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Objective: This study examined the association between serum ferritin and dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with different degrees of obesity. Method: In this multi-stage, stratified, randomized, sampling cross-section cohort study, demographic data were collected by questionnaire from 4320 children and adolescents (aged 6–17 years) in Shanghai, China. Anthropometric measures and percent body fat (PBF) were recorded. Serum lipid parameters were detected by an automatic biochemical method, and ferritin levels were measured by an automatic immunoassay. Results: Our results showed 70.6%, 13.9%, and 15.5% of participants had a healthy body fat, low fat, and overweight/obese, respectively. Increasing ferritin quartiles were independently associated with a greater hazard of dyslipidemia, especially in overweight/obese participants, and the OR (95% CI) was 3.01 (1.29–7.00), 3.58 (1.59–8.04), and 5.66 (2.57–12.46) across the ferritin quartiles after adjustment for confounders. Ferritin was only a predictive value for dyslipidemia in overweight/obese participants (AUC = 0.64) and was consistent in boys (AUC = 0.61) and girls (AUC = 0.68). The significant positive correlation between ferritin value and lipid abnormalities profiles (except for low HDL-C) mainly appeared in the overweight/obesity group. Conclusion: The results showed that serum ferritin can be considered an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with obesity. Highlights: Ferritin overload had a greater risk of dyslipidemia, especially in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with both dietary iron intake and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of intronic rs10830963 in melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B); however, it is unclear whether they interact. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between dietary iron intake, SNP of rs10830963, and glucose metabolism. Data were obtained from the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) during 2012–2018. Standardized questionnaires were carried out through face-to-face interviews. A 3-day 24 h dietary recall was used to evaluate dietary iron intake. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were applied. Logistic regression and general line models were used to evaluate the association between dietary iron intake, SNP of the MTNR1B rs10830963, and glucose metabolism. In total, 2951 participants were included in this study. After adjusting for age, sex, region, years of education, physical activity level, intentional physical exercise, smoking status, alcohol use, and total energy, among G allele carriers, dietary iron intake was associated with a risk of elevated fasting glucose, higher fasting glucose, and higher HbA1c, while no significant results were observed among G allele non-carriers. The G allele of intronic rs10830963 in MTNR1B potentially exacerbated unfavorable glucose metabolism with the increasing dietary iron intake, and it was possibly a risk for glucose metabolism homeostasis in the Chinese population.

Single-molecule localization microscopy is a powerful superresolution imaging technique to study biological questions by visualizing subcellular fine structures with nanometer-scale precision. However, its application in live-cell imaging studies has been impeded by the paucity of self-blinking organic fluorophores that enable high spatiotemporal resolution and labeling/localization density at a moderate laser intensity. Herein, we report a self-blinking Si-rhodamine dye6-HESiRwith a suitably increased “ON” fraction and a fluorogenic self-blinking dsDNA probe6-HoeHESiRas a powerful tool for 3D superresolution imaging of native chromatin in eukaryotes without the use of photoswitching buffer and high laser intensity. With the probe6-HoeHESiR, 3D superresolution imaging of in vitro reconstituted nucleosomal arrays and chromatin fibers yielded results consistent with EM analysis. Similar euchromatin and heterochromatin structures were visualized in fixed and live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution and labeling density, providing the first live-cell evidence for a hierarchical model of chromatin organization. 3D imaging results obtained in the presence of selective inhibitors of histone deacetylases also corroborate chromatin fiber decompaction upon hyperacetylation of histones.

This study aimed to explore the role of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs516946 of the Ankyrin 1 (ANK1) gene in the relationship between dietary iron and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Chinese population. A total of 2766 Chinese adults (1284 males and 1482 females) were recruited. A 3-day 24-h dietary recall and weighing of household condiments were used to assess dietary intake. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were obtained. After adjusting for age, region, years of education, intentional physical exercise, physical activity level, smoking, alcohol use and energy intake, dietary iron and the SNP rs516946 were both correlated with MetS risk and interacted among the male participants. The trend between dietary iron and MetS risk remained among T allele non-carriers of males but not among T allele carriers of males. Both the SNP rs516946 and the ferritin level correlated positively with the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level. ANK1 SNP rs516946 interacted in the association of MetS with dietary iron among Chinese males while no association was found among females. Periodic blood loss might prevent females from these associations. The SNP rs516946 might correlate with liver function.

