially destroy the amorphous region of poplar. These findings will contribute to efforts to improve the viability of the Fenton pretreatment process for converting biomass into energy.

Due to certain problems with petroleum-based products, the development of a renewable and green adhesive is urgent and important. Yeast hydrolysate, which contains more than 55% protein, possesses many advantages in its source (it originates from yeast as opposed to petroleum) and environmental protection. In this work, a wood adhesive based on yeast hydrolysate was developed through the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyvinyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) to improve properties of the yeast hydrolysate adhesive via the epoxy group in EGDE. The influence of EGDE on the adhesive properties (density, viscosity, solid content, bonding strength, and curing temperature) was investigated. The thermal property and changes in molecular structure during curing were characterized via differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. These results indicated that a ring-opening reaction between the epoxy group of EGDE and the active group had an important influence on the properties.

In order to better understand the chemical changes after wood drying, Eucalyptus wood was dried to an absolutely dry state following the five types of treatment: oven-dried at 60, 90, 120, ...

A novel fluorescent probe was developed for formaldehyde, which can be synthesized by one-step Buchwald–Hartwig reaction. When hydrazino-group of probe reacted with formaldehyde, hydrophobic reaction product aggregates into nanoparticles and results in the blue fluorescence due to the monomer-excimer effect. With enough sensitivity, high selectivity, good stability in physiological pH range and excellent biocompatibility, this probe can image formaldehyde in living cells.

Febrile seizures (FSs) are common neurological disorders in both infants and children, although the precise underlying mechanism remains to be explored, especially in the expression pattern and function of microRNAs (miRNAs). In this report, we aimed to screen new potential miRNAs and examine the role of miR-148a-3p in hippocampal neurons in FS rats via Synaptojanin-1 (SYNJ1). Thirty rats were randomly divided into the normal and FS model groups, which were investigated by miRNA array. This process identified 31 differentially expressed (20 upregulated and 11 downregulated) miRNAs and potential miRNA target genes. In addition, hippocampal neurons were assigned into five groups for different transfections. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and flow cytometry. SYNJ1 was identified as a target gene of miR-148-3p. In vitro experiments revealed that inhibition of miR-148a-3p decreased neuronal cell apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of miR-148a-3p resulted in activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. MiR-148a-3p inhibitor could reverse the above events. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the hippocampal miRNA expression profiles of a rat model of FS provide a large database of candidate miRNAs and neuron-related target genes. Furthermore, miR-148a-3p acted as a apoptosis enhcaner via the activation of the SYNJ1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, highlighting a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of infants with hyperthermia-induced brain injury.

A programming problem with linear equality constraints can be generalised to the one with linear inclusions when coefficients are imprecisely given as possible ranges. In the problem with linear inclusions, the possible ranges of linear function values should always fluctuate within given ranges. In this paper, we investigate the programming problem with linear inclusions with coefficients being triangular fuzzy sets. To treat it, we introduce a new necessity measure, a linear extension of the one defined by the Dienes implication function, for the degree of the inclusions, and formulate a necessity measure maximisation problem. We propose a solution method based on the trade-off ratio and show that the maximisation problem becomes a regular linear programming problem in a particular condition. In general conditions, we also propose an algorithm utilising its properties and give a numerical example to demonstrate the solution procedure.

A ratiometric fluorescent probe (N-butyl-4-(4-amino-styryl)-1,8-naphthalimide) was developed for the quantitative detection of styrene in air. The sensing mechanism was found to involve a Heck reaction between the pretreated probe (diazotization) and styrene. A probe solution absorption method was established to detect gaseous styrene quantitatively.

Two ultrasound-assisted pretreatment technologies, ultrasound-assisted alkaline and ultrasound-assisted aqueous ionic liquid tetrabutylammonium hydroxide ([TBA][OH]), are compared systematically in regard to enzymatic saccharification. Pretreated Eucalyptus samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, 13C cross polarization/magic-angle spinning solid state NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemistry composition analysis. These results not only explain the enzymatic saccharification difference between samples from the microstructure level, but also provide helpful information for relevant pretreatment research. Ultrasound-assisted [TBA][OH] pretreatment acquired a significant enhancement in the initial enzymatic rate of cellulose (79.39 mg/g/h), and a reducing sugar yield of 426.6 mg/g at 48 h. The pretreatment combining inexpensive aqueous ionic liquid and ultrasound may provide a promising strategy in the field of bio-refinery because of its unique advantages.

