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The eutrophication of water would cause the quality of the water to deteriorate and the algae to grow in large quantities. The recovery of phosphorus from sewage can not only purify the water quality, but also achieve the recycling of phosphorus. Its environmental and economic benefits are considerable. In this study, bamboo was used as raw material and modified with MgCl2 solution to prepare Mg-loaded biochar from bamboo (Mg@B). The adsorption experiments of phosphorus in solution by Mg@B were carried out. The adsorption kinetics of phosphorus by Mg@B was depicted by pseudo-first order kinetic and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The results showed that the surface of Mg@B is covered with the compound of Mg(OH)2. The adsorption process fits well with the pseudo-second order kinetics equation. The predominant process is chemisorption, which involves a sharing of electrons between the adsorbate and the surface of the adsorbent. The factor limiting the rate of reaction is primarily the number of surface-active sites of the adsorbent. The mechanism of Mg@B adsorbing phosphate ions in solution has physical adsorption, electrostatic adsorption and chemical precipitation.

Temperature influences the physiological processes and ecology of both hosts and endophytes, however, it remains unclear how long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate the consequences of temperature-dependent changes in host–pathogen interactions. To explore the role of lncRNAs in culm gall formation induced by the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta in Zizania latifolia, we employed RNA sequencing to identify lncRNAs and their potential cis-targets in Z. latifolia and U. esculenta under different temperatures. In Z. latifolia and U. esculenta, we identified 3194 and 173 lncRNAs as well as 126 and four potential target genes for differentially expressed lncRNAs, respectively. Further function and expression analysis revealed that lncRNA ZlMSTRG.11348 regulates amino acid metabolism in Z. latifolia and lncRNA UeMSTRG.02678 regulates amino acid transport in U. esculenta. The plant defence response was also found to be regulated by lncRNAs and suppressed in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta grown at 25 °C, which may result from the expression of effector genes in U. esculenta. Moreover, in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta, the expression of genes related to phytohormones was altered under different temperatures. Our results demonstrate that lncRNAs are important components of the regulatory networks in plant-microbe-environment interactions, and may play a part in regulating culm swelling in Z. latifolia plants.

The objective of this paper is to study the issue of uniformity on three-level U-type designs in terms of the wrap-around L2-discrepancy. Based on the known formula, we present a new lower bound of wrap-around L2-discrepancy for three-level U-type designs and compare it with those existing ones through figures, numerical simulation and illustrative examples.

Ustilago esculenta, a smut fungus, can induce the formation of culm galls in Zizania latifolia, a vegetable consumed in many Asian countries. Specifically, the mycelia-teliospore (M-T) strain of U. esculenta induces the Jiaobai (JB) type of gall, while the teliospore (T) strain induces the Huijiao (HJ) type. The underlying molecular mechanism responsible for the formation of the two distinct types of gall remains unclear. Our results showed that most differentially expressed genes relevant to effector proteins were up-regulated in the T strain compared to those in the M-T strain during gall formation, and the expression of teliospore formation-related genes was higher in the T strain than the M-T strain. Melanin biosynthesis was also clearly induced in the T strain. The T strain exhibited stronger pathogenicity and greater teliospore production than the M-T strain. We evaluated the implications of the gene regulatory networks in the development of these two type of culm gall in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta and suggested potential targets for genetic manipulation to modify the gall type for this crop.

