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Table S1. Summary of sequence assembly after Illumina sequencing. (DOCX 15 kb)

Figure S1. Correlation and gene expression analysis. A, Pearson correlation between samples; B, Venn diagram showing overlaps between the two groups. Purple, genes expressed distinctly in the Gns group; yellow, genes expressed distinctly in the Control group; orange, genes expressed in both groups. (PDF 627 kb)

Multiligual abstracts in the six official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 319 kb)

Average life expectancy is an important indicator to measure the quality of life. It reflects not only the levels and patterns of mortality, but also the basic indicator of the health of a population. The study on levels and changes of average life expectancy should be addressed in current China, because it directly reflects the links between population health and social economic development. Therefore, to build good population environment for a wealthy country, we should try to improve population health and develop our economy at the same time. The concept of population security will help to make proper development strategies of population health and social economic policies.

Urbanization in China has been accelerating since the reformation and the opening up policy was put into practice. The urban population increased to 487 million in 2002 where as 172 million in 1978, with an annual growth rate of 2.83%, which was the world’s fastest rate of urbanization (NBSC, 2001; 2003). It was evident that, millions of rural population rushed into cities during the period of 1990—2000 due to income gap between urban and rural areas. Although the rapid development of urbanization in China is considered to be the result of economic reformation and social development, it can raise many challenges to various aspects like population, environment and energy etc. It can be noted that during the economic transformation from rural to urban economy in China, the differentials among the regions has been continuously expanded and those are especially in between the eastern coastal and western inland areas. The overall trends of China’s population migration also showed a southeast-trend flow. As one of the most developed areas in China, Beijing attracted large number of floating population and migrants. According to the Beijing’s 5th census, there were 13.569 million resident population in 2000 of which 11 million were permanent. There were 3.084 million immigrants in 2000 of which 2.586 million have left their permanent resident place or lived in Beijing for more than half a year. In recent 10 years, the increase of the total population in Beijing is mainly due to the increase of floating population, and the second important factor is the immigrant of permanent population while the natural increase contributes a little to the population growth. Now-a-days population and development is of great significance for the region’s socioeconomic development, and correctly projecting the size and structure (for example, age, gender, education, and urban or rural) is of even greater significance for the policy making processes. In this respect this paper introduced the PDE model, which is well accepted by international researchers, to predict the population size, age structure, education and urbanization level in Beijing in 2030. Thus below we will firstly review the methods of population projection, and introduce the principles, data requirements, parameter determinations and advantages and shortages of PDE model; then in the second part we will analyze the projection outcome of Beijing population, especially from the aspects of age structure, education level and human capital, migration and urbanization; and in the third part we will point out the influence that population and development will have on urbanization according to population projection outcomes.

This study is to assess the prevalence rates spatial pattern of neural tube defects with geographic information system and spatial filtering technique. A total of 80 infants who diagnosed from neural tube defects in the area being studied between 1998 and 2001 were analyzed. Firstly, the geographic information system (GIS) software ArcGIS was used to map the crude prevalence rates. Secondly, the data were smoothed by the method of spatial filtering. We evaluated that the effect of changes in spatial filtering radius size was assessed by creating maps based on various filtering radius sizes. The 3 miles or larger filtering radius gives better section variability than the 2 and 2.5 miles or smaller ones. The maps produced by the spatial filtering technique indicate that prevalence rates in the villages in the southeastern region are to produce higher prevalence than that in the other regions. The smoothed maps based on Heshun County display a more adequate data representation than the raw prevalence rate map.

The methylenetetrahydrofolic acid reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism causes an amino-acid change from alanine to valine and results in the enzyme becoming thermolabile and half decreased activity. Its prevalence varies among global population. We collected data about MTHFR C677T polymorphism prevalence from epidemiology studies, as well as ultraviolet (UV) radiations and some other climatological factors from the internet. The results of the correlation and quadric regression showed that there was inverse U-shape relationship between T allele frequency and UV radiation. The explanatory power of UV radiation was stronger than latitude and all climatological factors. Our results supported the hypothesis that the distribution pattern of MTFHR C677T polymorphism in Eurasia might be the result of interaction of genetic and environmental natural selection, especially the UV radiation.

Objective To evaluate the impact of testicular sperm aspiration on the clinical outcomes of IVF patients with temporary ejaculation failure (TEF) on the day of oocyte retrieval. Design A case-control study. Setting University-affiliated IVF center. Patient(s) One hundred eight infertile couples encountering TEF on the day of oocyte retrieval. Intervention(s) Testicular sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (TESA-ICSI) were employed to help the TEF couples to complete their IVF treatments. A group of obstructive azoospermia (OA) patients was chosen as a control group to evaluate the efficiency and safety of this intervention. Main Outcome Measure(s) Fertilization rates, transferable embryo rates, and clinical pregnancy rates (PRs). Result(s) Through the TESA-ICSI, TEF couples achieved a 38.83% (40/103) clinical PR per IVF cycle. Compared with the OA group, the TEF group showed a comparable fertilization rate (66.43% vs. 65.25%), transferable embryo rate (60.76% vs. 60.85%), and PR (51.61% vs. 50.00%) in thawed ET cycles but a relatively low PR (25.49% vs. 44.64%) in fresh ET cycles. Conclusion(s) TESA-ICSI is a relatively efficient and safe way to help the patients encountering TEF.

Bio-hydrogen production of starch wastewater by anaerobic fermentation technology was studied in this paper. The results show that the best conditions of continuous hydrogen production are: the HRT is 8 hours and the temperature of the reactor is 35°C, in which conditions, the hydrogen production rate is up to 195.6 ml/g-starch. At the same time, the starch wastewater is degraded with COD removal of 49.5%∼65.8%.

Swimming bed combined with aerobic granular sludge as a novel technology for domestic sewage treatment was developed in this study, which was on the basis of the biofilm process and activated sludge process. The on-way variation of COD and NH4+-N was studied at different hydraulic retention time (HRT). The results show that the concentrations of COD and NH4+-N go down during the treatment flow, and the single swimming bed has high pollutant removal efficiency with COD and NH4+-N removal rate mainly above 80%. The pollutant removal of following reactor is limited by low pollutant concentration, and the nitration ability of the entire system is high.