Recycling and reuse of wood-based panels has been attracting great attention since it is an environmentally friendly means of managing wood waste. The recycled wood-based panels usually still contain adhesive residue. In the current research, the impact of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, one of the most widely used adhesives, on recycling and reconstitution of wood-based products has been evaluated by adding cured UF resin particles into a new adhesive system. The morphology, chemical structure, curing behavior, and bonding quality of an adhesive system containing 0–6% previously cured resin particles of varied sizes (

We report here a facile and reproducible strategy for fabricating highly dispersible silver nanowires (AgNWs) in organic solvents using poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PMMA-b-PAA) diblock copolymers as the dispersant. The copolymers could be assembled into spherical micelles with PMMA as the core and the solvated PAA block as the corona in methanol. Interestingly, when the copolymer micelle solution was mixed with an AgNW dispersion in methanol, the AgNWs precipitated out within no more than a few minutes depending on the concentration of the micelle solution. The precipitate could readily be redispersed in common organic solvents such as chloroform, toluene, etc., which are good solvents for the PMMA block. The mechanism study revealed that while the PAA block served as an anchor that became chemically attached onto the surfaces of the AgNWs, the PMMA block formed a solvated “buoy” to allow the AgNWs to remain dispersed in the solvent. Transparent conductive glass (TCG) from the modified AgNWs and PMMA was also produced, suggesting that the modified AgNWs could also be well dispersed within the polymer matrix. Although there are reports on the preparation of dispersible inorganic particles using copolymers as a dispersant, the strategy reported in this article is believed to be novel, facile, and quite simple, and can be used as a concept and a universal tool for surface modification of other inorganic nanoparticles from specifically designed and prepared copolymers.

A single-fluorophore-based ratiometric fluorescent probe based on anthracene carboximide was developed for detection of formaldehyde. In the presence of formaldehyde, the fluorescence emission would change from red to yellow-green, and the probe showed excellent sensitivity, selectivity and anti-interference. Furthermore, the response mechanism was illustrated to be that change in fluorescent signal is resulted from variation of substituent group on the 6th position of anthracene ring. A test paper was developed by loading probe onto filter paper strip. With this test paper, the detection of gaseous formaldehyde could be carried out conveniently, visually and quickly. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The thermogravimetric and chemical characterization of hardwood Eucalyptus urophylla (Ep) and softwood Pinus massoniana (Mp) pretreated by brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum were investigated. The results indicated that the brown-rot fungus pretreatment can optimize the thermal decomposition and decrease the initiation temperatures (8–11 °C lower) of both the Ep and Mp pyrolysis. The mean activation energy values of the bio-treated samples were 29.7 kJ/mol (for Ep) and 42.3 kJ/mol (for Mp) lower than that of the un-treated samples at the conversion rate from 0.1 to 0.7 based on Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method. After the bio-pretreatment, the required temperatures were lower (4–7 °C) for the pyrolysis rates of hemicellulose and cellulose in Mp reaching maximum and termination. However, the situation was just the opposite for Ep. The variations in chemical properties of hydrogen bonding, as well as the relative changes in lignin/carbohydrate composition of both wood species were also examined.

In this study, coconut fibers were pretreated using NaOH solution and liquefied in hot-compressed water. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to identify the optimum liquefaction condition. The individual and interactive effects of four factors on liquefaction reaction were evaluated by the response surface methodology (RSM). After the pretreatment, the natural fiber crystallinity index (CrI) was increased, as proved by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms. The resulting liquid and residues were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and it was found that the liquefied liquid mainly contained aromatic phenolic compounds and its derivatives.