We report a transcriptome assembly and expression profiles from RNA-Seq data and identify genes responsible for culm gall formation in Zizania latifolia induced by Ustilago esculenta. The smut fungus Ustilago esculenta can induce culm gall in Zizania latifolia, which is used as a vegetable in Asian countries. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of culm gall formation is still unclear. To characterize the processes underlying this host-fungus association, we performed transcriptomic and expression profiling analyses of culms from Z. latifolia infected by the fungus U. esculenta. Transcriptomic analysis detected U. esculenta induced differential expression of 19,033 and 17,669 genes in Jiaobai (JB) and Huijiao (HJ) type of gall, respectively. Additionally, to detect the potential gall inducing genes, expression profiles of infected culms collected at -7, 1 and 10 DAS of culm gall development were analyzed. Compared to control, we detected 8089 genes (4389 up-regulated, 3700 down-regulated) and 5251 genes (3121 up-regulated, 2130 down-regulated) were differentially expressed in JB and HJ, respectively. And we identified 376 host and 187 fungal candidate genes that showed stage-specific expression pattern, which are possibly responsible for gall formation at the initial and later phases, respectively. Our results indicated that cytokinins play more prominent roles in regulating gall formation than do auxins. Together, our work provides general implications for the understanding of gene regulatory networks for culm gall development in Z. latifolia, and potential targets for genetic manipulation to improve the future yield of this crop.

A novel approach was employed to synthesize one-part alkali-activated cements (AACs) for potential property/cost ratio advantage by calcining low-quality bentonite with dolomite and Na 2 CO 3 . The clinkers and the corresponding 80 °C-cured hydrates were characterized with multiple analytical methods. The primitively optimized 80 °C-cured paste made from the clinker calcined at 1100 °C with (CaO + MgO)/SiO 2 at a molar ratio of 2.1 and R 2 O/SiO 2 at a molar ratio of 0.4 resulted in the highest 28 day compressive strength of 38.3 MPa, which was twice of that without alkali additive. Accompanied with glassy phases, the poorly crystallized cementing active minerals in the optimum clinker contained C 3 A, belite, and MgO, as identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. MgO remained inert during hydration of clinkers calcined at 1200 °C or without Na 2 CO 3 additive. Release of Ca(OH) 2 during hydration of belite only appeared in the hydrates of the clinkers calcined without alkali additive, and it was used up in the hydrates of belite-containing clinkers with Na 2 CO 3 additive. The 80 °C-cured optimum hydrate was subject to the most seriously carbonization along with the most compact microstructures among all hydrates. The alkali additive improved the cementing activities of one-part R 2 O-MO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 cement system in two ways as it not only optimized the phase composition of the clinkers but also facilitated the hydration.

One-part geopolymer precursors are synthesized and preliminarily optimized by calcining bentonite with NaOH or Na 2 CO 3 to compare with the two-part ones. The ground powders of the former are hydrated by only adding water at 80 °C for 3 days and 20 °C for subsequent time. Some one-part geopolymers gain satisfying compressive strengths and are quite water-resistant similar to the two-part ones. It is found that alkali alters and deepens the thermal decomposition of the bentonite and transforms quartz impurity into X-ray amorphous cementing-active glassy phases. Nepheline is usually generated in the alkali-fused bentonite, and gehlenite also occurs when calcined at 1000 °C. Different kinds of zeolites appear in the one-part geopolymers, while the calcium ferrites, only found in the precursors exclusively activated by Na 2 CO 3 , lead to produce additional hydrous gehlenite, so Na 2 CO 3 seems facilitates hydration more effective than NaOH given the pastes from the precursors calcined with Na 2 CO 3 possess higher compressive strengths. Moreover, the ferric oxide and calcium oxide have potential to enhance the cementing properties according to the mechanisms with calcination and hydration. The low hydrolysis rate might lead to poor water-resistance and the softening coefficient of the pastes increases with alkali content and calcination temperature for one-part geopolymers.

The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) frequently faces challenges from pathogen Verticillium dahliae Kleb., but mechanisms of eggplant response to the pathogen attack are unclear. Therefore, in this study, the physiological mechanism and underlying regulatory networks were analysed in leaves of eggplant plant infected by V. dahliae. After inoculation with V. dahliae at the 3-leaf stage of eggplant seedlings, significant suppression of plant growth was recorded, and activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase increased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes was 1,529, 2,287, and 9085 at 1, 7 and 13 days after inoculation, respectively. The results by quantitative real time PCR further confirmed that four defence-related genes were generally upregulated after infection. These findings provide new insights into the eggplant defence response to the pathogen and may facilitate the rapid discovery and utilization of potential defence-related genes.