As city residents eat out more frequently, it is unknown that if iodised salt is still required in home cooking. We analysed the relationship of household salt and eating out on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in pregnant women. A household condiment weighing method was implemented to collect salt data for a week. A household salt sample was collected. A urine sample was taken at the end of the week. Totally, 4640 participants were investigated. The median UIC was 139·1 μg/l in pregnant women and 148·7, 140·0 and 122·9 μg/l in the first, second and third trimesters. Median UIC in the third trimester was lower than in the other trimesters (P < 0·001). The usage rates of iodised (an iodine content ≥ 5·0 mg/kg) and qualified-iodised (an iodine content ≥ 21·0 mg/kg) salt were 73·9 and 59·3 %. The median UIC in the qualified-iodised salt group was higher than in the non-iodised group (P = 0·037). The median UIC in the non-iodised group who did not eat out was lower than in qualified-salt groups who both did and did not eat out (P = 0·007

Trace elements may affect neurodevelopment. There is a lack of data on breast-milk rubidium (Rb) in relation to neurodevelopment in infants. The associations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and strontium (Sr) with neurodevelopment in infants remain uncertain.We sought to evaluate the associations of breast-milk Rb (primary exposure), Cu, Zn, and Sr with neurodevelopment in infants at age 8 months.The study cohort included 117 breastfed infants. Breast-milk samples were collected at 42 days and 8 months postpartum. Breast-milk Rb, Zn, Cu, and Sr were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 8 months. The primary outcomes were attention and working memory scores, as evaluated by the A-not-B task. Other outcomes included the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) as evaluated by the Bayley Scale of Infant Development III. Generalized linear models and restricted cubic spline regression were used to assess the associations between trace elements and neurodevelopment indices. Bonferroni correction was conducted on all data presented.A nonlinear association was observed between breast-milk Rb at 42 days and infant's attention at age 8 months (nonlinearity P = 0.037). Positive associations were observed with infant MDI scores and breast-milk Rb at 42 days (β = 4.46; P = 0.06) and 8 months (β = 3.79; P = 0.009) postpartum. Breast-milk Zn at 42 days was positively associated with infant's attention (β = 0.31; P = 0.039). Sr at 42 days was positively correlated with attention (β = 0.18; P = 0.043) and MDI scores (β = 2.18; P = 0.015) at 8 months. Inverted U-shape associations were observed for breast-milk Cu at 42 days with infant attention and PDI scores. All associations were not significant after correction for multiple tests.Our data suggest that Rb, Zn, Cu, and Sr in breast milk at certain concentrations are associated with neurodevelopment in breastfed infants. Further studies are warranted to validate the findings.

Objective Food allergy (FA) has become a public health issue of global concern. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are one of the most important biomarkers of intestinal metabolites. SCFAs may affect the occurrence and development of FA. Currently, no studies have been reported on the mechanism of FA in response to SCFAs. In this study, the common food allergen ovalbumin (OVA) was used for intestinal sensitization in Balb/c mice to study the effect of FA on intestinal barrier function and regulatory T cells in mice, thus providing a new target for the prevention and treatment of FA. Methods Twenty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group. The experimental group was given OVA, and the control group was given an equal amount of physiological saline. On the 31st day of modeling, the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and serum total IgE and diamine oxidase (DAO) were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). At the same time, after in vitro stimulation with different concentrations of SCFAs and histone acetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), the frequency and function of Treg in OVA-sensitized mice were detected by flow cytometry. Results Different concentrations of SCFAs and TSA selectively proliferate Treg cells in a dose-dependent manner. SCFAs and TSA-pretreated PBMCs that were injected intravenously into the OVA-sensitized mice through the tail vein can significantly reduce the expression of IgE, DAO, and sIgA. Conclusion SCFAs and TSA can selectively proliferate Tregs and upregulate the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby suppressing allergic reactions.

We set up a series of school-based interventions on the basis of an ecological model targeting sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) reduction in Chinese elementary and middle schools and evaluated the effects. A total of 1046 students from Chinese elementary and middle schools were randomly recruited in an intervention group, as were 1156 counterparts in a control group. The interventions were conducted in the intervention schools for one year. The participants were orally instructed to answer all the questionnaires by themselves at baseline and after intervention. The difference in difference statistical approach was used to identify the effects exclusively attributable to the interventions. There were differences in grade composition and no difference in sex distribution between the intervention and control groups. After adjusting for age, sex, and group differences at baseline, a significant reduction in SSB intake was found in the intervention group post intervention, with a decrease of 35.0 mL/day (p = 0.034). Additionally, the frequency of SSB consumption decreased by 0.2 times/day (p = 0.071). The students in the elementary schools with interventions significantly reduced their SSB intake by 61.6 mL/day (p = 0.002) and their frequency of SSB consumption by 0.3 times/day (p = 0.017) after the intervention. The boys in the intervention group had an intervention effect of a 50.2 mL/day reduction in their SSB intake (p = 0.036). School-based interventions were effective in reducing SSB consumption, especially among younger ones. The boys were more responsive to the interventions than the girls. (ChiCTR, ChiCTR1900020781.)

