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Abstract Background The pathogenic causes of primary gout include urate overproduction and/or renal or extra-renal urate underexcretion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of gout subtypes with the response to low-purine diet (LPD). Methods This is a single-center prospective clinical study. Gout patients visiting from 2019 to 2022, from Shandong Gout Clinic Center at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, China, assigned to three groups according to clinical subtypes, were enrolled and all treated with 2-week low-purine diet. General characteristics, serum uric acid (sUA) and other clinical biochemical variables before and after the diet were evaluated. Results A total of 626 gout patients (age 41.20 ± 13.41 years, male 98.0%) were included. Of these, 69 (11.0%) were overproduction type, 428 (68.37%) were underexcretion type, and 129 (20.61%) were combined type. Overall, there was a substantial decrease in sUA after a 2-week LPD (p combined type (− 65.22 ± 44.13 μmol/L) > underexcretion type (− 57.32 ± 61.19 μmol/L). After adjusting for age, BMI and baseline sUA and eGFR, there were still significant differences in the decline of serum uric acid among different types. Higher baseline sUA (95%CI − 0.285, − 0.191; p

Abstract Background The contribution of cholinergic degeneration to gait disturbance in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly recognized, yet its relationship with dopaminergic-resistant gait parameters has been poorly investigated. We investigated the association between comprehensive gait parameters and cholinergic nucleus degeneration in PD. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 84 PD patients and 69 controls. All subjects underwent brain structural magnetic resonance imaging to assess the gray matter density (GMD) and volume (GMV) of the cholinergic nuclei (Ch123/Ch4). Gait parameters under single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) walking tests were acquired using sensor wearables in PD group. We compared cholinergic nucleus morphology and gait performance between groups and examined their association. Results PD patients exhibited significantly decreased GMD and GMV of the left Ch4 compared to controls after reaching HY stage > 2. Significant correlations were observed between multiple gait parameters and bilateral Ch123/Ch4. After multiple testing correction, the Ch123/Ch4 degeneration was significantly associated with shorter stride length, lower gait velocity, longer stance phase, smaller ankle toe-off and heel-strike angles under both ST and DT condition. For PD patients with HY stage 1–2, there were no significant degeneration of Ch123/4, and only right side Ch123/Ch4 were corrected with the gait parameters. However, as the disease progressed to HY stage > 2, bilateral Ch123/Ch4 nuclei showed correlations with gait performance, with more extensive significant correlations were observed in the right side. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the progressive association between cholinergic nuclei degeneration and gait impairment across different stages of PD, and highlighting the potential lateralization of the cholinergic nuclei’s impact on gait impairment. These findings offer insights for the design and implementation of future clinical trials investigating cholinergic treatments as a promising approach to address gait impairments in PD.

Coal fine intrusion into hydraulic propped fractures of coal seam easily leads to the blockage of the fracture, resulting in the decrease of the conductivity and the reduction of coal reservoir permeability, which seriously affects the stable discharge and production of coalbed methane well. In this paper, the permeability dynamic evolution models of coal fine intrusion into propped fractures were established before the shutdown and after the restart of coalbed methane well, and the experiments of coal fine intrusion into propped fracture under continuous and intermittent flow conditions were carried out by using the coal-rock conductivity test system, which verified the correctness of the models and studied the influence of coalbed methane well stoppage and drainage velocity on the permeability spatial and temporal evolution laws. The results indicate that with the increase of coal fine migration time, the permeability of propped fracture decreases slowly after a sudden drop, and along the direction of coal fine migration, the spatial pore loss rate of propped fracture decreases gradually, resulting in the permeability of fracture decreases along the direction of coal fine migration. With the continuous coal fine intrusion into propped fracture, the propped fracture pore loss rate after the shut-in and restart of coalbed methane wells is larger than that before the shutdown, and the permeability cannot be restored to the level before the shutdown. The slower the flow rate of drainage, the slower the permeability attenuation rate of coal fine intrusion into propped fracture, and the higher the permeability. During the coal fine invasion into proppant fracture at the low drainage flow rate, the fracture permeability is more sensitive to the flow rate change, and the less damage to the propped fracture permeability caused by the well shutdown. In the process of coal fine intrusion, the larger the deposition coefficient of coal fine is, the smaller the proximal fracture permeability and the larger the distal fracture permeability. The larger the diffusion coefficient is, the smaller the distal fracture permeability of the propped fracture is. The permeability of the proximal fracture is very little affected by the diffusion coefficient, and the damage to the proximal fracture permeability is more serious. In the process of coal fine intrusion, the proximal fracture permeability declines faster, while the distal fracture permeability declines slowly. The deposition coefficient changes have a significant influence on the proximal fracture permeability, while the diffusion coefficient changes have a more significant influence on the distal fracture permeability.

