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Background & Aim Hepatitis B reactivation related to the use of immunosuppressive therapy remains a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in hepatitis B endemic Asia-Pacific region. This clinical practice guidelines aim to assist clinicians in all disciplines involved in the use of immunosuppressive therapy to effectively prevent and manage hepatitis B reactivation. Methods All publications related to hepatitis B reactivation with the use of immunosuppressive therapy since 1975 were reviewed. Advice from key opinion leaders in member countries/administrative regions of Asian-Pacific Association for the study of the liver was collected and synchronized. Immunosuppressive therapy was risk-stratified according to its reported rate of hepatitis B reactivation. Recommendations We recommend the necessity to screen all patients for hepatitis B prior to the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy and to administer pre-emptive nucleos(t)ide analogues to those patients with a substantial risk of hepatitis and acute-on-chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B reactivation.

Camellia luteocalpandria, a new species is described and illustrated from Yunnan, China. This is the first discovery of Camellia sect. Calpandria in China. It can be easily distinguished from the other two species in the section by its yellow flower, bracteoles and sepals glabrous adaxially, and the filament 1-whorled and all united without free or partly united filament inside the tube. The new species is assessed to be Critically Endangered (CR) according to IUCN categories and criteria.

Camellia rostrata S.X.Yang & S.F.Chai is described and illustrated as a new species from Guangxi, China. It is morphologically closest to C. debaoensis R.C.Hu & Y.Q.Liufu, but can be easily distinguished by its abaxially glabrous leaf surface, 1.0−1.5(−2.0) cm long pedicel, powdery puberulent inner surface of bracteoles, sepals, and petals, sparsely pubescent inner filaments base, and triangle globose or ellipsoid capsule with pointed beak. The conservation status of this new species was assessed as Critically Endangered (CR).

Premise of research. Earlier molecular systematic studies revealed that the genus Ligusticum is polyphyletic, with its members allied with representatives of several other genera in five clades of ...

The family Apiaceae( Umbelliferae) includes some of the worldapos;s most important medicinal plants,with more than 100 species recorded in the traditional Chinese medicine,of which more than ten species are commonly used medicinal materials. However,due to morphological similarities,high market demands and regional factors,substitutes and adulterants are often mixed with genuine in the medicinal market. Therefore,a comprehensive sorting for these poorly known plants has been done in this study by combining market survey with literature review,including its species,distribution,price and substitutes. According to the statistics,there are 65 genera and 262 species of medicinal plants of Apiaceae in China,with medicinal part mostly from radix and rhizoma. Sichuan province is the most abundant in distribution and planting resources,with about 137 species,followed by Yunnan,Hubei and Gansu provinces.Furthermore,we summarized the genuine and substitutes of 11 medicinal plants,e. g. Bupleurum,Angelica and Peucedanum etc.,which found that the medicinal plants of Apiaceae were substituted or mixed in different taxonomic ranks. This study would contribute to reduce the risk of medicine misuse,as well as explore other plants of Apiaceae with potential medicinal value,to achieve sustainable development of related industries.

The monotypic genus Eremotropa Andres (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae) is endemic to central Yunnan. It was first described by Andres in 1953, and was subsequently treated as a synonym of Monotropastrum Andres (1987); however, the phylogenetic placement of this genus has not, to date, been investigated. In this study, phylogenetic analyses were undertaken using DNA sequences from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer from all species of Monotropoideae available in GenBank. Comparative morphological studies on Eremotropa, Monotropastrum, and Monotropa L. were also carried out. The molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests that Eremotropa is sister to a clade formed by Monotropa and the remaining species of Monotropastrum, thus rendering Monotropastrum not monophyletic. Morphologically, Eremotropa differs from Monotropastrum in plant color, inflorescence type, length of the style, and size of the baccate fruit. Consequently, molecular and morphological evidence supports the resurrection of Eremotropa, which contains only one species, E. sciaphila Andres, as distinct from Monotropastrum.