Background: China&rsquo, s diet transition might offer guidance to undeveloped countries on the way to prosperity. This report describes the trends and disparities in energy and macronutrient composition among Chinese adults, and between subpopulations. Methods: Data for the current study were obtained from the 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2010&ndash, 2012 China National Nutrition Survey (CNNS) rounds, which were nationally representative cross-sectional surveys. We applied 24-h dietary recall and food weighing to assess dietary intake. Results: There were 204,877 participants aged 20 years or older included in the current analysis. From 1982 to 2012, the estimated energy intake declined from 2614.7 kcal to 2063.9 kcal. The trend in the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat showed a spike. It increased from 16.3% to 33.1% (1992 vs. 1982 difference, 7.6%, 95% CI 7.4% to 7.7%, 2002 vs. 1992 difference, 7.7%, 95% CI 7.6% to 7.9%, 2012 vs. 2002 difference, 1.6%, 95% CI 1.4% to 1.7%, p &lt, 0.01 for trend). The trends coincided in all the subgroups (all p &lt, 0.01 for trend) except for the subgroup of those educated over 15 years, whose percentage of energy intake from fat declined from 37.4% to 36.6% (2012 vs. 2002 difference, &minus, 0.8%, 95% CI &minus, 1.6% to 0.0%). The estimated percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates declined from 74.0% to 55.0%. The ranges of the estimated percentage of energy intake from fat, within population subgroups stratified by education level, area and Gross national product (GNP) level, were narrowed. Conclusions: Quick improvements in society and the economy effectively curbed undernutrition, but easily triggered overnutrition. Disparities persistently existed between different subpopulations, while the gaps would narrow if comprehensive efforts were made. Education might be a promising way to prevent overnutrition during prosperous progress. The low-social profile populations require specific interventions so as to avoid further disease burdens.

Aim To examine the association between meat consumption and earlier age of menarche among schoolgirls in Shanghai. Methods The study randomly selected 1981 schoolgirls aged 6-18 years in Shanghai using a two-stage random sampling design. Information on meat intake was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Menarche age, household income, physical activity and other covariates were obtained by standardised questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between intake of meat and earlier age of menarche. Earlier age of menarche was defined as first menstruation before 12 years of age. Results Among the 986 girls who had experienced menarche, 518/986 (52.5%) had earlier age of menarche. After adjusting for body mass index, age, physical activity, sleep, household income and parental education, consumption of poultry was positively associated with risk of earlier age of menarche (P-trend = .03). Girls who never consumed poultry had a lower risk of earlier age of menarche (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.96). Neither the consumption of pork, beef, lamb, processed meat nor total meat consumption was associated with menarche age. Conclusion Higher consumption of poultry was associated with an earlier age at menarche.

The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases.This study aims to examine associations between SSB intake and cardiometabolic risks among Chinese children and adolescences.Data from 3958 participants aged 6-17 years old were obtained in Shanghai, China, from September to October 2015. A 3-day dietary record and a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were applied to assess SSB consumption and frequency. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were conducted to measure cardiometabolic indicators.After adjusting for age, sex, daily energy intake, pubertal stage, sedentary time, maternal education, and household income, SSB consumption was positively associated with serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), while it was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (P .05). The participants in the highest intake category (≥201.7 mL/day) of SSB consumption had 0.10 (95%CI, 0.02-0.18) mmol/L higher total cholesterol and 0.09 (95%CI, 0.03-0.16) mmol/L higher LDL-C levels than the nonconsumption group (0 mL/day). There was a quasi-U-shaped trend in LDL-C across the categories of0 mL/day SSB consumption. SSB frequency was positively associated with BMI (P = .04).SSB intake was positively associated with serum cholesterol and was weakly associated with BMI in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy intake.

Three-dimensional polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite monoliths are fabricated by polymerization of pyrrole in chitosan aqueous solution. The static polymerization of pyrrole monomer and the cross-linking of chitosan by glutaraldehyde occur simultaneously, resulting in the self-assembly of polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite aerogel monolith. The addition of methyl orange and glutaraldehyde and the static reaction play key roles in the formation of the self-standing aerogel monolith. The as-prepared monolith with larger specific surface area exhibits much better adsorption capability for Cr(VI) removal in comparison with that prepared without the addition of glutaraldehyde. The adsorption process and adsorption isotherms are found to well follow the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. Furthermore, this polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite monolith is stable and recyclable. About 73.5% of the initial adsorption capability is kept after eight adsorption–desorption cycles. The polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite monolith can be a promising candidate for the efficient removal of Cr(VI).

A conducting composite film has been fabricated using graphene oxide (GO) and pre-prepared one-dimensional polypyrrole (PPy) nanotube as the feedstock. GO with various oxygen-containing groups effectively promotes the dispersion of well-defined PPy nanotubes to obtain a stable and homogeneous GO/PPy complex solution. By a one-step and large-scale electrochemical reduction, the graphene/PPy nanotube composite film is successfully synthesized. Graphene nanosheets uniformly cover the surface of the electrode and PPy nanotubes act as spacers and conducting bridges to prevent the restacking of graphene sheets and connect the isolated graphene nanosheets. Electrochemical experiments indicate that the composite films have high performances due to the combination of the advantages of graphene and PPy nanotube. When the graphene/PPy nanotube composite is directly used as the supercapacitor electrode, it shows high specific capacitance and good cycling stability during 1000 charge/discharge cycles. Furthermore, an electrochemical biosensor is constructed through the entrapment of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) onto the composite film-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The immobilized HRP showed high catalytic activity for the reduction of H 2 O 2 , which may be ascribed to high conductivity, great surface coverage, and good biocompatibility of the prepared graphene/PPy nanotube composite film. This method may be extended to prepare other conducting composite films with structure-controllable nanostructures in large scale for the application of electrochemical fields.