Abstract Background Sensor-based gait analysis provides a robust quantitative tool for assessing gait impairments and their associated factors in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Anxiety is observed to interfere with gait clinically, but this has been poorly investigated. Our purpose is to utilize gait analysis to uncover the effect of anxiety on gait in patients with PD. Methods We enrolled 38 and 106 PD patients with and without anxiety, respectively. Gait parameters were quantitively examined and compared between two groups both in single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) walking tests. Multiple linear regression was applied to evaluate whether anxiety independently contributed to gait impairments. Results During ST, PD patients with anxiety presented significantly shorter stride length, lower gait velocity, longer stride time and stance time, longer stance phase, smaller toe-off (TO) and heel-strike (HS) angles than those without anxiety. While under DT status, the differences were diminished. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that anxiety was an independent factor to a serials of gait parameters, particularly ST-TO (B = -2.599, (-4.82, -0.38)), ST-HS (B = -2.532, (-4.71, -0.35)), ST-TO-CV (B = 4.627, (1.71, 7.64)), ST-HS-CV(B = 4.597, (1.66, 7.53)), ST stance phase (B = 1.4, (0.22, 2.58)), and DT stance phase (B = 1.749, (0.56, 2.94)). Conclusion Our study discovered that anxiety has a significant impact on gait impairments in PD patients, especially exacerbating shuffling steps and prolonging stance phase. These findings highlight the importance of addressing anxiety in PD precision therapy to achieve better treatment outcomes.

Abstract In sulphur-coal symbiotic coal seams, after the mining of sulphide iron ore, when the coal resources are mined, the mine water accumulated in the roadway mining area will have a certain impact on the stability of the surrounding rock of the coal seam roadway. Taking the floor sandstone of sulfur coal symbiotic coal seam as the research object, the roof fissure water with pH values of 7.48, 4.81 and 2.62 was used as the experimental solution. 10 experimental schemes were designed to measure the compressive strength of the samples under the action of AMD, and the hydrochemical analysis of AMD was conducted. The pore structures of the samples before and after the action of AMD were analyzed. Based on the hydrochemistry and pore structure, the deterioration mechanism of compressive strength of the coal seam floor sandstone under the action of AMD was explained. The results indicated that the compressive strength of the samples decreased with the increasing action time of AMD. The compressive strength decreased with the increment of the porosity. The concentration of H+ ion in AMD was relatively small. Na2O in albite dissolved and reacted with water, leading to an increase in the concentration of Na+ ion. Soluble substances such as MgCl2 and CaSO4 in the pore structure dissolved, leading to an increase in the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. The dissolution of soluble substances and the physical–chemical reactions between solutions and minerals were the essential causes of the continuous deterioration of the compressive strength of the coal seam floor sandstone. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the peripheral rock in the roadway of the sulphur coal seam, and can also provide a certain engineering reference for the sulphur coal seam roadway.