With the accumulation and accessibility of information about plant species, it is time to re-evaluate and further divide a global biodiversity hotspot region, Yunnan, located in southwestern China. In this study, we combined data on the distribution of 1010 stenochoric endemic seed plants, vegetation constitution, geological history and climate change, and used these to propose a new system of floristic regions. We identified 11 distinct floristic subregions and 84 floristic provinces within Yunnan. Our work confirmed some views emphasized by Wu Zhengyi that the stenochoric endemic species play a key role in defining floristic provinces; that stenochoric endemic plants with long collection and publication histories are more valuable; that greater attention should be paid to woody plants; and that for Yunnan, a border region, some trans-border distributed elements should be treated cautiously.

Metabarcoding technology is a research method derived from the combination of traditional DNA barcodes and highthroughput sequencing technologies. It can quickly,easily and efficiently identify and restore biological samples from multiple species.Biological species are currently widely used in environmental biology research. In the market of traditional Chinese medicines,adulteration and quality instability have severely restricted the sustainable development of the related industries. This article introduced the background of the metabarcoding technology and its preliminary application in the identification of Chinese patent medicines. It also outlined the possible problems in the research process and prospected to the development of the DNA metabarcoding technology.

In this study we characterize the chloroplast genome of an non-photosynthetic species of the Ericaceae family, Monotropastrum sciaphilum, a mycoheterotrophic species which has been listed in ‘China Biodiversity Red List—Higher Plants’ as critically endangered species. As expected for non-photosynthetic plants, this species has a small plastid genomes of about 74 kb that lacks most of the genes related to photosynthesis. The small single-copy region and inverted repeat regions were contracted into about 4 and 9 kb respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of a data set of five cp genomes indicated that M. sciaphilum is closely related to other species in the family Ericaceae.

Objective To investigate the expression of follicular helper T (Tfh) cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with liver transplantation (LT) and relevance to the prognosis. Methods Eleven liver transplant patients with stable liver function were enrolled in this study. The frequencies of Tfh subsets were examined by flow cytometry. The frequencies and the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL) were monitored dynamically within one month after LT. Results The frequency of CD4+CXCR5+CXCR3–CCR6– Tfh2 subset in peripheral blood increased significantly after LT as compared with those before transplantation (P

Water-brone UV-curable polyurethane acrylate was synthesized based on the toluene diisocynate, polypropylene glycol, dihydroxy methyl acrylic acid and hydroxyethyl acrylate. The structure and the influencing factors on the water solubility and photosensitivity of the waterbrone UV-curable polyurethane acrylate were analyzed. Results show that the water solubility of the resin is enhanced with the increasing of the content of hydrophilic group in the resin. The UV-curing rate of the waterborne coating is good by adding the 819-DW photoinitiator. Triethylamine is a good neutralizer in the waterbrone UV-curable system for having 90% neutralization degree.

Yunnan's biodiversity is under considerable pressure and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in this area have become increasingly fragmented through agriculture, logging, planting of economic plants, mining activities and changing environment. The aims of the study are to investigate climate change-induced changes of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Yunnan and identify areas of current species richness centers for conservation preparation. Stacked species distribution models were created to generate ensemble forecasting of species distributions, alpha diversity and beta diversity for Yunnan's subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in both current and future climate scenarios. Under stacked species distribution models in rapid climate changes scenarios, changes of water-energy dynamics may possibly reduce beta diversity and increase alpha diversity. This point provides insight for future conservation of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan, highlighting the need to fully consider the problem of vegetation homogenization caused by transformation of water-energy dynamics.