Background In 1996, Shanghai implemented universal salt iodization and has became the last provincial unit in China to carry out this intervention. In this study, we summarized achievements in past 20 years, to provide suggestions and evidence for the next stage of iodine supplementation. Methods This study summarized and analyzed monitoring data of children from 1997, 1999, 2005, 2011, 2014, and 2017 in Shanghai. In each monitoring year, 30 streets or towns were selected using the probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique. One primary school was selected from each street or town by a simple random sampling technique. From each school, 40 children aged 8 to 10 years were randomly selected. The number of children was divided equally by sex and age. Results In 1997, 1999, 2005, 2011, 2014, and 2017, median urinary iodine (MUI) was 227.5 μg/L, 214.3 μg/L, 198.1 μg/L, 181.6 μg/L, 171.4 μg/L, and 183.0 μg/L, goiter rate was 3.07, 0.40, 0.08, 0.08, 0.86, and 1.90%, and median thyroid volume (MTvol) was 2.9 mL, 1.2 mL, 2.4 mL, 1.0 mL, 1.8 mL, and 2.8 mL, respectively. There was a linear correlation between goiter rate and median thyroid volume (MTvol) (r = 0.95, P = 0.014). Household salt iodine concentration (SIC) was dropping every monitoring (P P Conclusions In Shanghai, the iodine status of 8 to 10 years old children is adequate. Household SIC have little effect on iodine status of children. Future studies should analyze the dietary sources of iodine, especially from pre-packaged and prepared-away-from-home foods or meals. The regular monitoring of iodine status is important to human health.

To understand the dietary intake quantity and quality of high school students in Shanghai education.From 2015 to 2016, Shanghai center for Disease Control and Prevention, divided the school into three levels(urban area, suburban area and rural area) according to the economic level and population composition of the street where the school was located. The probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique was used to select 19 high schools, from which 9 boys and 9 girls from same class were randomly recruited for each grade. A total of 1026 students were recruited. The survey included general situation questionnaire and dietary inquiry. Participants were required to complete the standardized questionnaire form through face-to-face interviews with trained interviewers. Chinese Dietary Guidelines(2016) was used to evaluate dietary quantity while China healthy diet index(CHDI) was used to evaluate dietary quality.The medians of intake of grain, vegetables, fruits, meat/livestock, fish/shrimp, eggs, milk and milk products, bean and bean products, cooking oil, cooking salt were 313. 8, 189. 7, 66. 3, 179. 2, 34. 7, 48. 9, 133. 3, 33. 3, 27. 1 and 6. 0 g/d within high school students, respectively. In both boys and girls, the medians of intake of vegetables, fruits, fish/shrimp, dairy products were lower than reference standard and meat/livestock was higher(P0. 05). The intake differences among different area's high school students upon grain, vegetables, fruits, poultry/livestock, fish/shrimp, dairy products, beans/nuts, cooking oil, cooking salt were statistically significant(P0. 05). The CHDI median total score of high school students was 68. 5 in Shanghai. 75. 2% of the CHDI total scores were between 60 and 80. The vegetable score, dark vegetable score, fruit score and total CHDI score in boys were significantly lower than those in girls(P0. 05). The urban area CHDI score was significantly higher than suburban's and countryside's(P0. 05).Both dietary structure and dietary quality are inappropriate and unfit within high school students in Shanghai, the urban area's condition is better than another two. We suggest to increase intake of vegetables, fruits, fish/shrimp, dairy products while decrease poultry/livestock's consumption.

Background：The relationship between dietary intake and pubertal development is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the association between meat consumption and early menarche among schoolgirls in Shanghai. Methods：The study randomly selected 1981 schoolgirls aged 6–18 years in Shanghai using a two-stage random sampling design. Information on meat intake was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Menarche age, household income, physical activity and other covariates were obtained by standardized questionnaires. Height, weight and percentage of body fat were measured by trained field staff. Logistic regression was used to analyse the association between intake of meat and early menarche. Results：Among all the school girls who had experienced menarche (n=986), the mean age at menarche was 11.97±1.24 years. Of the girls, 26.10% (n=518) had early menarche. After adjusting for body mass index, age, physical activity, sleep, household income and parental education, consumption of poultry was positively associated with risk of early menarche (P-trend=0.03). Girls who never consumed poultry had a lower risk of early menarche (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39–0.96). Poultry consumption less than once a week was not significantly associated with early menarche compared with those consuming poultry once or more a week (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.50–1.08). Neither the consumption of pork, beef, lamb, processed meat nor total meat consumption were associated with menarche age. Conclusions: Higher consumption of poultry was associated with an earlier age at menarche.

