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Chronotype reflects individual differences in circadian rhythms and influences individual psychology and behavior. Previous studies found altered subcortical structures are closely related to individual chronotypes. However, these studies have been conducted mainly using voxel-based morphometry and traditional volume measurement methods with certain limitations. This study aimed to investigate subcortical aberrant volume and shape patterns in late chronotypes (LC) young adults compared to early chronotypes (EC) young adults. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and chronotype assessment were performed once for all participants, including 49 LC young adults and 49 matched EC young adults. The morningness and eveningness preferences were assessed using the Chronotype Questionnaire. A vertex-wise shape analysis was conducted to analyze structural MRI data. There were no significant differences in brain tissue volume and subcortical structural volume between groups. LC young adults showed significant regional shape atrophy in the left ventral posterior thalamus compared to EC individuals. A significant correlation was found between the regional shape atrophy of left ventral posterior thalamus and the score of Chronotype Questionnaire in LC young adults. Regional shape alteration of left thalamus was closely related to the chronotype, and LC may be a potential risk factor for sleep-related behavioral and mental problems in young adults. However, the predominantly female sample and the failure to investigate the effect of chronotype on the subcortical structure-function network are limitations of this study. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the temporal characteristics of thalamic shape changes and consequent behavioral and psychiatric problems in adults with LC.

A novel electroless plating technique is utilized by coating a polydopamine layer on zinc foil (Zn@PDA) to regulate the deposition and growth of zinc dendrites, as well as suppress the occurrence of hydrogen evolution and passivation products for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Polydopamine (PDA) has a strong adsorption ability on Zn foil due to the formation of a bidentate bonding during the electroless plating. Further, it indicates that the abundant hydroxyl groups of PDA react as zinc-philic sites to adsorb Zn

Nanostructured metal selenides based on conversion reactions are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the repeat structural degradation accompanied by the detrimental intermediate of sodium selenides (NaxSe) leads them to suffer from continuous capacity decaying and under-voltage failure. In this work, CoSe2 is chosen as a representative by the introduction of a polar Ti3C2Tx matrix to alleviate the performance deterioration caused by the crystal structure evolution. CoSe2 nanorods are in situ grown on the Ti3C2Tx (CoSe2/Ti3C2Tx) surface by a simple one-step hydrothermal reaction during the reduction environment. A tight chemical bonding is formed between CoSe2 and Ti3C2Tx by oxygen bridging, which maintains the stable charge and ion transport during cycling. Meanwhile, Ti3C2Tx facilitates copper coming from the collector being diffused in the electrode, and is involved in the electrochemical reaction in an ether-based electrolyte, resulting in CoSe2 being partially converted to Cu2−xSe after long cycles. Synchronously, Ti3C2Tx improves the mutual transformation of NaxSe ↔ Na2Se during the intercalation/de-intercalation of metal selenides. Therefore, via optimizing the content of Ti3C2Tx, the CoSe2/Ti3C2Tx-10 composite obtains excellent long cycle stability, delivering a specific capacity of 343 mA h g−1 at 0.3 A g−1 after 1200 cycles with a capacity retention of 98%. Even at 10.0 A g−1, CoSe2/Ti3C2Tx-10 exerts about 200 mA h g−1 initial capacity, and remains at 140 mA h g−1 after 1400 cycles. The strategy of introducing a polar matrix to improve the long cycling stability of the metal selenide provides a new opportunity for the development of new anode materials for SIBs.

Gradient valence-distributed vanadium oxygen hydrate hybrid (G-VOH) nanowires are designed by one-step hydrothermal synthesis for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. It is mainly constructed by superficial NH4+-intercalated VOH ((NH4)2V10O25·8H2O, named as NVOH) and inner deeper vanadium reduction VOH (V3O7·H2O, named as VOH). In the unique nanostructure, both NVOH and VOH are active matrices involved in the Zn2+ electrochemical reaction. Moreover, the outer NVOH functions as a Zn2+ transport framework to provide fast Zn2+ transport capability for the inner VOH. Additionally, the gradient vanadium valence distribution in hybrids enhances the vanadium multi-valence redox kinetics, resulting in significant improvement for the Zn2+ storage capacity. Meanwhile, NVOH also functions as a framework support to suppress the inner VOH crystal structure conversion during the charge/discharge process, facilitating its electrochemical stability. Thus, the G-VOH nanowires obtain a high specific capacity of 434 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, as well as long cycling stability with 86% capacity retention at 2 A g−1 after 1500 cycles. Moreover, the assembled quasi-solid-state G-VOH||Zn batteries achieve a superior specific capacity of 241 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 with a capacity retention of 74% after 500 cycles. The strategy of the preparation of gradient valence-distributed vanadium oxygen hydrate provides a new idea for the development of cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