Isocyanates are important industrial raw materials, but they are hazardous to human health. Especially, gaseous isocyanates cause serious public health problems. Therefore, it is significant to monitor isocyanates in air. In this work, a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe based on a new fluorophore platform, which is designed by inserting a styryl π-bridge between donor and acceptor units of 1, 8-naphthalimide, was developed for quantitative detection of gaseous isocyanates. In the presence of isocyanates, fluorescence of probe solution changed from orange to yellow-green, which caused by alteration of substituent at the 4th position of styryl group resulted from reaction between isocyanates and probe, thus achieving ratiometric detection for isocyanates. And this probe exhibited a fast, sensitive and selective response towards isocyanates. Furthermore, probe solution absorption method was employed to detect quantitatively isocyanates in air. This strategy may be a powerful tool for monitoring isocyanates in air, and also provide a referable approach for detection of volatile organic compounds in air.

The good recovery of hip function after THA depends on reconstruction of acetabular prosthesis accurately. So we investigated the effect of acetabular prosthesis placement on hip joint function after THA and analyzed the clinical data of 432 patients with unilateral THA retrospectively . The patients were followed-up to evaluate the Harris score and hip range of motion (ROM). The hip ROM, the Harris score and the good rate of Harris score were compared between different groups. Comparison of the good rate of Harris score showed that 85%∼100% group of the rotation center horizontal position ratio was higher than >100% group; 80%∼120% group of the rotation center vertical position ratio was higher than >160% group; and the 90%∼110% group and 110%∼130% group of femoral offset ratio were higher than 90% and >130% groups. Comparison of Harris score showed that 85%∼100% and 70%∼85% groups of rotation center horizontal position ratio were higher than 70% and >100% groups; 80%∼120% group of rotation center vertical position ratio was the highest; and 90%∼110% group and 110%∼130% group of femoral offset ratio were higher than >130% and 90% groups. Comparison of hip ROM showed that 85%∼100% and 70%∼85% groups of the rotation center horizontal position ratio were higher than 70% and >100% groups; 80%∼120% group of the rotation center vertical position ratio was the highest; and hip ROM from high to low are 90%∼110%, 110%∼130%, >130% and 90% groups of femoral offset ratio. These findings indicated that during the early follow-up period of THA, if the horizontal position of femoral head rotation center was reconstructed in 0.85 to 1 times of healthy side when compared with reconstruction >1 times of the healthy side and if the vertical position of femoral head rotation center was reconstructed in 0.8 to 1.2 times of the healthy side when compared with reconstruction in >1.6 times of the healthy side, better hip function recovery and optimal hip ROM were obtained. The optimal reconstruction range of femoral offset is 0.9 to 1.3 times of the healthy side.

A novel pretreatment strategy based on combination of microwave and ionic liquid [TBA][OH] was developed for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of Eucalyptus sawdust. The sugar yield of pretreated sample achieved 410.67 mg/g in 48 h, which suffered from optimized microwave-assisted [TBA][OH] pretreatment. The work mechanism was illuminated by chemical composition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C cross polarization/magic-angle spinning solid state NMR (13C solid NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The combined effect of microwave and [TBA][OH] leads to the violent deconstruction of lignin, removal of hemicelluloses, destruction of crystalline region and an eroded, pored and irregular micro-morphology. As a green, relatively inexpensive and high efficient pretreatment, microwave-assisted [TBA][OH] pretreatment has great potential in the field of bio-refinery.

A series of natural compounds have been implicated to be useful in regulating the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. The present study demonstrated that the Scutellariae radix compounds baicalein and baicalin may serve as drugs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Following the administration of baicalein and baicalin in vivo, T cell‑mediated autoimmune diseases in the mouse model were profoundly ameliorated: In the collagen‑induced arthritis model (CIA), the severity of the disease was reduced by baicalein and, consistently, baicalein was demonstrated to suppress T cell proliferation in CIA mice. In the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‑induced colitis model, the disease was attenuated by baicalin, and baicalin promoted colon epithelial cell (CEC) proliferation in vitro. The present study further revealed that the mRNA expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and STAT4 in the tyrosine‑protein kinase JAK‑STAT signaling pathway in T cells was downregulated by baicalein, contributing to its regulation of T cell proliferation. However, in the DSS model, the STAT4 transcription in CECs, which are the target cells of activated T cells in the gut, was downregulated by baicalin, suggesting that baicalein and baicalin mediated similar STAT expression in different cell types in autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, the similarly structured compounds baicalein and baicalin selectively exhibited therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases by regulating cell proliferation and STAT gene expression, albeit in different cell types.