To understand behaviors and influence factors on household food safety among caregivers of child aged 3-12 years old.A total of 12 449 caregivers of children aged 3-12 years were selected using random sampling method in Shanghai Municipality, Sichuan and Hebei Provinces from September 2018 to December 2018. A city and a rural district were chosen from each region points, respectively, then 3-4 kindergartens and 2-3 primary schools were randomly selected. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to parents and collected timely, focused on the information of behaviors on food safety. Binary logistic regression was used to multiple-factor regression analysis on food safety behavior of children caregivers.The average score of household food safety behaviors in three provinces was 13.5(11.0-16.0), and the pass rate of correct behavior was 47.8%. The main problems included the correct defrost of frozen food(3.4%), the storage of food with anti-rat, cockroach, fly facilities(12.8%), never eat leftovers or if leftovers in the refrigerator at home, thoroughly heating(26.3%), and the preparation of raw and cooked food using separate cutting boards/knives(32.4%). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the pass rate of correct behavior in Hebei was lower than that in Shanghai, the odds ratio(OR) was 0.873(95%CI 0.794-0.960); parents aged 31-40, 41-50 and above of 50 was higher than that of parents aged 18-30, OR were 1.391(95%CI 1.247-1.552), 1.836(95%CI 1.589-2.121) and 1.954(95%CI 1.269-3.009), respectively; the education level of junior college and above was higher than that of primary school and below, OR was 1.392(95%CI 1.088-1.781) and 1.466(95%CI 1.148-1.870), respectively; the median and high level of family economic income were higher than the low level of income, with an OR value of 1.396(95%CI 1.260-1.547) and 2.543(95%CI 2.069-3.126), respectively; the incidence of food poisoning in the past six months was higher than that without food poisoning, with an OR value of 1.639(95%CI 1.336-2.010).The correct behaviors level on food safety is relative low.

Background Few localized food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) have been developed and used in Chinese nutrition surveys despite China’s large population and diverse dietary habits. Method We analyzed data collected in two waves (six months apart) of the Shanghai Diet and Health Study in 2012–2013, from 1623 Shanghai residents (798 men and 825 women) older than 18 years. The results of 3-day 24-h dietary recalls (HDR) plus condiment weighing were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the SDHS FFQ. Results The median and first and third quartiles for energy intake (in kcal) derived from the FFQ1 and FFQ2 were 1566.5 (1310.1–1869.6) and 1561.9 (1280.2–1838.4), respectively, of which protein (in g) was 54.3 (42.5–65.8) and 52.9 (42.4–64.5), fat (in g) was 49.8 (37.2–64.7) and 47.9 (34.9–61.9), and carbohydrates (in g) was 227.3 (180.8–277.9) and 228.1 (182.2–275.2) in the reliability analysis. The median and first and third quartiles for energy-intake differences between the FFQ1 and the 3-day 24-HDR with condiment weighing was 59.3 (− 255.5–341.6), of which protein was − 5.2 (− 18.7–7.8) and fat was − 11.2 (− 30.8–5.3). The adjusted Spearman’s correlations were 0.33–0.77 for validity and 0.46–0.79 for reliability. The intra-class correlation coefficients exceeded 0.46 (validity) and 0.47 (reliability) for macronutrient intake. The consistency between the same and adjacent quartiles was approximately 80% for various nutrients. Conclusion The reliability and comparative validity of the SDHS FFQ is similar to FFQs that are used worldwide. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-019-0454-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The exposure of pregnant women to phthalates is a major concern due to their adverse effect on developmental outcomes. Diet is an important pathway for exposure to phthalate compounds. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of pregnant women to phthalates in China are limited. We aimed to assess the distribution and dietary predictors of phthalate exposure among pregnant women in China. We measured the levels of 10 urinary phthalate metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in 210 pregnant women as part of the 2015 China National Chronic Disease and Nutrition Survey in Shanghai. We assessed the urinary specific gravity-adjusted phthalate metabolite levels along with potential demographic and dietary predictors. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between each potential demographic variable and dietary predictor and urinary phthalate metabolites. Seven urinary phthalate metabolites were detected in &gt, 95% of pregnant women. The geometric mean (GM) of urinary phthalate biomarker values were highest for monobutyl phthalate (GM: 25.29 ng/mL) and monoisobutyl phthalate (GM:11.18 ng/mL). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that a lower educational level was associated with elevated urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Edible seaweed consumption had a positive correlation with urinary monoethyl phthalate and monoisobutyl phthalate levels, and the total molar sum of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites. These findings offer important data on the dietary exposure to phthalates in pregnant Chinese women and suggest interventions to improve food safety.

Chinese diet pattern known as plant-based is more linked with seasonal supply, but it is lack of study on seasonal difference in dietary intakes in China. Our study was to assess seasonal variation in the absolute dietary intake among general population in a metropolis, Shanghai, China. A representative sample of general population aged 15 and older (n=1,704) were randomly stratified-sampled from communities in Shanghai. Dietary survey included consecutive 3-day-24-hour diet record recall and household condiments weighing. Data was collected across four seasons during 2012-2014. Most of food and condiments consumption differed across seasons in Shanghai. Intakes of grains, legumes and cooking oil were highest in spring; vegetables, fruit and non-alcoholic beverage highest, but cooking oil and cooking salt lowest in summer; red meat, nuts and cooking salt highest in winter. Seasonality existed in the intakes of energy and energy contributed from macronutrients that fat contributed more in winter but less in summer. Seasonal variations were also found in beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin, folate and sodium intakes. Seasonal changes of dietary intake were extensively observed in Shanghai, a highly-developed metropolis in China. Given the seasonal differences and their features described in current article, the estimation methods of the average dietary intake across whole year by just conducting dietary survey in one single season warrants further study.