The development and distribution of geologically complicated fault structure have the characteristics of uncertainty, randomness, ambiguity, and variability. Therefore, the prediction of complicated fault structures is a typical nonlinear problem. Neither fuzzy logic method nor artificial neural network alone can solve this problem well because the fuzzy method is generally not easy to realize adaptive learning function, and the neural network method is not suitable for describing sedimentary microfacies or geophysical facies. Therefore, taking the marginal subsags in the Jiyang Depression, Eastern China, as a study case, this paper uses the method of combining artificial neural network and fuzzy logic to study geologically complicated fault structure prediction model. This paper expounds on the research status and significance of geologically complicated fault structure prediction model, elaborates the development background, current status, and future challenges of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic, introduces the method and principle of fuzzy neural network structure and fuzzy logic analysis algorithm, conducts prediction model design and implementation based on fuzzy neural network, proposes the learning algorithm of fuzzy neural network, analyzes the programming realization of fuzzy neural network, constructs complicated fault structure prediction model based on the artificial neural network and fuzzy logic, performs the fuzzy logic system selection of complicated fault structure prediction model, carries out the artificial neural network structure design of complicated fault structure prediction model, compares the prediction effects of the geologically complicated fault structure model based on artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic, and finally discusses the system design and optimization of the prediction model for geologically complicated fault structures. The study results show that the fuzzy neural network fully integrates the advantages of artificial neural network and fuzzy logic system; based on the clear physical background of fuzzy logic system, it effectively integrates powerful knowledge expression ability and fuzzy reasoning ability into the network knowledge structure of neural network, which greatly improves the prediction accuracy of geologically complicated fault structure.

The Jiaodong Peninsula hosts the main large gold deposits and was the first gold production area in China; multisource and multiscale geoscience datasets are available. The area is the biggest drilling mineral-exploration zone in China. This study used three-dimensional (3D) modeling, geology, and ore body and alteration datasets to extract and synthesize mineralization information and analyze the exploration targeting in the Zhaoxian gold deposit in the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula. The methodology and results are summarized as follows: The regional Jiaojia fault is the key exploration criterion of the gold deposit. The compression torsion characteristics and concave–convex section zones in the 3D deep environment are the main indicators of mineral exploration using 3D geological and ore-body modeling in the Zhaoxian gold deposit. The hyperspectral detailed measurement, interpretation, and data mining used drill-hole data (>1000 m) to analyze the vectors and trends of the ore body and ore-forming fault and the alteration-zone rocks in the Zhaoxian gold deposit. The short-wave infrared Pos2200 values and illite crystallinity in the alteration zone can be used to identify 3D deep gold mineralization and potential targets for mineral exploration. This research methodology can be globally used for other deep mineral explorations.

Layered tin monosulfide (SnS) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its high theoretical capacity of 1020 mA h g–1. Its large interlayer spacing permits fast sodium-ion ...