This paper is mainly for discussing the personal information management in new period. Through the method of literature review, it sums up the correlative research findings. According to the deficiencies of existing systems, we proposed a new general model, and put forward some constructive opinions to future research.

Precursors for the preparation of one-part geopolymers were synthesized by calcining low-quality kaolin, which containing a lot of quartz, with NaOH or Na2CO3, then the cement pastes of ground precursor powders were synthesized by only adding water and cured at 80 °C for 3 days followed by curing at ambient environment for 25 days. The geopolymeric cement pastes obtained reasonable dry compressive strengths, though they were not quite resistant to water. Alkalis seriously alter the thermal decomposition course of kaolin, and the octahedral-coordinated Al in kaolin also turns into tetrahedral-coordinated Al according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. By using X-ray diffractions, it is discovered that nearly all minerals convert into X-ray amorphous substances and nepheline when the low-quality kaolin is thermally treated with alkalis at 950 °C though most kinds of minerals except kaolinite are stable after the thermal treatment without alkali at 750 °C. P-zeolite is produced during the hydration of the precursors, and the optimized precursor shows partly dissolving characteristics in water under scanning electronic microscope. It is supposed that the hydrolysis of sodium silicates and glassy substances induces the crystallization of P-zeolite and facilitates the hydrated pastes cementing, on the other hand, the delayed hydrolysis of sodium silicates with high SiO2/Na2O ratio after solidification might make the one-part geopolymers expand and reduce the softening coefficients.

At present, the design of web-based courseware in distance education is too conservative and lack of innovation, which is mainly due to two reasons: One is the thinking set of courseware designers who are still possessing the mindset of education changes itself, which limits their thought into the field of education; The other one is the designer technical limitations that they are lack of technical skills of other related areas. Through introducing the thought and technologies of movie and virtual reality into education, we try to explore new designs for network courseware.

In order to understand the contributions of groundwater and deep soil water to the growth of halophytes in salinity-affected area, water use strategies of four shrubes, i.e. 20-year-old Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., three-year-old T. ramosissima., Lycium barbarum L., and Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. were studied under contrasted water regimes in Northwest China. The result showed that there was a vertical gradient in soil δ18O and δD profiles resulted from evaporation and irrigation. The 20-year-old T. ramosissima mainly used water from middle (40–140 cm) and deep (140–200 cm) under both water regimes indicating its phreatophytic nature. Soil water in upper profile (0–40 cm) was the dominant water source for the three-year-old T. ramosissima before irrigation. After irrigation, the three-year-old T. ramosissima and L. barbarum switched their water sources to middle soil profile. Our experiment revealed phreatophytic tendency for the three-year-old A. canescens, which was not responsive to irrigation enl...

In the development of today's human science and technology, course content and curriculum system are constantly changing; new concepts put forward frequently; subject border gradually becoming blurred, Course cross and fusion becoming more and more intense in the "Internet+" Environment. Thus, it is urgent to set the rules for researching the historical and current learning resources by Category. This paper based on the existing technology of search engine and automatic text classification makes an attempt to put forward a new heuristic intelligent search technology.

Class F fly ash-based geopolymers formed by pressure were prepared, and the preparation factors effecting on properties especially mechanical strength were discussed and optimized. The geopolymer specimens show excellent integrated properties such as mechanical strength, acid-resistance and water absorption and can be potentially applied to acid-resisting bricks except for acid-resistance left to be improved. The elevated curing temperature and the prolonged curing time are both beneficial to develop the mechanical strength as well as the moderately increased forming pressure and quartz sand/fly ash ratio. Being pretreated at elevated temperature for proper time before press forming improves the mechanical strength and reduces the water absorption greatly.