Iron is a critical redox-active element in geothermal water, and the presence of nanoparticulate Fe is essential in comprehending the intricate cycling of iron and related elements within the natural geothermal ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the mineral properties of Fe-bearing nanoparticles in a hot spring located in Shanxi Province. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is utilized for the examination of the morphology, chemical composition, and crystalline structure of Fe-bearing nanoparticles. The findings show that Fe-bearing nanoparticles can exist as single particles measuring 50–200 nm in size, as well as aggregate to form nanoparticle aggregations. The morphology of Fe-bearing nanoparticles mainly includes triangle, axiolitic, and irregular shapes. The selected area electron diffraction patterns reveal the crystal form, amorphous form, and the transition from amorphous to crystalline forms of these nanoparticles. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicates that these nanoparticles primarily consist of O and Fe in composition, along with various trace elements including N, Al, Si, Ca, Zn, Cr, Ni, and Mo. These results reveal that goethite and hematite can occur in hot spring. Various in size and modality, tend to cluster into each other, and multiple crystalline states indicate that these iron-bearing nanoparticles are formed through natural processes. In addition, the iron-bearing nanoparticles with biomimetic morphologies (cell-like or microorganism-like shapes) may be produced through microbial activity. The biomimetic properties also imply that these nanoparticles may be readily available for biological processes. Significantly, our findings further validate that the shape of iron oxide nanoparticles can serve as an indicator of pH and temperature of the hot spring.

This study used the stable and convergent Dufort-Frankel method to differentially discretize the diffusion equation of the ground-well transient electromagnetic secondary field. The absorption boundary condition of complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer (CFS-PML) was used for truncation so that the low-frequency electromagnetic wave can be better absorbed at the model boundary. A typical three-dimensional (3D) homogeneous half-space model was established and a low-resistivity cube model was analyzed under the half-space condition. The response patterns and drivers of the low-resistivity cube model were discussed under the influence of a low-resistivity overburden. The absorption boundary conditions of CFS-PML significantly affected the low-frequency electromagnetic waves. For a low-resistivity cube around the borehole, its response curve exhibited a single-peak, and the extreme point of the curve corresponded to the center of the low-resistivity body. When the low-resistivity cube was directly below the borehole, the response curve showed three extreme values (two high and one low), with the low corresponding to the center of the low-resistivity body. The total field response of the low-resistivity overburden was stronger than that of the uniform half-space model due to the low-resistivity shielding effect of electromagnetic waves. When the receiving-transmitting distance gradually increased, the effect of the low-resistivity overburden was gradually weakened, and the response of the low-resistivity cube was strengthened. It was affected by the ratio of the overburden resistivity to the resistivity of the low-resistivity body.

Near-infrared stimulated emission from a high-quality InN layer under optical pumping was observed with a threshold excitation power density of 0.3 and 4 kW cm−2 at T = 8 and 77 K, respectively. To achieve such a low threshold power density, vicinal GaN substrates were used to reduce the edge-component threading dislocation (ETD) density of the InN film. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images reveal that the annihilation of ETDs can be divided into two steps, and the ETD density can be reduced to approximately 5 × 108 cm−2 near the surface of the 5-µm-thick film. The well-resolved phonon replica of the band-to-band emission in the photoluminescence spectra at 9 K confirm the high quality of the InN film. As a result, the feasibility of InN-based photonic structures and the underlying physics of their growth and emission properties are demonstrated.

To improve the performance of GaN‐based green micro‐light emitting diodes (μ‐LEDs) array, a modular‐architected p‐type region, which consists of polarization‐induced graded AlGaN and Al0.2Ga0.8N/GaN superlattices (SLs), is proposed to enhance p‐type conductivity. The designed p‐type structure shows a hole concentration of 1.7 × 1018 cm−3 which leads to an excellent conductivity of 2.48 Ω−1 cm−1. As a result, the fabricated μ‐LEDs array with 16 × 16 pixels exhibits a differential resistance of 7 Ω and a light output power of 7.9 mW, which is about 4 times in magnitude lower and 2 times in magnitude higher than those of μ‐LEDs array equipped with the p‐type layer using graded AlGaN and p‐GaN, respectively. Furthermore, in a visible light communication test, it exhibits a data rate improvement of 35%, with a value of 1.03 Gbps. A new approach is provided to enhance the p‐type conductivity of III‐nitride devices, which is definitely promising to improve their performance and expand their applications.