Background and Aims: Tertiary relict and Arctic/circumboreal distributions are two major patterns of Northern Hemisphere intercontinental disjunctions with very different histories. Each has been well researched, but members of one biome have generally not been incorporated the biogeographic analyses of the other, and links or transitions between these twoΞ biomes have rarely been addressed. Methods: Phylogenies were generated based on cpDNA and nuclear ITS, using Bayesian and ML methods. A time-calibrated phylogeny was generated using BEAST. Ancestral Area Reconstruction (AAR) was inferred using both Statistical Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis (S-DIVA) and dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model. Key Results: The Chimaphila crown group was estimated to have originated in the early Miocene. The lineages of C. umbellata diverged early, but its present circumboreal distribution was not achieved until around the middle Pliocene or later. Sister to this is a clade of four species with Tertiary relict distribution. Among these, two expansions occurred from North America to Asia, probably via the Bering Land Bridge generating its current disjunctions. Conclusions: Our data concurs with a few other studies, indicating that the circumboreal woodland biome has an older origin than most true arctic–alpine taxa, having gradually recruited taxa since the early Oligocene. For the origin of Asia – North America disjunctions in Chimaphila, an ‘out-of-America’ migration was supported. It is not clear in which direction Pyroloideae lineages moved between Tertiary relict disjunctions and Arctic/circumboreal distributions; each biome might have recruited species from the other.

Circulating T follicular helper (cTFH) cells have been demonstrated to be involved in B-cell-mediated alloreactive responses in kidney and liver transplantation; however, whether these cells are involved in acute liver allograft rejection after liver transplantation, and which subsets are involved, remains to be clarified. The present study aimed to investigate the profiles of cTFH cells in acute liver allograft rejection, including the CXC motif receptor 3 (CXCR3)

The structure of castellated beams is complex, using the computation theory of elastic flexural-torsional buckling of H-shaped beams to study the elastic flexural-torsional buckling strength of castellated beams under different loads, based on simplifying the section's eigenvalues. In addition to the theoretical investigation, the finite element analysis of the accurate critical loads of the beams had been done by the ABAQUS software, a comparison has been made between the calculated loads and analyzed results, error is smaller. Analyzing the effects that divergence ratio, depth-span ratio and distance-height ratio has on the elastic flexural-torsional buckling loads of castellated beams and draw out some reduced calculation methods for the section's eigenvalues and elastic flexural-torsional buckling critical load of castellated beams.

Objective To determine the expression characteristics of peripheral blood follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and their molecules during pre- and post-transplantation period in liver transplant patients to explore the role of Tfh in alloreactive response after liver transplantation. Methods Twenty liver transplant (LT) patients and 20 healthy individuals as control were enrolled in this study. Thirteen LT patients with stable liver function were included for cross-sectional study. Another seven LT patients with complete clinical data were included for follow-up study. The frequencies of Tfh cells were examined by flow cytometry. For the seven patients, Tfh cells and level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were monitored dynamically for one month after LT. Results The frequencies of CD4+CXCR5+Tfh and CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+ cells in peripheral blood increased significantly after liver transplantation as compared with those before liver transplantation (P

In working mining process of No.108 coal seam in Shengli Mine, the lower triangular goaf area hanging arch caused shock pressure. For this, The theoretical analysis do this weaken the roof through the roof-broken blasting technology, to optimize blasting design parameters, combined with the actual situation of the working surface to improve the blasting process, improve the top relief solve risk technology and solve the problem of rock burst. The application shows: successful implementation of advanced deep hole pre-splitting blasting to address a key challenge for charge and blasting technology, effective control of the roof power mutation occurs, improve the safety factor of the mining area, and provides an important mining work under similar conditions.

The stress state characteristic of the cutting roof roadway region was simulated and analyzed by FLAC3D. The results showed that the low side of return airway and gas roadway had higher vertical stress while the horizontal stress concentration was obviously in floor and low side of the return airway, the stress of cutting roof roadway was obviously, thus the level of rock burst hazard increased. range of stress concentration are 5~10m when using cutting roof roadway, thus distance between two cutting roof roadway are no less than 20m, to avoid stress concentration regions by two adjacent cutting roof roadway superposition.