The traditional process of thesis evaluation is of subjectivity and differences of teachers’ qualifications and backgrounds. Considering these characteristics, this paper proposes a multi-level theses evaluation model based on fuzzy cluster analysis with the idea of fuzzy mathematics. In this model, it evaluates the teachers’ qualification first to determine the weight of various teachers’ evaluation to the thesis; then stratifies theses evaluation indicators, and according to the results of various indicators, it builds a fuzzy equivalent matrix, and ultimately selects the appropriate similarity coefficient to divide the theses into excellent, good, moderate, bad four grades. This model greatly improves the scientificalness and objectivity of the traditional theses evaluation process and provides a reference for the process.

With the increased detections of commonly used pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater, extensive attentions were paid recently to the fate and transport of these pharmaceuticals in the environment. Amitriptyline (AMI) is a tricyclic antidepressant widely applied to treat patients with anxiety and depression. In this study, the removal of AMI with palygorskite clay (PFl-1) was investigated under different physico-chemical conditions and supplemented by instrumental analyses. The uptake of AMI on PFl-1 was well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm with an adsorption capacity of 0.168 mmol g−1 at pH 6–7. The AMI uptake was fast and reached equilibrium in 15 min. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed no shift of the (110) peak position of palygorskite after AMI uptake. However, the (001) peak position of the minor component smectite (about 10%) shifted to lower angle as the amounts of AMI input increased. These results suggested surface uptake of AMI on palygorskite and interlayer uptake of AMI in smectite. As smectite is a common component of palygorskite clays, its role in assessing the properties and performances of palygorskite clays for the uptake and removal of contaminants should not be neglected. Overall, the high affinity of AMI for PFl-1 and strong retention of AMI on PFl-1 suggested that it could be a good adsorbent to remove AMI from wastewater. Palygorskite clays can also be a sink for many cationic pharmaceuticals in the environmental of the arid regions.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between ‘job involvement’ and ‘school administrative effectiveness’ as perceived by junior high school administration teachers. The findings are as follows. (1) The current status of ‘job involvement’ and ‘school administrative effectiveness’ as perceived by administration teachers is positive. (2) The perception of ‘job involvement’ and ‘school administrative effectiveness’ significantly differs with ‘age’, ‘marital status’, ‘educational background’, ‘seniority of concurrent post’, ‘concurrent post’ and ‘school size’. (3) ‘Job involvement’ and ‘school administrative effectiveness’ as perceived by administration teachers are significantly and positively related.

The Panlong river passes through Kunming City and receives a large quantity of municipal sewage and wastewater from industrial effluent. Along the river, 20 sites were selected to collect water samples to assess the genotoxicity using two Tradescantia assays, the micronucleus (Trad-MCN) and the stamen-hair-mutation (Trad-SHM) assays. The lowest frequencies in the Trad-MCN assay and the Trad-SHM assay are 3.19 MCN/100 tetrads and 1.32 M/1000 stamen hairs, respectively. In the water samples obtained from the Songhua Reservoir, the MCN frequencies and mutation rates are not statistically significantly different from the data found for the negative control (2.49 MCN/100 tetrads and 0.71 M/1000 stamen hairs). Among the other water samples, 19 in Trad-MCN assay and 17 in Trad-SHM assay show significantly higher genotoxicity than the control. The highest genotoxicity was in samples No. 19 for the MCN assay (8.73 MCN/100 cells), over three times higher than the negative control, and in sample No. 11 for the SHM assay (4.30 M/1000), six times higher than the negative control, and were about the same as for the positive control (10.0 mg/l NaN3, 9.28 MCN/100 tetrads and 7.44 SHM/1000 stamen hairs), respectively. The peak frequencies for the Trad-MCN assays were observed in the water samples obtained from the sites that were near industrial and municipal wastewater that ran into the river as effluent. In general, the frequency of MCN and SHM mutations increased where the river passed through Kunming. The Trad-MCN assay seemed more sensitive than that of the Trad-SHM assay in detecting genotoxicity of the river water pollution.