Hydraulic fracturing is an important technical measure for coalbed methane (CBM) development, and the propagation of fractures in the target coal seam induced by hydraulic fracturing is related to the stimulation performance in CBM recovery. Therefore, effective monitoring of fracture development during reservoir fracturing is critical for CBM engineering. In this paper, the microseismic technology was used to monitor the spatial and temporal characteristics of the fracture extension in the CBM well during hydraulic fracturing in Zhengzhuang Region, Southern Qinshui Basin, China. Based on the microseismic fracture scanning data and imaging processing, the three-dimensional shape of fractures in vertical wells after fracturing can be quantified, and for the vertical well ZHSY-1, the main fracture direction is identified as NE106°, and the fracture length is 426 m, and the fracture area of coal seam is 1.6 × 105 m2. It is found that fracturing does not develop continuously in time and space with fracturing fluid injection, and the fracture regions are scattered throughout the space, and the formation and development of fracture regions are intermittent. After fracturing with a large amount of fracturing fluid injection in Well ZHSY-1, the fracture area has been significantly increased, and the well gas production has been significantly improved, which is confirmed by the field CBM well data. This study provides a field application case for studying the effect of hydraulic fracturing fracture propagation using microseismic technology, which can be used as a reference for fracturing engineering in CBM development.

Abstract Background Previous reports have described hypogonadism associated with virus infection such as hantavirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). However, to our best knowledge there has been no case report of secondary hypogonadism following hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Case presentation A previously healthy 28-year-old man with no history of major physical and psychological trauma, presented with bilateral gynecomastia and erectile dysfunction 2 weeks after HFMD. Laboratory testament showed the level of gonadotropin hormones declined. Imaging examination demonstrated no major abnormal change in pituitary or reproductive system. The diagnosis of hypogonadism was established. Then the patient was ordered to maintain mental health outward of hospital without drug intervention. One month after presentation, his gonadotropin hormone level and sexual desire had recovered, while bilateral gynecomastia and erectile dysfunction symptoms disappeared. Conclusions Physicians should notice the possibility for hypogonadism in adult patients with a recent history of HFMD.

BackgroundGait parameters are considered potential diagnostic markers of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to 1) assess the gait impairment in early-stage PD and its related factors in the single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) walking tests and 2) evaluate and compare the diagnostic value of gait parameters for early-stage PD under ST and DT conditions.MethodsA total of 97 early-stage PD patients and 41 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled at Hwa Mei hospital. Gait parameters were gathered and compared between the two groups in the ST and DT walking test, controlling for covariates. Utilizing the receiver operating characteristic curve, diagnostic parameters were investigated.ResultsIn the ST walking test, significantly altered gait patterns could be observed in early-stage PD patients in all domains of gait, except for asymmetry (P < 0.05). Compared to the ST walking test, the early-stage PD group performed poorly in the DT walking test in the pace, rhythm, variability and postural control domain (P < 0.05). Older, heavier subjects, as well as those with lower height, lower level of education and lower gait velocity, were found to have a poorer gait performance (P < 0.05). Stride length (AUC = 0.823, sensitivity, 68.0%; specificity, 85.4%; P < 0.001) and heel strike angle (AUC = 0.796, sensitivity, 71.1%; specificity, 80.5%; P < 0.001) could distinguish early-stage PD patients from HCs with moderate accuracy, independent of covariates. The diagnostic accuracy of gait parameters under ST conditions were statistically noninferior to those under DT conditions(P>0.05). Combining all gait parameters with diagnostic values under ST and DT walking test, the predictive power significantly increased with an AUC of 0.924 (sensitivity, 85.4%; specificity, 92.7%; P < 0.001).ConclusionGait patterns altered in patients with early-stage PD but the gait symmetry remained preserved. Stride length and heel strike angle were the two most prominent gait parameters of altered gait in early-stage of PD that could serve as diagnostic markers of early-stage PD. Our findings are helpful to understand the gait pattern of early-stage PD and its related factors and can be conducive to the development of new diagnostic tools for early-stage PD.