For occurring frequent thin seam rock burst disasters in deep mining stage in Xinxing Mine, through summarizing the mineral basic geological and mining conditions, on this basis, analysing the occurrence characteristics of rock burst with statistical method in Xinxing Mine, analyzing the inducing factors of thin seam rock burst, and through FLAC3D roadways along on 41,051 workface exploitation right beside left stacks of rock burst was simulated, and made a rock burst prevention focus for the impact of land pressure control system provides an effective basis. On thin hard coal burst prevention of important guiding significance.

Camellia mingii S.X.Yang is described and illustrated as a new species from southeast Yunnan Province, China. It is morphologically closest to C. pubipetala, but can be easily distinguished by its spiral arrangement of bracteoles and sepals; its bracteoles and sepals lunate, reniform or broadly ovate, glabrous inside and densely puberulent outside; its petals orbicular to short elliptic, puberulent on both sides; and its inner filaments puberulen to ca. 2/3 from base. Molecular analyses based on GBSSI sequences also support C. mingii as a distinct species of yellow camellia. It is ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

Leaf epidermal characters of 21 species representing four sections of Peucedanum (Apiaceae) were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The stomata were anisocytic, anomocytic or staurocytic and existed on the abaxial epidermis in all the species examined, and on both surfaces in 12 species. The leaf epidermal cells were usually irregular or polygonal in shape, with anticlinal walls straight to arched, repand or sinuous. Under scanning electron microscopy, the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim was nearly smooth or sinuolate to erose, and the cuticular membrane of the leaf epidermis was striate, ridged, wrinkled or smooth. Few epidermal characters were relatively constant at section level, indicating that the traditional subdivision system for Peucedanum might be unnatural, and needs to be adjusted. Evidence from leaf epidermis, like that from molecular data, suggests that P. terebinthaceum should be separated from Peucedanum. Furthermore, results from epidermal analysis also suggest that P. wulongense should be treated in the same section with P. dissolutum, whereas P. violaceum should be transferred to section Elegantia.

Stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, are multipotent cells that have self-renewing abilities and the potential to differentiate into various types of cells, and to repair various tissue damages. Bone marrow is the major source of adult stem cells, including mainly the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. End-stage liver disease is a serious clinical systemic syndrome, and the use of stem cells in the treatment of end-stage liver disease has received more and more attention. This review summarizes the research progresses of stem cells, especially adult stem cells, in respect of the treatment of end-stage liver disease in the form of in vitro study, animal experimentation and clinical research, with emphasis on the research progress in the use of stem cells of various sources in clinical application, discussion of possible mechanisms of stem cell therapy for end-stage liver disease, to point out the problems existing in current research, and to look forward to the prospect of future application.

DNA barcoding has been widely used as a tool for species discrimination in closely related plants and at more coarse taxonomic levels, but there have been few reports of such a tool being applied to taxa in "morphological stasis". In this study, we test the performance of core barcodes (rbcL and matK) and two additional candidate barcodes [psbA-trnH and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS)] for the widely distributed, northern temperate monophyletic genus Chimaphila, which exhibits morphological conservatism. In addition to ITS, slowly evolving rbcL and matK independently demonstrate a high resolving ability among Chimaphila species, indicative of the old age of disjunction. We tentatively attribute morphological stasis in Chimaphila to convergence under similar habitat conditions and complex, stable relationships with surrounding autotrophic trees via common mycorrhizal symbioses.