The overall objective was to use waste plywood and medium density fiberboard (MDF) to manufacture a new type of board. The dimensional stability of board was improved by mechanical inhibition between laths along the thickness direction. Its modulus of rupture (MOR) and dimensional stability were tested to determine whether it satisfied the Chinese national standard. The innovational points lie in the treatment to improve dimensional stability and raw materials. The MOR of board manufactured with MDF was superior to that manufactured with plywood, although the MOR of MDF was lower than the MOR of plywood. The IT and DT of new manufactured boards decreased more than 33.48% compared to the raw materials. Besides, the warpage and thickness variation tended to be stabilized with cyclical tests continuing. This result indicated that the treatment of mechanical inhibition between laths along thickness direction could improve the dimensional stability of boards. In addition, MDF was a suitable raw material for the new board.

Wood anatomy of 56 species from 11 genera of Lauraceae collected from Yunnan, China were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Detailed descriptions and comparisons of wood anatomy of different species are given in the paper to help better identification of Lauraceae wood. The qualitative and quantitative data show that wood structures are very similar among the Lauraceae studied. They are almost diffuse-porous, mainly solitary, minority radial, or diagonal multiples. Vessels have simple perforation and scalariform perforation, and the bars of scalariform perforation have bifurcations. The intervessel pits are almost alternate. Wood rays are uniseriate and multiseriate, with the former being relatively rare. All species have axial parenchyma, most of which are vasicentric. The species of Beilschmiedia and Syndiclis marlipoensis also have marginal parenchyma. Oil and mucilage cells are common in axial parenchyma and ray cells. Wood fibers are composed of libriform fibers and fiber tracheids. Many species have abundant septate fibers. Individual differences are found in several species, which may be related to genetic or environmental factors. We have roughly concluded that Beilschmiedia and S. marlipoensis have a close affiliation for they both have simple perforated plates and marginal parenchyma but with no septate fibers. Almost all species of Litsea, Neolitsea, and Actinodaphne obovata have septate fibers, simple and scalariform perforate plate, and scanty paratracheal and vasicentric parenchyma, indicating that they might be sister taxa.

Summary The new flame-retardant plywood was manufactured by adding expanded vermiculite (EVMT) in the adhesive and by surface treatment as a flame-retardant coating. The study discussed the effect of EVMT to the limited oxygen index values of samples. The thermal degradation process of plywood samples has been investigated by thermal analysis. The result showed that EVMT increased all the limited oxygen index values of the treated samples and decreased the thermal activation energy at a high degree of degradation. Scanning electron microscope (FEI, Holland, The Netherlands) images showed that EVMT could form a protective coating, which improved the flame retardancy of plywood. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A new zero-waste and zero-pollution composite adhesive labeled Chinese fir-based adhesive for exterior plywood was synthesized by blending alkaline Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) liquid with a small amount of phenol-formaldehyde (PF). The free phenol and free formaldehyde content of the Chinese fir-based adhesive were sharply decreased compared to normal PF resin by more than 50%. The synthetic adhesive show with excellent water resistance and environmental friendliness, which had a 28h boil-dry-boil wet bonding strength of 1,73MPa according to standard JIS K6806-2003 and a formaldehyde emission of 0,045mg/L according to standard JIS A1460-2003. The structural properties and their thermal properties of cured adhesives were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The FT-IR analysis confirmed the expected chemical structure as the Chinese fir liquid reacted with formaldehyde and phenol which occurred at the wavenumbers of 1733, 1698, 1652cm-1 and 1077, 1048 cm-1. Although the DSC results indicated that the Chinese fir-based adhesive's curing need higher temperature than the control PF resin, the higher curing temperature hardly cripple the availability of Chinese fir-based resin in the plywood production.