Table S1. Median and 25â 75th percentile(Q1-Q3) of energy and nutrient intake of FFQs among seasons in Shanghai Diet and Health Study. Table S2. Median and 25â 75th percentile(Q1-Q3) of energy and nutrient intake of 24-HDR among seasons in Shanghai Diet and Health Study. Table S3. Validity and reliability of the FFQs in different seasons. Table S4. Validity and reliability of the FFQs in different subgroups. (DOCX 39 kb)

Background: Iron, zinc and magnesium perform differently in body metabolism but exist in similar food. This study was to evaluate the associations of dietary iron, zinc and magnesium with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: A sample of a total of 5323 participants from four of China&rsquo, s mega cities was included in the current study. Both a 3-day 24-h dietary recall and household condiment weighing were applied to assess dietary intake, respectively. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of dietary iron, zinc and magnesium with MetS. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, region, years of education, physical activity level, intended physical exercises, smoking status, alcohol use, daily energy intake and mutual adjustment for dietary iron, zinc and magnesium, significant positive trends were found across quartiles of total dietary iron and the risk of MetS, as well as for magnesium and MetS (p value for trends = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively), dietary zinc was inversely associated with MetS risk (p value for trend &lt, 0.01). Magnesium from grains and potato was positively associated with MetS (p value for trend &lt, 0.01). Conclusions: Dietary iron and magnesium were positively associated with the risk of MetS, while zinc was inversely associated with the risk of MetS, in China&rsquo, s mega cities. The positive association of magnesium with MetS could be a result confounding by other factors correlated with magnesium in grains and potato, which warrants further study.

The causal relationship between serum ferritin and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains inconclusive. Dietary iron intake increases serum ferritin. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations of total, heme, and nonheme dietary iron intake with MetS and its components in men and women in metropolitan China. Data from 3099 participants in the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) obtained during 2012&ndash, 2013 were included in this analysis. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h diet records from 3 consecutive days. Multivariate generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the associations of dietary iron intake with MetS and its components. After adjustment for potential confounders as age, sex, income, physical exercise, smoking status, alcohol use, and energy intake, a positive trend was observed across quartiles of total iron intake and risk of MetS (p for trend = 0.022). Compared with the lowest quartile of total iron intake (&lt, 12.72 mg/day), the highest quartile (&ge, 21.88 mg/day) had an odds ratio (95% confidence interval), OR (95% CI), of 1.59 (1.15,2.20). In addition, the highest quartile of nonheme iron intake (&ge, 20.10 mg/day) had a 1.44-fold higher risk of MetS compared with the lowest quartile (&lt, 11.62 mg/day), and higher risks of MetS components were associated with the third quartiles of total and nonheme iron intake. There was no association between heme iron intake and risk of MetS (p for trend = 0.895). Associations for total and nonheme iron intake with MetS risk were found in men but not in women. Total and nonheme dietary iron intake was found to be positively associated with MetS and its components in the adult population in metropolitan China. This research also revealed a gender difference in the association between dietary iron intake and MetS.

Poor adherence to dietary guidelines is related to physical and mental disorders, as reflected in self-reported health statuses. This study evaluates the association between diet quality and selfreported health within the Shanghai Diet and Health Study.We used Chinese Dietary Guidelines Adherence scores to assess diet quality in a cross-sectional study of 4487 subjects above 15 years of age, who completed three-day 24h diet recalls and responded to self-reported health questionnaires. A composite health score was calculated based on Item Response Theory, using the Rasch model. Multiple linearregression models were evaluated to assess the relationship between self-reported health status and diet quality.Based on the various adherence scores, we divided our sample into fifths. Based on these divisions and with the exception of a single instance, our results show a significant trend: self-reported health declines with declining adherence to official dietary guidelines. This trend was even significant when controlling for a large number of potential confounders.This study shows that consumption of a healthy and balanced diet, as reflected in adherence to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines, is related to increased levels of overall health among Shanghai residents.

Background: With the rapid development of Shanghai&rsquo, s economy, diet habits have undergone great changes. The study aimed to examine the situation of out-of-home (OH) eating in Shanghai adults and the nutrition characteristics of eating in different dining places, and to assess the social demographic determinants of eating OH. Method: Data was sourced from the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) involving people aged 18 years or older in 2012&ndash, 2013. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three-day 24-h dietary recall (24-HDR) were used to collect dietary intake data on how people eat out in a cross-sectional study of 1689 adults. OH food refers to the food prepared or consumed away from home. We define that people who eat at least one meal prepared away from home in each survey have a habit of eating outside. The multiple linear and logistic regression methods were used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of eating OH and at restaurants was only 55.1% and 31.8%, respectively. There was an increase in energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, and iron intake while eating OH. Restaurant and company/school canteen consumption were both associated with an increase in daily total energy intake of 140 kcal and 91 kcal, and fat intake of 6.0 g and 4.3 g, respectively. However, eating at restaurants was associated with higher intake of 548 mg of sodium. However, no significant association was observed between eating at canteens and higher sodium intake. Conclusions: Eating OH related to a poor diet quality, and the diet quality was different restaurant and canteen food. There may be a need for interventions to target residents&rsquo, overall dining-out behavior, particularly focusing on the consumption of restaurant food.