To describe the outcomes and recurrence of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) after liver transplantation.Clinical data of 16 patients with AIH who underwent liver transplantation were analyzed retrospectively. The postoperative cumulative survival rate of the patients was calculated. The postoperative rejections and AIH recurrence were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for statistical analysis of survival.All patients were female, with an average age of 52.6 years (range: 41-66 years), and an average MELD score of 21.4. According serological analysis, 15 patients were AIH type 1 and 1 patient was AIH type 2. Three patients died, including 2 of pulmonary infection and 1 of graft dysfunction.The 1-, 2-and 5-year cumulative survival rates were 93.8%, 87.1% and 79.1%, respectively. Five cases (31.3%) of recurrent AIH were diagnosed based on histological evidence. Acute rejection occurred in 6 (37.5%) patients, and de novo HBV infection occurred in 1 (6.3%) patient.Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage AIH. Recurrence and rejection were commonly associated with AIH, but did not negatively impact patient survival.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of changes and clinical significance of Th17 cells and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral blood in liver transplant patients suffering from acute transplant rejection. Methods A total of 25 liver transplant patients admitted in 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army from January to September 2011 underwent needle biopsy for the transplanted hepatic tissue. The patients were divided into two groups: acute rejection group (12 cases) and stable-graft group (13 cases). In addition, 13 healthy people were enlisted in the study and regarded as control. Flow cytometric analysis was used to measure the proportion of Th17 cells and Treg cells in peripheral blood among CD4+ T cells, and to observe the relationship between change in Th17/Treg ratio and liver injury. Results The proportion of Th17/CD4+T in acute rejection group (3.50%±0.86%) after transplantation was higher than that in the stable-graft group (2.10%±0.52%) and control group (1.79%±0.42%, P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in cell ratio between the stable-graft group and control group (P > 0.05). The Treg/CD4+T cell ratio in the peripheral blood of the patients from acute rejection and stable-graft group (0.90%±0.25% and 1.51%±0.23%, respectively) were significantly lower than that of control group (2.57%±0.79%, P < 0.01), and that of acute rejection group was notably lower than that of stable-graft group (P < 0.05). The Th17/Treg ratio in acute rejection group (4.20±1.69) was significantly higher than that of stable-graft group (1.43±0.47) and control group (0.75±0.28, P < 0.01), and that of stable-graft group was higher than that of control group (P < 0.01). The ratio of Th17/Treg was positively correlated with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and glutamate transaminase (GGT) levels (r=0.5023, P=0.0105; r=0.4561, P=0.0219; r=0.4393, P=0.0280; and r=0.5516, P=0.0043, respectively). Conclusions Th17/ Treg imbalance exists in liver transplant patients suffering from acute rejection, which may be related to liver injury to a certain degree. Furthermore, Th17/Treg imbalance may be involved at the onset and development of acute rejection after liver transplantation.

The perennial evergreen herb, Chimaphila japonica is found exclusively in East Asian temperate coniferous or sometimes in deciduous forests. By using the Fast Isolation by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) of Sequences Containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol, 20 microsatellite primer sets were identified in two wild populations. Of these primers, 16 displayed polymorphisms and 4 were monomorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to six among populations, values for expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.848 and from 0.000 to 1.000, respectively. The new SSR markers will be useful in obtaining estimates of population-level genetic diversity and in phylogeographic studies of C. japonica.

At present, the fundamental frequencies of signals of most commercially available acoustic alarms to deter small cetaceans are below 20 kHz, but it is not well ascertained whether higher frequencies have a deterrent effect on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Two captive bottlenose dolphins housed in a floating pen were subjected to a continuous pure tone at 50 kHz with a source level of 160 ± 2 dB (re 1 μPa, rms). The behavioral responses of dolphins were judged by comparing surfacing distance relative to the sound source, number of surfacings, and number of echolocation clicks produced, during forty 15 min baseline periods with forty 15 min test periods (four sessions per day, 40 sessions in total). On all 10 study days, surfacing distance and the number of surfacings increased while click production decreased during broadcasts of test sound. The avoidance threshold sound pressure level for a continuous 50 kHz tone for the bottlenose dolphins, in the context of this study, was estimated to be 144 ± 2 dB (re 1 μPa, rms). The results indicated that a continuous 50 kHz tonal signal can deter bottlenose dolphins from an area.