Background Macrophage migration and infiltration contribute to the pathogenesis of polymyositis (PM). This study aims to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of miR-409-3p on macrophage migration in PM. Methods The GSE143845 database was used to predict the altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in PM. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot and Transwell assay were performed to detect migration of macrophages and expressions of related molecules. A luciferase activity assay was conducted to confirm the binding of miR-409-3p and CXCR4 3'-UTR. Next, a mouse model of experimental autoimmune myositis (EAM) was established. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to measure associated factors. Results MiR-409-3p was downregulated in PM of GSE143845 database and patients. Differently, the serum creatine kinase (s-CK), TNF-α, and IL-6 in patients with PM were increased. Furthermore, miR-409-3p mimic transfection reduced the migration of macrophages and CXCR4 levels, while miR-409-3p inhibitor exerted the opposite effects. CXCR4 was a target of miR-409-3p, and the effect of CXCR4 on promoting macrophage migration was reversed by miR-409-3p mimic. In vivo, miR-409-3p agomir injection reduced inflammatory cells, macrophages, and TNFα and IL-6 levels in muscles and serum of EAM mouse models. Conclusions In conclusion, miR-409-3p reduces the migration of macrophages through negatively regulating CXCR4 expression in PM.

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Peritoneal immune dysregulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Exosomes are messengers of intercellular communication. This study mainly investigated the role of exosomes from the uterine cavity in endometriosis. Exosomes of the uterine aspirate fluid were isolated and cocultured with macrophages for 48 h. Flow cytometry was used to detect macrophage polarization. A Human MAPK Phosphorylation Antibody Array and Western blot were used to detect the phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway. A microRNA sequencing analysis was used to detect differentially expressed miRNAs. Our research found that exosomes of the uterine aspirate fluid from endometriosis could reduce the proportion of CD80+ macrophages. Additionally, it could inhibit the expression of P-JNK in macrophages. However, the JNK activator anisomycin could increase the proportion of CD80+ macrophages. In addition, exosomes of the uterine aspirate fluid from endometriosis could promote the migration and invasion of endometrial stromal cells by acting on macrophages. The expression of miR-210-3p was increased in both exosomes and the eutopic endometrium in patients with endometriosis through miRNA sequencing, which could also reduce the proportion of CD80+ macrophages. In summary, we propose that exosomes from the uterine cavity in patients with endometriosis may affect the phenotype of macrophages by inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway, thus mediating the formation of an immunological microenvironment conducive to the development of endometriosis.

The estimation of orchard blooming levels and the determination of peak blooming dates are very important because they determine the timing of orchard flower thinning and are essential for apple yield and quality. In this paper, we propose an orchard blooming level estimation method for global-level and block-level blooming level estimation of orchards. The method consists of a deep learning-based apple flower detector, a blooming level estimator, and a peak blooming day finding estimator. The YOLOv5s model is used as the apple flower detector, which is improved by adding a coordinate attention layer and a small object detection layer and by replacing the model neck with a bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) structure to improve the performance of the apple flower detector at different growth stages. The robustness of the apple flower detector under different light conditions and the generalization across years was tested using apple flower data collected in 2021–2022. The trained apple flower detector achieved a mean average precision of 77.5%. The blooming level estimator estimated the orchard blooming level based on the proportion of flowers detected at different growth stages. Statistical results show that the blooming level estimator follows the trend of orchard blooming levels. The peak blooming day finding estimator successfully positioned the peak blooming time and provided information for the flower thinning timing decision. The method described in this paper is able to provide orchardists with accurate information on apple flower growth status and is highly automated.