ObjectiveTo examine the acceptability and feasibility of using smartphone technology to assess beverage intake and evaluate whether the feasibility of smartphone use is greater among key sub-populations.DesignAn acceptability and feasibility study of recording the video dietary record, the acceptability of the ecological momentary assessment (EMA), wearing smartphones and whether the videos helped participants recall intake after a cross-over validation study.SettingRural and urban area in Shanghai, China.SubjectsHealthy adults (n 110) aged 20–40 years old.ResultsMost participants reported that the phone was acceptable in most aspects, including that videos were easy to use (70 %), helped with recalls (77 %), EMA reminders helped them record intake (75 %) and apps were easy to understand (85 %). However, 49 % of the participants reported that they had trouble remembering to take videos of the beverages before consumption or 46 % felt embarrassed taking videos in front of others. Moreover, 72 % reported that the EMA reminders affected their consumption. When assessing overall acceptability of using smartphones, 72 % of the participants were favourable responders. There were no statistically significant differences in overall acceptability for overweight v. normal-weight participants or for rural v. urban residents. However, we did find that the overall acceptability was higher for males (81 %) than females (61 %, P=0·017).ConclusionsOur study did not find smartphone technology helped with dietary assessments in a Chinese population. However, simpler approaches, such as using photographs instead of videos, may be more feasible for enhancing 24 h dietary recalls.

Background: Few studies have applied the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI) in evaluating dietary quality across seasons. Method: The Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) included 1680 participants from all districts of Shanghai from 2012 to 2013. Dietary data were obtained using three‐day 24‐h recall in spring, summer, fall, and winter. Higher bound score (HBS), lower bound score (LBS) and diet quality distance (DQD) were calculated according to compliance with the dietary guidelines and based on the recommendations for consumption within the main food groups. HBS, LBS, and DQD represent over‐intake, under‐intake, and overall imbalance of the diet, respectively. Results: 836 males and 844 females were included. The HBS indicated that 10.08%, 11.84%, 10.31%, and 12.73% people have moderate or high levels of over‐intake of food in spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively; and 74.04%, 37.61%, 53.09%, and 42.72% people have moderate or high levels of deficit food intake for each of the four seasons. The mean HBS and LBS among the four seasons were statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). The mean (SD) DQD was 43.27 (10.21), 35.67 (9.71), 39.19 (9.36), and 36.84 (9.45) in each season. A multivariable model showed statistically significant differences in DQD according to age, gender, occupational status, education, smoking, drinking status, season, and residency (p < 0.001). Conclusion: An unbalanced diet is common among people living in Shanghai. Seasonality and area of residence were found to be two significant predictors. Strengthening the accessibility and the supply of food across seasons and regions should be considered.

Background: The associations between dietary cholesterol and fatty acids and serum lipids are controversial. This study is to examine the association of dietary cholesterol and fatty acids with serum lipids and dyslipidemia in Chinese metropolitan male and female adults. Methods: 3850 participants in the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey were investigated during the period 2012&ndash, 2013. Information was obtained on dietary intake, anthropometric and blood laboratory measurements. Dyslipidemia was determined by US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III). Results: Dietary cholesterol was in line with serum TC, LDL-C and the LDL-C to HDL-C ratio in general and the partial correlation coefficients were 0.64 (95% CI: 0.13&ndash, 1.15, p = 0.015), 0.73 (95% CI: 0.21&ndash, 1.24, p = 0.006) and 0.01 (95% CI: 0.00&ndash, 0.02, p = 0.018), respectively. The partial correlation coefficients were greater in women. Dietary fatty acids were not associated with serum lipids. The highest quintile of dietary cholesterol intake (&ge, 538.0 mg/day) was associated with an approximate 1.6-fold risk for high TC and high HDL-C compared with the lowest quintile (&lt, 193.1 mg/day) generally. Conclusions: Dietary cholesterol was associated with serum cholesterol in Chinese metropolitan adults and a higher risk of dyslipidemia was observed at a high level of dietary cholesterol intake. Whether there should be an upper limit on dietary cholesterol in the Chinese population warrants further study.