The members of the Morelloid clade of Solanum (the black nightshades sensu Särkinen & al. in Taxon 64: 945?958. 2015) have long been considered difficult, and with many European taxa at many ranks, are nomenclaturally complex (e.g., Edmonds in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 89: 165?170. 1984). As part of a revision of the Old World taxa in this group, we have encountered two names that have priorityover names in current use, and whose uptake would cause considerable confusion in an already complex group. The actions proposed here will stabilise nomenclature for species of the Morelloid clade of Solanum, and prevent use of these destabilising names in the future. Fil: Knapp, Sandra. Natural History Museum; Reino Unido Fil: Barboza, Gloria Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Sarkinen, Tiina. University Of Edinburgh; Reino Unido

The northern temperate genus Pyrola L. is the largest and arguably the most taxonomically complex element in the tribe Pyroleae (Ericaceae). Here we present a molecular phylogenetic study with extensive sampling comprising 26 ingroup and 7 closely related taxa. The results, based on parsimony and Bayesian analyses of nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (atpB-rbcL, trnS-trnG, trnL-trnF) DNA sequences, add substantially to our understanding of relationships within this diverse group and call for taxonomic changes. Pyrola is confirmed as a monophyletic group with two redefined sections and six series: P. sect. Pyrola (P. ser. Pyrola, ser. Ellipticae and ser. Rugosae) and P. sect. Scotophylla (P. ser. Japonicae, ser. Scotophyllae and ser. Chloranthae). Members of each respective section and series share similar morphological traits and/or geographical distributions. For the potential hybrids P. media and P. faurieana, the maternal donor was identified by their close affinity to P. minor in the chloroplast trees whereas the paternal donor remained unclear.

Pyroleae (Ericaceae) consist of four genera, all of which are distributed widely in temperate coniferous or sometimes deciduous forests of the Northern Hemisphere. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships among these genera and to explore the evolution of the characteristics of the subfamily, we conducted maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses with nrDNA ITS and three cpDNA intergenic spacers (atpB-rbcL, trnS-trnG and trnL-trnF). The results from cpDNA and combined cpDNA + ITS data sets strongly support the monophyly of Pyroleae as well as a sister relationship between Pyrola and Moneses-Chimaphila, with Orthilia as the basal lineage. The sister-group relationship between Moneses and Chimaphila is supported by a set of synapomorphies, e.g., single flower, colpate pollen, five bundles in the style, straight fruiting pedicel orientation, complete capsule dehiscence, and the basic chromosome number, x = 13. The Moneses-Chimaphila-Pyrola clade is supported by at least one homologous character of pollen in tetrads. Conflicts associated with the phylogenetic position of Orthilia may imply a hybrid origin for it, and therefore further study is needed.

The micromorphology of trichomes of the leaves of 17 taxa (including two varieties) of the genus Chelonopsis Miq. and of six species representing four additional genera (Bostrychanthera deflexa Benth., Colquhounia coccinea Wall. var. coccinea. Co. seguinii Vaniot. var. seguinii, Gomphostemma chinense Oliv. var. chinense, G. crinitum Wall. ex Benth. and Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth.) was surveyed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Two basic types of trichomes can be identified: non-glandular and glandular trichomes. The non-glandular trichomes can be subdivided into two subtypes: simple unbranched and branched trichomes. Based on the cell number, simple unbranched trichomes are further divided into four shapes (unicellular, two-celled, three-celled, and more than three cells), whilst branched trichomes are separated into three shapes (biramous, stellate, and dendroid trichomes). The glandular trichomes can in turn be subdivided into four subtypes: subsessile, capitate, clavate, and sunken. Non-glandular trichomes with two cells (NGTW) and subsessile glandular trichomes (GSU) are most widespread in all taxa examined. The indumentum shows considerable variation among different sections or species. Consequently, trichome micromorphology and distribution have high taxonomic value for Chelonopsis at both infrageneric and interspecific levels. The presence of capitate glandular trichomes (GCA) provides an additional morphological character to clarify the boundaries between subgenus Chelonopsis and Aequidens Wu and Li. Within subgenus Aequidens, non-glandular trichomes with more than three cells (NGMT) and clavate glandular trichomes (GCL) are important characters for sectional division between sect. Aequidens Wu and Li and sect. Microphyllum Wu and Li. Again, three forms of three-celled trichomes can be used as a distinctive taxonomic character at specific level between C. albiflora Pax et K. Hoffm. ex Limpr., C. forrestii J. Anthony, and C. souliei (Bonati) Merr. in sect. Aequidens. This study supports Wu's delimitation of subgenus and sections and the subsequent review work by Xiang et al. Additionally, distribution of trichome types is correlated with the altitudinal distribution and habitats of some species in Chelonopsis. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Hyperlipidemia is not unusual in liver transplant recipients, but refractory severe hyperlipidemia is unusual. We treated a 39-year-old man who had severe dyslipidemia after liver transplant. The levels of blood lipids, liver enzymes, and essential indicators of liver pathology were monitored. The first serum sample was collected from the liver recipient 56 days after transplant surgery because samples could not be obtained sooner after the transplant. The levels of liver enzymes and blood lipids were improved with symptomatic treatment but had recurrent fluctuations. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine, even at low doses, may have been the dominant factor affecting the blood lipid levels in the recipient.