Dianchi Lake covers about a 300 km2 area. Kunming city on the edge of the lake is surrounded by industrial establishments. Farm land surrounds the remaining areas of the lake. The lake water is polluted by the Kunming city municipal sewage from 3 million inhabitants, the industrial effluent and farm runoff. Water samples were collected from 12 sites along the shore of the lake during the dry (May) and rainy (August) seasons for genotoxicity testing with the Vicia micronucleus assay during the year 1995. Genotoxicity in terms of micronuclei (MCN) frequencies in the root tip cells of Vicia showed a consistent elevated frequency of MCN over the control sample at the 0.05-0.01 levels of significance in both seasons. The MCN frequencies of sites A (Daguanhe), B (Gaoqiao) and C (Xiyuan) were 3.5-4 times as high as the control values (5.25/1000 cells) in the dry season. In the rainy season, the MCN frequencies of water samples from most of the 12 sites were relatively lower than those of the dry season except sites J (Haikou), and K (Kunyang). The average MCN frequency of the dry season samples was 14.97 per 1000 cells and that of the rainy season samples was 12.24 per 1000 cells while the average control value was around 5.00/1000 cells.

To discuss the method and effects of treatment of minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) through anterior approach for the treatment of humerus shaft fractures.2006.1 to 2007.10,15 patients with humerus shaft fractures were treated with MIPO through anterior approach. There were 11 males and 4 females, ranging in age from 16 to 59 years, with an average of 35 years old. The duration of the disease was 7.5 days on average (5 to 10 days). Six patients had Type A fractures, 8 Type B, and 1 Type C according to AO classification. The AO LC-DCP with diameter of 4.5 mm was chosen in the operation. The patients were physically examined preoperatively and postoperatively, the range of motion of shoulder and elbow joint was observed, and the joint function was included.All the patients were followed up for a period ranging from 5 to 18 months,averaged 10 months. In terms of Gill ipsilateral total shoulder and elbow arthroplasties, 12 patients got an excellent result (or = 80 scores), 3 good (between the scores of 66 and 79). The Gill score increased from preoperative (59.33 +/- 8.21) to postoperative (84.67 +/- 5.81). Fractures were healed after 2 to 3 months after operation, and patients resumed daily life without the complications of nervous lesion, incision infection, internal fixation failure and nonunion of fracture etc.It is feasible for the treatment of humerus shaft fracture using MIPO through anterior approach,to avoid radial nerve injury and to prompt fracture union.

Background In auditory fear conditioning, repeated presentation of the tone in the absence of shock leads to extinction of the acquired fear responses. The glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is thought to be involved in the extinction of the conditioned fear responses, but its detailed role in initiating and consolidating or maintaining the fear extinction memory is unclear. Here we investigated this issue by using a NMDAR antagonist, MK-801. Methods/Main Findings The effects of immediate (beginning at 10 min after the conditioning) and delayed (beginning at 24 h after conditioning) extinctions were first compared with the finding that delayed extinction caused a better and long-lasting (still significant on the 20th day after extinction) depression on the conditioned fear responses. In a second experiment, MK-801 was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected at 40 min before, 4 h or 12 h after the delayed extinction, corresponding to critical time points for initiating, consolidating or maintaining the fear extinction memory. i.p. injection of MK-801 at either 40 min before or 4 h after delayed extinction resulted in an impairment of initiating and consolidating fear extinction memory, which caused a long lasting increased freezing score that was still significant on the 7th day after extinction, compared with extinction group. However, MK-801 administered at 12 h after the delayed extinction, when robust consolidation has been occurred and stabilized, did not affect the established extinction memory. Furthermore, the changed freezing behaviors was not due to an alteration in general anxiety levels, since MK-801 treatment had no effect on the percentage of open-arm time or open-arm entries in an Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) task. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggested that the activation of NMDARs plays important role in initiation and consolidation but not maintenance of fear extinction memory. Together with the fact that NMDA receptor is very important for memory, our data added experimental evidence to the concept that the extinction of conditioned fear responses is a procedure of initiating and consolidating new memory other than simply “erasing” the fear memory.

