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Fruit intake is beneficial to several chronic diseases, but controversial in diabetes. We aimed to investigate prospectively the associations of whole fresh fruit intake with risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) in subjects with different glucose regulation capacities.The present study included 79,922 non-diabetic participants aged ≥ 40 years from an ongoing nationwide prospective cohort in China. Baseline fruit intake information was collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Plasma HbA1c, fasting and 2 h post-loading glucose levels were measured at both baseline and follow-up examinations. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident diabetes among participants with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and prediabetes, after adjusted for multiple confounders. Restricted cubic spline analysis was applied for dose-response relation.During a median 3.8-year follow-up, 5886 (7.36%) participants developed diabetes. Overall, we identified a linear and dose-dependent inverse association between dietary whole fresh fruit intake and risk of incident T2D. Each 100 g/d higher fruit intake was associated with 2.8% lower risk of diabetes (HR 0.972, 95%CI [0.949-0.996], P = 0.0217), majorly benefiting NGT subjects with 15.2% lower risk (HR 0.848, 95%CI [0.766-0.940], P = 0.0017), while not significant in prediabetes (HR 0.981, 95%CI 0.957-4.005, P = 0.1268). Similarly, the inverse association was present in normoglycemia individuals with a 48.6% lower risk of diabetes when consuming fruits 7 times/week comparing to those 1 time/week (HR 0.514, 95% CI [0.368-0.948]), but not in prediabetes (HR 0.883, 95% CI [0.762-1.023]).These findings suggest that higher frequency and amount of fresh fruit intake may protect against incident T2D, especially in NGT, but not in prediabetes, highlighting the dietary recommendation of higher fresh fruit consumption to prevent T2D in normoglycemia population.

The relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and glycemic indices, including plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postload glucose (2h-PG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), remains inconclusive. We aimed to explore the associations between glycemic indices and SUA levels in the general Chinese population.The current study was a cross-sectional analysis using the first follow-up survey data from The China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort Study. A total of 105,922 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 40 years underwent the oral glucose tolerance test and uric acid assessment. The nonlinear relationships between glycemic indices and SUA levels were explored using generalized additive models.A total of 30,941 men and 62,361 women were eligible for the current analysis. Generalized additive models verified the inverted U-shaped association between glycemic indices and SUA levels, but with different inflection points in men and women. The thresholds for FPG, 2h-PG, and HbA1c for men and women were 6.5/8.0 mmol/L, 11.0/14.0 mmol/L, and 6.1/6.5, respectively (SUA levels increased with increasing glycemic indices before the inflection points and then eventually decreased with further increases in the glycemic indices).An inverted U-shaped association was observed between major glycemic indices and uric acid levels in both sexes, while the inflection points were reached earlier in men than in women.

Objective To discuss the clinical features of preoperative undiagnosed pheochromocytoma in patients with adrenal incidentaloma (AI). Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of 103 cases of pathologically diagnosed adrenal pheochromocytoma in patients with AI admitted in the General Hospital of Chinese PLA during Mar. 2012 to Dec. 2016. The cases were divided into two groups: patients preoperatively diagnosed as non-function adrenal tumor were assigned as group A (n=16), and preoperatively diagnosed as pheochromocytoma were assigned as group B (n=87). The clinical features, endocrine hormone levels and imaging features of the two groups were analyzed. Results The age when diagnosed as hypertension was higher in group A (55.5±9.1 years) than in group B (43.6±12.3 years, P

Additional file 1: Table S1. Associations between lipid parameters and eGFR in the total subjects, men and women. Table S2. Associations between TG and UACR in pre-diabetic population.