Silicon (Si) has been considered as the next generation ideal anode material for lithium-ion batteries because of its highest theoretical capacity (4200 mAh·g−1) and affluent reserves in nature. However, the severe volume expansion and unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film of Si electrode during lithiation/delithiation, as well as the poor electron conductivity have seriously restricted its commercial application. In this work, in situ catalytic growth graphene on the surface of nano-Si (Si@Graphene) composite is successfully developed through a novel electroless deposition approach with Ni as the catalyst. The as-prepared Si@Graphene composite exhibits excellent cycling stability and rate capability, which retains a reversible discharge capacity up to 1909 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and is able to deliver a discharge capacity of 975 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 52 A g−1. The results indicate that a folded multi-layers graphene could be uniformly grown on the nano-Si particles by permeating the Ni catalytic layer using the triethylene glycol (triglycol) as carbon source. The folded multi-layers graphene could maintain the framework structure of the composite during the electrochemical cycling for its excellent mechanical performance and outstanding flexibility, which could relieve volume expansion/shrinkage of Si during repeated Li+ intercalation/extraction. Moreover, the strong connection between the graphene and nano-Si in three dimensional also could provide abundant transport pathway for the electron transportation to the surface of Si particles. The most important thing is that the multi-layer graphene could protect the nano-Si particles from being directly exposed to the electrolyte, which is beneficial for maintaining the stability of SEI films.

With the rapid depletion of mineral resources, deep prospecting is becoming a frontier field in international geological exploration. The prediction of deep mineral resources is the premise and foundation of deep prospecting. However, conventional metallogenic predictive methods, which are mainly based on surface geophysical, geochemical, and remote sensing data and geological information, are no longer suitable for deep metallogenic prediction due to the large burial depth of deep-seated deposits. Consequently, 3D metallogenic prediction becomes a critical method for delineating deep prospecting target areas. As a world-class giant gold metallogenic province, the Jiaodong Peninsula is at the forefront in China in terms of deep prospecting achievements and exploration depth. Therefore, it has unique conditions for 3D metallogenic prediction and plays an important exemplary role in promoting the development of global deep prospecting. This study briefly introduced the method, bases, and results of the 3D metallogenic prediction in the northwest Jiaodong Peninsula and then established 3D geological models of gold concentration areas in the northwest Jiaodong Peninsula using drilling combined with geophysics. Since gold deposits in the northwest Jiaodong Peninsula are often controlled by faulting in the 3D space, this study proposed a method for predicting deep prospecting target areas based on a stepped metallogenic model and a method for predicting the deep resource potential of gold deposits based on the shallow resources of ore-controlling faults. Multiple characteristic variables were extracted from the 3D geological models of the gold concentration areas, including the buffer zone and dip angle of faults, the changing rate of fault dip angle, and the equidistant distribution of orebodies. Using these characteristic variables, five deep prospecting target areas in the Jiaojia and Sanshandao faults were predicted. Moreover, based on the proven gold resources at an elevation of −2000 m and above, the total gold resources of the Sanshandao, Jiaojia, and Zhaoping ore-controlling faults at an elevation of −5000–−2000 m were predicted to be approximately 3377–6490 t of Au. Therefore, it is believed that the total gold resources in the Jiaodong Peninsula are expected to exceed 10,000 t. These new predicted results suggest that the northwest Jiaodong Peninsula has huge potential for the resources of deep gold deposits, laying the foundation for further deep prospecting.

A new approach is employed to boost the electrochemical kinetics and stability of vanadium oxygen hydrate (VOH, V2O5·nH2O) employed for aqueous zinc-ion battery (ZIB) cathodes. The methodology is based on electrically conductive polyaniline (PANI) intercalated-exfoliated VOH, achieved by preintercalation of an aniline monomer and its in situ polymerization within the oxide interlayers. The resulting graphene-like PANI-VOH nanosheets possess a greatly boosted reaction-controlled contribution to the total charge storage capacity, resulting in more material undergoing the reversible V5+ to V3+ redox reaction. The PANI-VOH electrode obtains an impressive capacity of 323 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1, and state-of-the-art cycling stability at 80% capacity retention after 800 cycles. Because of the facile redox kinetics, the PANI-VOH ZIB obtains uniquely promising specific energy-specific power combinations: an energy of 216 Wh kg-1 is achieved at 252 W kg-1, while 150 Wh kg-1 is achieved at 3900 W kg-1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analyses indicate that with PANI-VOH nanosheets, there is a simultaneous decrease in the charge transfer resistance and a boost in the diffusion coefficient of Zn2+ (by a factor of 10-100) vs the VOH baseline. The strategy of employing PANI for combined intercalation-exfoliation may provide a broadly applicable approach for improving the performance in a range of oxide-based energy storage materials.