In the Northern Hemisphere, Tertiary relict disjunctions involve older groups of warm affinity and wide disjunctions, whereas circumboreal distributions in Arctic-Alpine taxa tend to be younger. Arctic-Alpine species are occasionally derived from Tertiary relict groups, but Pyrola species, in particular, are exceptional and they might have occurred multiple times. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the biogeographic history of Pyrola based on a clear phylogenetic analysis and to explore how the genus attained its circumboreal distribution.Estimates of divergence times and ancestral geographical distributions based on neutrally evolving DNA sequence variation were used to develop a spatio-temporal model of colonization patterns for Pyrola.Pyrola originated and most diversification occurred in Asia; North America was reached first by series Scotophyllae in the late Miocene, then by sub-clades of series Pyrola and Ellipticae around the Pliocene. The three circumboreal taxa, P. minor, P. chlorantha and the P. rotundifolia complex, originated independently of one another, with the last two originating in Asia.Three circumboreal Pyrola lineages have arisen independently and at least two of these appear to have originated in Asia. The cool, high-altitude habitats of many Pyrola species and the fact that diversification in the genus coincided with global cooling from the late Miocene onwards fits a hypothesis of pre-adaptation to become circumboreal within this group.

Liver transplantation (LT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related disease can be complicated by HBV recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors, prophylaxis treatment, and histological characteristics of HBV recurrence after LT when using long-term, low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) plus nucleoside analog (lamivudine [LAM] or entecavir [ETV]).Retrospective data from 253 adult LT patients using long-term, low-dose HBIG plus nucleoside analog after LT, for a mean treatment duration of 1-72 months, were collected from a single center in Beijing, China. Univariate analyses were conducted to determine the association among gender, age, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis B e antigen-positive status, HBV-DNA level and tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) mutations on HBV recurrence in these patients.Overall, the HBV recurrence rate was 6.32% (16/253). There was no significant difference in the survival rate between the HBV recurrence and non-recurrence groups. Risk factors for HBV recurrence were: hepatitis B e antigen positivity, HBV-DNA 10(5) copies/mL, hepatocellular carcinoma, and YMDD mutation. Sixteen patients receiving LAM had HBV recurrence (16/169; mean treatment duration: 61.8 ± 18.3 months). No HBV recurrence occurred in patients receiving ETV after LT (0/84; mean treatment duration: 57.1 ± 15.9 months). Differences in rate of mortality and HBV recurrence were not significant between the two groups.LT is an effective treatment for HBV-related end-stage liver disease. The combination of ETV and intramuscular HBIG for HBV recurrence prophylaxis after LT was more effective than LAM, especially in Chinese patients with HBV recurrence risk factors.