To assess the prevalence of vegetarians in the whole Shanghai population, and to know the vegetarians' brief and behavior on diet, nutrition and health.First, a multi-staged, stratified, clustered random sampling design was used. A total representative sample of 4 004 Shanghai resident subjects were asked if they were vegetarians and what type of vegetarian they were by a well-designed questionnaire. Second, from ten vegetarian restaurants located in Shanghai. 473 adult vegetarians completed a questionnaire about vegetarian status, among whom 274 vegetarians completed a detailed questionnaire about their brief and behaviors on diet, nutrition and health status.Of 4 004 subjects, 0.77% were vegetarians (0.45% were lacto-vegetarians and 0. 12% were vegans). The average age was 65. 0 years. 74. 2% of the vegetarians were female. Of 473 vegetarians, 70. 2% of the vegetarians had college or higher education. Compared to vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians were significantly younger and had higher educational level. The main reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle were religion (49. 3%) and health (31. 3%). Furthermore, more vegan tend to be Buddhist. Vegetarians were more concerned about their health (209/274, 76. 5%) , the consumption of balance diets (183/274, 66. 8%). Comparing with lacto-ovo-vegetarians (58. 3%) more vegans (70. 4%) believed in that vegetarian diet is a kind of healthy dietary pattern and will not have any nutrients deficiency (P = 0. 037). Vegetarians consumed more healthy foods (e. g.,whole grains, vegetables, soy products, and nuts) than the general population (P0. 01). Only 5. 8% of the vegetarians took dietary supplements.0. 77% of population in Shanghai was vegetarian. The two main reasons for adopting a vegetarian lifestyle were religion and health. The vegetarians tend to have more nutrition knowledge, better attitude and behavior on health. However, most of the vegetarians had not realized the nutrient deficiency risk of vegetarian diets.

To describe the total drinking water intake and its influencing factors among children and adolescents in Shanghai, and to accumulate basis for developing adequate water intakes for children and adolescents in China.A total of 1454 children and adolescents aged 8-17 years from two districts of Shanghai was selected by using stratified random sampling method. The information on amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects for seven consecutive days using a quantitative measurement. Total drinking water was the sum of plain water and beverages.The median of total drinking water of subjects was 1014 ml/d, and the median of plain water and beverages was 580 and 339 ml/d, respectively. The consumption of total drinking water, plain water, and beverages in boys was significantly higher than that in girls, was increasing with aging and in urban was significantly higher than that in suburbs (P0.05). The obese drank more beverages (P0.05).The total drinking water of children and adolescents in Shanghai was less. To establish adequate intake of water, the comprehensive effect of gender, age, BMI and region when should be considered.

Objectives The current strategies for hepatitis B virus (HBV) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are not generally available in remote and rural areas of developing countries and/or carry potential risks for infection with blood-borne transmitted pathogens. Nucleotide analogues (NAs) are successfully used for human immunodeficiency virus PEP, and maybe effective for HBV PEP. In this study, we tested the NA-based strategies for HBV PEP using the Chinese woodchuck model. Methods Chinese woodchucks were inoculated intravenously with different doses of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). A deoxyguanosine analogue entacavir (ETV), a DNA vaccine pWHcIm, or ETV plus pWHcIm were applied to the infected animals 24 h later. Twenty weeks later, the animals were re-challenged with WHV to test for the presence of immunity against WHV. Results Inoculation with different WHV doses had a strong influence on the course of WHV infection; NA alone or in combination with a DNA vaccine completely prevented viremia after a high dose of WHV inoculation in Chinese woodchucks and induced partial or complete protective immunity, respectively. Conclusions NA-based PEP strategies (NA alone or in combination with vaccine) may be an alternative of HBV PEP, especially in those living in the remote and rural areas of the developing countries and the non-responders to the current vaccine, and may be valuable in the PEP of HBV and HIV co-infection after occupational and non-occupational exposure. Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm the valuable of NA-based strategies in HBV PEP.

Background: Experimental studies suggest that elevated de novo lipogenesis (DNL) might be involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Few prospective studies have been conducted, especially among populations with a high carbohydrate intake, to determine whether DNL fatty acids are associated with the risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Objective: We aimed to investigate associations of erythrocyte fatty acids in the DNL pathway-including myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), hexadecenoic acid (16:1n-9), stearic acid (18:0), vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and oleic acid (18: 1n-9)-with the risk of MetS in a Chinese population with an average carbohydrate intake of >60% of energy. Design: A total of 1176 free-living Chinese men and women aged 50-70 y from Beijing and Shanghai were included in our analysis, giving rise to 412 incident MetS cases during 6 y of follow-up. Erythrocyte fatty acids and metabolic traits were measured in these participants. Results: Erythrocyte fatty acids in the DNL pathway were correlated with a high ratio of carbohydrate-to-fat intake, less favorable lipid profiles, and elevated liver enzymes at baseline. In comparison with the lowest quartile, RRs (95% CIs) of MetS in the highest quartile were 1.30 (1.04, 1.62; P-trend = 0.007) for 16:1n-7, 1.48 (1.17, 1.86; P-trend < 0.001) for 16:1n-9, 1.26 (1.01, 1.56; P-trend = 0.06) for 18:1n-7, and 1.51 (1.19, 1.92; P-trend < 0.001) for 18:1n-9 after multivariate adjustment for lifestyle factors and body mass index. Moreover, 16:0 and 16:1n-7 were associated with an elevated risk of diabetes. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that fatty acids in the DNL pathway are independently associated with an elevated risk of metabolic disorders.