Introduction The study sought to assess the feasibility and accuracy of measuring mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) through the left main bronchus (SpO2trachea) Methods Twenty hybrid pigs of each sex were studied. After anesthesia, a Robertshaw double-lumen tracheal tube with a single-use pediatric pulse oximeter attached to the left lateral surface was introduced toward the left main bronchus of the pig by means of a fibrobronchoscope. Measurements of SpO2trachea and oxygen saturation from pulmonary artery samples (SvO2blood) were performed with an intracuff pressure of 0 to 60 cmH2O. After equilibration, hemorrhagic shock was induced in these pigs by bleeding to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg. With the intracuff pressure maintained at 60 cmH2O, SpO2trachea and SvO2blood were obtained respectively during the pre-shock period, immediately after the onset of shock, 15 and 30 minutes after shock, and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after resuscitation. Results SpO2trachea was the same as SvO2blood at an intracuff pressure of 10, 20, 40, and 60 cmH2O, but was reduced when the intracuff pressure was zero (p < 0.001 compared with SvO2blood) in hemodynamically stable states. Changes of SpO2trachea and SvO2blood corresponded with varieties of cardiac output during the hemorrhagic shock period. There was a significant correlation between the two methods at different time points. Conclusion Measurement of the left main bronchus SpO2 is feasible and provides similar readings to SvO2blood in hemodynamically stable or in low saturation states. Tracheal oximetry readings are not primarily derived from the tracheal mucosa. The technique merits further evaluation.

The new four-phase 4-stage charge pump to generate up to 3.2 V at 1 V supply voltage even with the threshold voltage up to 0.8 V is proposed. We employed a special dual branch substrate connection technique to eliminate the body effect and avoid p-n junction forward conduction. The two-branch structure also provides more stable output loading current than the conventional one branch structure. The 4-stage charge pumps can boost up to 8.8 V and -7 V using PMOS and NMOS transistors, respectively, at 1.8 V supply voltage in the same triple-well technology. The power efficiency could also reach 50% with loading current of 120 /spl mu/A.

The study sought to assess the feasibility and accuracy of measuring mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) through the left main bronchus (SpO2trachea) Twenty hybrid pigs of each sex were studied. After anesthesia, a Robertshaw double-lumen tracheal tube with a single-use pediatric pulse oximeter attached to the left lateral surface was introduced toward the left main bronchus of the pig by means of a fibrobronchoscope. Measurements of SpO2trachea and oxygen saturation from pulmonary artery samples (SvO2blood) were performed with an intracuff pressure of 0 to 60 cmH2O. After equilibration, hemorrhagic shock was induced in these pigs by bleeding to a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 mmHg. With the intracuff pressure maintained at 60 cmH2O, SpO2trachea and SvO2blood were obtained respectively during the pre-shock period, immediately after the onset of shock, 15 and 30 minutes after shock, and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after resuscitation. SpO2trachea was the same as SvO2blood at an intracuff pressure of 10, 20, 40, and 60 cmH2O, but was reduced when the intracuff pressure was zero (p < 0.001 compared with SvO2blood) in hemodynamically stable states. Changes of SpO2trachea and SvO2blood corresponded with varieties of cardiac output during the hemorrhagic shock period. There was a significant correlation between the two methods at different time points. Measurement of the left main bronchus SpO2 is feasible and provides similar readings to SvO2blood in hemodynamically stable or in low saturation states. Tracheal oximetry readings are not primarily derived from the tracheal mucosa. The technique merits further evaluation.