Silicon(Si)/graphene composite has been regarded as one of the most promising candidates for next generation anode materials with high power and energy density in lithium ion batteries. Introduction of graphene in Si anodes could improve the electronic conductivity, suppress the severe volume expansion of Si, and facilitate the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase, etc. However, traditionally mechanical mixing of Si and graphene cannot realize uniform distribution of Si particles on the graphene sheets, which would largely weaken the effectiveness of the graphene in the composite. In this work, nano-Si/reduced graphene oxide porous composite (p Si/rGO) has been fabricated by a facile electrostatic self-assembly approach via using SiO2 as the sacrificial template. Compared with the simply mechanically mixed nano-Si and rGO (Si/rGO), the nano-Si particles could be more uniformly dispersed among the rGO sheets in the p Si/rGO, which significantly increases its electronic conductivity. Moreover, the drastic volume expansion of nano-Si during repeated lithiation/delithiation cycles also has been effectively accommodated by the large number of pores left after removing the SiO2 template in the composite. Thus, the p Si/rGO presented largely enhanced electrochemical performances, showing a high reversible capacity up to 1849 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with good capacity retention, and high rate capability (535 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1).

As a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), SnO2-based material has been extensively investigated. However, its practical application is still hindered due to the inherent drawbacks of poor conductivity, severe volume expansion, and unavoidable agglomeration of active material during repeated discharge/charge process as well as formation of unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer. In this paper, the SnO2@carbon nanotube/reduced graphene oxide (SnO2@CNT/RGO) composite is rationally designed and fabricated, in which nano SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs, ~6 nm) are anchored onto three-dimensional (3D) conductive CNTs/RGO skeleton by first assembling SnO2 onto CNT and then entangling SnO2@CNT nanofibers in 3D graphene networks. The synergistic effect of CNT and RGO significantly increase the conductivity and prevent aggregation of active material. In addition, the mesopores structure constructed by CNT and RGO can accommodate the volume change of SnO2 NPs and form more stable SEI layer during repeated discharge/charge process. Therefore, the SnO2@CNT/RGO electrode exhibits not only more stable cycle performance but also more superior rate capacity. The discharge/charge specific capacity at 0.2 A g−1 is 1032/1022 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Even at high current density of 2.0 A g−1, it still maintains the discharge/charge capacity of 586/578 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles.

In this paper, we design a novel one dimensional and coaxial polyaniline@tin dioxide@multi-wall carbon nanotube (PANI@SnO 2 @MWCNT) composite as advanced conductive additive free anode material for the lithium ion battery. The SnO 2 nanoparticles (∼5 nm) are firstly fixed on the conductive MWCNT skeleton by self-assembling the nano-sized SnO 2 particles on the surface of MWCNT with the assist of surfactant P123 then followed by in-situ coating a flexible layer of PANI with excellent electron and lithium ion conductivity. The one dimensional and coaxial PANI@SnO 2 @MWCNT can effectively accommodate the volume expansion of SnO 2 nanoparticles during lithiating and delithiating via the wrapping of the flexible coating layer of PANI and the buffer of the one dimensional MWCNT. Moreover, the electronic and lithium ionic conductivities of the composite are also obviously improved by the synergistic action between the PANI and MWCNT. As a result, the PANI@SnO 2 @MWCNT composite exhibits an excellent rate capacity and stable cycling performance even without the adding of the conductive additive.

Tin oxide (SnO2) based materials are considered promising anodes for high-energy lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, significant challenges including low initial coulombic efficiency, poor cycling stability and low rate capability are still hindering their practical applications. Effectively constructing a conductive material structure plays a vital role in improving the electrochemical performance of tin based composite anodes for LIBs. In this work, we utilize carbon nanotube-graphene nanosheet with 3D conductive framework to fabricate a SnO2/carbon nanotube-graphene nanosheet (SnO2/CNT-GN) aerogel composite, in which a small amount of carbon nanotube is introduced to increase the electronic transportation by interconnecting the independent porous graphene structure. In addition, the synergistic interplay between high mechanical property of CNT and flexibility of graphene significantly enhance the stability of SnO2/CNT-GN composite. As a result, the SnO2/CNT-GN composite exhibit a very decent cycling stability, retaining a stable specific capacity of 809 mAh g−1 (87% capacity retention) after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, as well as an excellent rate capability, delivering 787 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 5A g−1.