To study the effects of berberine on the gene mRNA expressions of BMP4 transcriptional pathways and brown/white adipose tissue conversion transcriptional pathways in visceral white adipose tissues(VWAT) in type 2 diabetic hamsters and explore the relevant mechanisms. The obese insulin-resistant hamster model were induced by using high-fat diet, and then the type 2 diabetic hamster model was created through injection with low-dose streptozotocin in the obese insulin-resistant hamster model. After the modeling, the hamsters were randomly divided into normal control, obese insulin-resistant, type 2 diabetic and berberine-treated diabetic groups. After the nine-week treatment, real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the changes in gene mRNA expressions of VWAT BMP4 transcriptional pathways, brown/white adipose tissue conversion transcriptional pathways and their target genes in different groups. The results showed that the gene mRNA expressions of BMP4, BMPRⅡ, BMPRlA, Smad1, Smad5, Smad8, p38/MAPK, ATF2, PRDM16, C/EBPβ, PGC1α, PPARγ and brown adipose tissue-specific genes was decreased and that of Smad6, Smurf1 and white adipose tissue-specific genes was increased in VWAT of model hamsters. Treatment with berberine regulated BMP4 transcriptional pathways and brown adipose tissue transcriptional pathways and induced the gene mRNA expression of brown adipose tissue-specific genes in VWAT to develop browning gene phenotype of white adipose tissues, and then improved fat-induced insulin resistance. These findings indicated that BMP4 transcriptional pathways involved in the formation of fat-induced visceral white adipose tissues insulin resistance (FIVWATIR) and the browning molecular mechanism of white adipose tissues induced by berberine.

To characterize the baseline status of Chinese diabetic patients based on data derived from Chinese cohort from SOLVE(TM) study.Patients with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin detemir at the decision of the physician were eligible for the study. Data on demographics, medical history, glycemic profile and treatment regimen at baseline were collected by physicians.A total of 3272 patients [female 42%, male 58%, mean age (56.2 ± 10.8) years] were included in the study. Their BMI was (25.3 ± 3.3) kg/m(2). The duration of diabetes was 4.0 (0.1 - 27.0) years, and the duration of treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) was 3.0 (0.0 - 20.2) years. The proportions of subjects with diabetic macro- and micro-vascular complications were 15.8% (515 cases) and 27.1% (866 cases), respectively. The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at baseline was (8.33 ± 1.70)%, and the fasting blood glucose (FPG) was (9.5 ± 2.6) mmol/L.A large proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes remain in poor glycemic control, and the prevalence of diabetic complications is high, which requires optimal therapeutic strategy for the patients with suboptimal glycemic control.

The cooperation of robotic systems over wireless network results in some challenges, finite network bandwidth, and limited node energy. A novel co-design approach is presented by means of combining deadband-control with dynamic prediction in this paper. To reduce the network traffic and energy consumption, the control packets of "Controlling" robots are only sent if the response error and error changes are larger than the given deadband threshold. Furthermore, the modified Brown third exponential smoothing prediction is introduced to reconstruct the untransmitted values in "Actuating" robots, where parameters are dynamically optimized by a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, the comparative experimental results indicate that the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach are very well.

To investigate the effects of liver X receptor (LXR) on the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in diabetic liver.Sixteen-week-old male db/db mice with C57BL/6 background were administered via gavaging of T0901317 (TO), a LXR synthetic agonist, at the dose of 3 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) or dimethyl sulfide (DMSO), a vehicle alone for 7 days. Then the mice were killed with their livers taken out to undergo immunohistochemistry to observe the distribution of FAS protein. Human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell of the line HepG2 were cultured with TO (10 micromol/L) or DMSO for 24 hours. Another HepG2 cells were transfected with mouse FAS promoter-luciferase reporter recombinants with or without pcDNA3.1, LXR expression vector, or an active sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression vector for 12 hours. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the levels of mRNA and protein of FAS and SREBP-1c respectively. Luciferase reporter assay was utilized to examine the activity of mouse FAS promoter.FAS was abundantly expressed in the mouse livers, especially in the cytoplasm of liver cells. The FAS mRNA levels of the livers of the db/db mice was about 5.5 times as high as that of the db/m mice (P0.01). The FAS protein levels in the livers of db/db and db/m mice treated with TO were 1.7 and 3.5 times higher than those of the control mice (both P0.05). The SREBP-1 mRNA levels in the liver of the db/m and db/db mice treated with TO were 2.4 and 2.1 times higher compared with the control mice (P0.05, P0.01). Luciferase test showed that the FAS promoter activity of the HepG2 cells treated with TO was 1.5 times that of the control cells (P0.01). The FAS promoter activities of the HepG2 cells transfected with LXR and SREBP-1c were 1.9 and 1.6 times those of the control cells (botn P0.01).LXRE directly or indirect (via SREBP-lc) upregulates the expression of FAS gene in the diabetic liver. LXR may mediate the lipid accumulation in liver of diabetes.