To investigate the autoantibody profile and its clinical implication in the patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.During the period of 2008 to 2010,123 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in our hospital were enrolled in this study, of whom, 70 patients were with cirrhosis and 53 without cirrhosis, The autoantibody profile was tested for each patient by using immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence.Of the 123 PBC patients with liver cirrhosis, 49% were positive with serum ANA positive; 47%, 51%, 54%, 31% and 49% were positive with serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-mitochondrial antibodies-M2 (AMA-M2), anti-promyelocytic leukemia (anti-PML), anti-sp100 antibodies (anti-sp100), anti-Ro-52 antibody (anti-52KD), respectively. By contrast, of the PBC patients without liver cirrhosis, only 38%, 37%, 51%, 60%, 30% and 51% were positive with serum ANA, AMA, AMA-M2, anti-PML, anti-sp100 and anti-52KD, respectively.There was the statistical difference between the two groups. In addition, it was also found that the anti-gp210 antibody positive group had a higher Mayo risk score,lower serum albumin and severe cholestasis and impaired liver function when compared with anti-gp210 antibody negative patients.Our data indicate that serum AMA is helpful for early diagnosis of PBC, and in particular, serum ANA positivity can help make a diagnosis for the AMA-negative patients. These indicate that anti-gp210 antibodies appear in the late course of PBC.Anti-gp210 positive PBC patients have more severe cholestasis and liver dysfunction.

Isodon rubescens, a perennial herb indigenous to China, with medicinal application, potentially has economic value. The morphology of the glandular trichomes was investigated with light microscopy. At the same time the chemical content was analyzed by applying chemical reagents and fluorescence microscopy. This morphoanatomical and histochemical study revealed that leaves of I. rubescens possess one type of non-glandular and two types of glandular trichomes, with the latter differing both anatomically and in the composition of their secondary metabolites. Non-glandular trichomes were uniseriate with an ornamented surface. Peltate and capitate glandular trichomes comprised one basal cell, one stalk cell and one head. The head of mature peltate glandular trichomes consisted of four-twelve secretory cells while that of the capitate glandular hairs was comprised of two cells. Peltate glandular trichomes containing compounds of terpenoid nature are probably the main site of oridonin and ponicidin accumulation. The fluorescent stain of peltate and capitate glandular trichomes indicated the possible presence of phenolic compounds. Key words: Isodon rubescens, Lamiaceae, glandular trichomes, microscopy, histochemistry, terpenoids, phenolic.

To explore the separation and culture method of adult hepatocytes.The isolated adult hepatocytes were cultivated by RPMI 1640 medium at 37 degrees C in vitro. The characteristics of the growing hepatocytes were observed. Their synthesis of urea was detected. The transformation efficiency and density's change of lidocaine were analyzed.Hepatocytes were successful separated from adult liver. And they were cultivated in common condition and hollow fiber reactor. The functional capacity of hepatocytes was for lidocaine metabolism and urea excretion.The adult hepatocytes have been successful separated from liver. And they can be cultivated in common condition and hollow fiber reactor. And it could provide a great quantity and high activity of hepatocytes for bioartificial liver.

To assess the clinical features of aspergillosis and its diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and to improve the prognosis of the recipients.Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent OLT in our liver transplant center from May 2002 to May 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. Those with aspergillus infection complications were studied in detail regarding their infected organs, related factors, treatments and prognoses.17 out of 207 recipients of OLT were detected with aspergillosis. The incidence was 8.21 percent. 5 patients infected with superficial aspergillus survived. Of the 12 cases with deep aspergillus infection, 3 with infection limited to the sites of their incisions survived, 2 of the 3 patients with infection in their lungs, and 1 of the 2 patients with it in their livers died, and 4 recipients with multi-organ aspergillus infection died. Among the 7 cases that died, 5 had severe hepatitis, 1 had post-hepatitis liver cirrhosis and 1 had primary liver carcinoma.Long-term (or = 3 weeks) broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosupression were involved in aspergillus infection in our OLT patients. Patients with chronic severe hepatitis had a higher risk of having aspergillus infection. Amphotericin B is still the best choice for treating aspergillosis. Prophylactic administration of anti-fungal medicine, surveillance of fungal infections as a routine, and treatment of the infection in time may help to improve the prognosis of OLT recipients with aspergillosis.