Ability to reproduce the fault of proving ground and user use is poor, which uses the traditional durability test method of the front swingarm bench. However, the road simulation test method is able to accurately reproduce the real road load spectrum of the swingarm, which has good validation results. The article focuses on accelerated editing the target response signal of swingarm, a new method for compressing and reconstructing the time-domain load spectrum, is put forward based on the intensified extrapolation and superposition of the load rainflow matrix according to the experimental conditions so as to further shorten the bench test period. The mean cycles of the load rainflow matrix were corrected, according to the Goodman method. And the S-N curve of the swingarm is calculated according to the nominal stress method. The damage degree of the measuring point load of the swingarm is compared before and after accelerated editing. The equivalence relation between the reconstructed spectrum of rainflow matrix and the original load spectrum was verified. Finally, the results showed that the speed-up ratio of the simulation iterative target response signal of the swingarm reaches 78.8 times compared with the road test at the proving ground, which is 2.4 times compared with the traditional bench test standard. A bench test was performed to verify that this accelerated editing method is effective.

A new synergetic strategy is performed by sulfite modification and pre-intercalating ammonium ion into vanadium hydrate (S-NVOH) to boost the Zn2+ redox kinetics for aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs). S-NVOH constructs O–S–O bond as SO32- by sulfite modification both in the interlayers and edge of VOH, boosting the multivalent transform of V5+ in VOH by regulation charge distribution of V–O lattice. Additionally, pre-intercalated NH4+ in the VOH able to efficiently pillars and stabilizes the layer structure when cycling. Meanwhile, CV curves and Tafel curves analyses confirm that S-NVOH obtain larger exchange current densities and lower reaction barriers during the Zn2+ redox process. Thus, the S–NVOH obtains an impressive specific capacity of 108 mAh g−1 at 2A g−1 at low temperature (−15 °C) with capacity retention of 91% after 1000 cycles. This kind of synergetic strategy in vanadium compounds provide a broadly applicable approach for improving the electrochemical performance in a range of oxide-based materials for aqueous ZIBs.

Tin dioxide (SnO2) has been recognized as one of the most promising anode materials for lithium ion battery. Unfortunately, the large volume changes of pure SnO2 anode during Li+ insertion/extraction process inevitably resulted in rapid capacity decay. Herein, we report an effective strategy to fabricate micron-sized porous SnO2/Sn/carbon (p-SnO2/Sn/C) composites by a straight one-step hydrothermal with subsequent carbonization process. In this unique structure, amounts of tin dioxide/tin (SnO2/Sn) nanoparticles (~5nm) are uniformly embedded in ordered porous carbon matrix to form interpenetrating framework structure though the use of triblock copolymer Pluronic F-127 as the templating agent. The ordered porous carbon matrix not only offers three dimensional channels for extraction/insertion of Li+ during cycles, but also buffers severe volume changes for SnO2/Sn nanoparticles. Furthermore, the composite structure also ensures formation of stable solid electrolyte interface films as compared with isolated SnO2/Sn nanoparticles, which efficiently improves the electrochemical stability of active materials. Therefore, the p-SnO2/Sn/C anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 1016.2 mAh·g-1 at 100 mA·g-1 after 100 cycles and a remarkable long term cycle stability (a charge capacity of 710 mAh·g-1 even after 600 cycles at 1000 mA·g-1).

