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Background: Blood pressure (BP) is a dynamic measure that fluctuates over time. However, conventional BP control indicators may not adequately reflect the variability of BP during a period of time. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT), which compared systolic blood pressure (SBP) targets of <120 mmHg (intensive) and <140 mmHg (standard) among patients with hypertension and high cardiac risks. The target ranges were defined as 110 to 130 mmHg in intensive treatment arm and 120 to 140 mmHg in standard treatment arm, respectively. Time in target range (TTR) was calculated based on SBP measurements recorded during the first 3‐month follow‐up using linear interpolation method. The Fine‐Gray competing risk regression models were used to evaluate the association between TTR and cognitive outcomes. Results: A total of 7965 patients with the mean (SD) age of 68.0 (9.2) years were included, and 35% were female. Patients with higher TTR were younger, more likely to be male and take <3 BP‐lowering agents. Compared to the last quartile, the first quartile of TTR was significantly associated with a higher risk of probable dementia (HR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.22–2.46; p = 0.002) and the composite of probable dementia or mild cognitive impairment (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.03–1.55; p = 0.025). The risk of probable dementia and the composite outcome increased with per quartile decrease of TTR (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.06–1.30; p = 0.002 and HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.00–1.14; p = 0.036). Sensitivity analyses showed similar results after adjusting mean SBP during the first 3‐month follow‐up. Conclusions: In this secondary analysis of SPRINT data, TTR was independently associated with probable dementia among patients with hypertension, suggesting that TTR could be used as a practical metric of BP control to evaluate the risk of dementia in older adults. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Identifier: NCT01206062. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hippocampal formation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, with patients showing impairments in spatial and relational cognition, structural changes in entorhinal cortex, and reduced theta coherence with medial prefrontal cortex. Both the entorhinal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex exhibit a six-fold (or 'hexadirectional') modulation of neural activity during virtual navigation that is indicative of grid cell populations and associated with accurate spatial navigation. Here, we examined whether these grid-like patterns are disrupted in schizophrenia. We asked 17 participants with diagnoses of schizophrenia and 23 controls (matched for age, sex and IQ) to perform a virtual reality spatial navigation task during magnetoencephalography. The control group showed stronger 4-10 Hz theta power during movement onset, as well as hexadirectional modulation of theta band oscillatory activity in the right entorhinal cortex whose directional stability across trials correlated with navigational accuracy. This hexadirectional modulation was absent in patients, with a significant difference between groups. These results suggest that impairments in spatial and relational cognition associated with schizophrenia may arise from disrupted grid firing patterns in entorhinal cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Whether the updated Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE2) risk algorithm is suitable for the prediction of incident dementia and all-cause mortality and whether its discrimination abilities for these outcomes are higher than those of the SCORE and Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE) risk algorithms are unclear. Methods The present study included 429 033 participants (mean age: 57.1 ± 8.1 years; male: 46.2%; White: 94.1%) free of dementia from the UK Biobank at baseline, with a median follow-up of 12.8 years. Cox regression models were adopted to investigate the longitudinal relationships of SCORE2 risk categories with outcomes, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to compare the discrimination abilities of the 3 algorithms. Results During 5 376 778 person-years of follow-up, 6 477 all-cause dementia, 2 726 Alzheimer's disease (AD), 1 439 vascular disease (VD), and 31 981 all-cause deaths were identified. We found that higher SCORE2 risk was associated with higher risks of all-cause dementia, AD, VD, and all-cause mortality. The C-indices of SCORE2 risk for discriminating incident all-cause dementia, AD, VD, and all-cause death were 0.750 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.745 to 0.755), 0.750 (95% CI: 0.743 to 0.757), 0.800 (95% CI: 0.791 to 0.809), and 0.721 (95% CI: 0.718 to 0.724), respectively, which were significantly improved in comparison to those of the SCORE and CAIDE risk algorithms. Conclusion The SCORE2 risk algorithm is applicable in predicting incident all-cause dementia, AD, VD, and all-cause mortality in European populations, and its discrimination abilities for dementia and death are significantly higher than those of the SCORE and CAIDE risk algorithms. Further validations in other populations are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]