Amorphous structure materials have isotropic characteristics, which provides open active diffusion channels to facilitate the sodium ion diffusion and transport. In this work, amorphous SnSe quantum dots (~2 nm) anchoring on the nitrogen doped graphene (a-SnSe/rGO) are rational designed by facile one-pot solvothermal synthesis. The amorphous SnSe structure largely suppresses the volume change comes from the tin alloying reaction process, further decreases the particle pulverization. Strong Sn–C, Sn–O–C, and Se–C chemical bonds form between a-SnSe and graphene, guaranteeing rapid electrical transport channels during the sodiation/de-sodiation process. As a result, it presents superior electrochemical reversibility of 397 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 1400 cycles with 0.014% capacity fading per cycle as sodium ion battery anode. The excellent rate performance and the high proportion of pseudocapacitance contribution for a-SnSe/rGO also make it very suitable for the anode materials for sodium ion capacitor. It exhibits high energy density of 58 Wh k g−1 after 5000 cycles at 1 Ag-1 in optimized a-SnSe/rGO||AC sodium ion capacitor. The strategy of fabrication of amorphous nanostructure material provides brand new thoughts for development and application of metal chalcogenide in energy storage devices.

To inhibit the graphitization of diamond under high temperature and low pressure, diamond/SiC composites were firstly fabricated by a rapid gaseous Si vacuum reactive infiltration process. The microstructure and graphitization behavior of diamond in the composites under various infiltration temperatures and holding time were investigated. The thermal conductivity of the resultant materials was discussed. The results show that the diamond-to-graphite transition is effectively inhibited at temperature of as high as 1600 °C under vacuum, and the substantial graphitization starts at 1700 °C. The microstructure of those ungraphitized samples is uniform and fully densified. The inhibition mechanisms of graphitization include the isolation of the catalysts from diamond by a series of protective layers, high pressure stress applied on diamond by the reaction-bonded SiC, and the moderate gas–solid reaction. For the graphitized samples, the boundary between diamond and SiC is coarse and loose. The graphitization mechanism is considered to be an initial detachment of the bilayers from the diamond surfaces, and subsequently flattening to form graphite. The ungraphitized samples present higher thermal conductivity of about 410 W·m−1·K−1 due to the fine interfacial structure. For the graphitized samples, the thermal conductivity decreases significantly to 285 W·m−1·K−1 as a result of high interfacial thermal resistance.

Diamond/SiC/(Si) composites were fabricated by Si vapor vacuum reactive infiltration. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of composites have been measured from 50 to 400 °C. With the diamond content increasing, CTE of composite decreased, simultaneously, the microstructure of the composites changed from core–shell particles embedded in the Si matrix to an interpenetrating network with the matrix. The CTEs of composites versus temperature matched well with those of Si. The Kerner model was modified according to the structural features of the composites, which exhibited more accurate predictions due to considering the core–shell structure of the composites. The thermal expansion behavior of the matrix was constrained by diamond/SiC network during heating.

Diamond/SiC composites were fabricated by a rapid gaseous Si vacuum reactive infiltration of porous carbon-containing diamond preforms at 1600 °C for 1 h. The obtained composites consisted of diamond, β-SiC and a small fraction of residual unreacted Si; nearly fully dense composites were achieved. Graphitization of diamond did not occur during the infiltration at 1600 °C under vacuum. The transgranular fracture mode of diamond crystals and the perfect interface between diamond and SiC suggested a strong interfacial bonding strength. Relatively-low coefficient of thermal expansion (3.6×10 −6 /K, 50–400 °C) and high thermal conductivity (562 W/m K) of diamond/SiC composites showed great potential for thermal management applications.

Dense diamond/SiC composites were fabricated by Si vapor vacuum reactive infiltration of carbon-containing diamond porous preform at 1600 °C for 1 h. The microstructural evolution of the composites was investigated. The infiltration mechanisms during reactive infiltration were discussed. The composite consists of diamond, β-SiC and a small amount of Si. Epitaxial growth of nano-sized SiC on diamond and graphite surfaces occurred due to the diffusion-reaction mechanism in the initial stage of infiltration. Growth of micron-sized SiC with no preferential orientation was controlled by solution-precipitation mechanism in the final stage. The infiltration process was determined both by molecular diffusion and capillary effects. Explosive evaporation of molten Si, volume expansion of the solids and heat release during the reaction were the key factors contributing to the rapid densification of diamond/SiC composites. High thermal conductivity (580 W m −1 K −1 ) and low density (3.33 g cm −3 ) of the composites were beneficial to thermal management applications.