To enhance the coalbed methane (CBM) extraction in broken-soft coal seams, a method of drilling a horizontal well along the roof to hydraulically fracture the coal seam is studied (i.e., HWR-HFC method). We first tested the physical and mechanical properties of the broken-soft and low-permeability (BSLP) coal resourced from Zhaozhuang coalmine. Afterward, the in situ hydraulic fracturing test was conducted in the No. 3 coal seam of Zhaozhuang coalmine. The results show that (1) the top part of the coal seam is fractured coal, and the bottom is fragmented-mylonitic coal with a firmness coefficient value of less than 1.0. (2) In the hydraulic fracturing test of the layered rock-coal specimens in laboratory, the through-type vertical fractures are usually formed if the applied vertical stress is the maximum principal stress and is greater than 4 MPa compared with the maximum horizontal stress. However, horizontal fractures always developed when horizontal stress is the maximum or it is less than 4 MPa compared with vertical stress. (3) The in situ HWR-HFC hydraulic fracturing tests show that the detected maximum daily gas production is 11,000 m3, and the average gas production is about 7000 m3 per day. This implies that the CBM extraction using this method is increased by 50%~100% compared with traditional hydraulic fracturing in BSLP coal seams. The research result could give an indication of CBM developing in the broken-soft and low-permeability coal seams.

Underground coal mining of CH4 gas-rich tectonic coal seams often induces methane outburst disasters. Investigating gas permeability evolution in pores of the tectonic coal is vital to understanding the mechanism of gas outburst disasters. In this study, the triaxial loading–unloading stresses induced gas permeability evolutions in the briquette tectonic coal samples, which were studied by employing the triaxial-loading–gas-seepage test system. Specifically, effects of loading paths and initial gas pressures on the gas permeability of coal samples were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) The gas permeability evolution of coal samples was correlated with the volumetric strain change during triaxial compression scenarios. In the initial compaction and elastic deformation stages, pores and cracks in the coal were compacted, resulting in a reduction in gas permeability in the coal body. However, after the yield stage, the gas permeability could be enhanced due to sample failure. (2) The gas permeability of the tectonic coal decreased as a negative exponential function with the increase in initial gas pressure, in which the permeability was decreased by 67.32% as the initial gas pressure increased from 0.3 MPa to 1.5 MPa. (3) Coal samples underwent a period of strain development before they began to fail during confining pressure releasing. After the stress releasing-induced yield stage, the coal sample was deformed and cracked, resulting in a quickly increase in gas permeability. With a further releasing process, failure of the sample occurred, and thus induced rapidly increasing gas permeability. These obtained results could provide foundations for gas outburst prevention in mining gas-rich tectonic coal seams.

Brain reward processing mechanisms that underlie complex decision-making are compromised in psychosis. The goal of this research was to advance our understanding of the underlying (1) neural mechanisms and (2) discrete neuro-economic/motivational processes that may be altered in complex decision-making in euthymic patients on the psychosis spectrum (PPS). Utilizing a functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging (fmri) paradigm of a well-validated laboratory measure of complex decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task-IGT), the brain activation patterns of a target group of PPS were compared to a demographically matched healthy comparison group (HMC). These two groups were also evaluated on real-life decision outcomes on day of scan. PPS primarily activate the Dorsal Attentional Network (DAN) in real-life decision outcomes and in achieving similar levels of performance on the IGT as the HMC, in-spite of dysregulated dopamine-based brain-reward circuit and salience network fmri activation patterns. However, PPS report more significant negative outcomes of their decision-making in real-life, compared to HMC. The differential engagement of brain networks by PPS on the IGT appear to be moderated by antipsychotic, dopamine antagonist, medication lifetime/daily dose levels. These findings may also be mediated by extent of dysregulation in brain reward circuitry and salience network associated with psychosis severity in the target PPS group. This is also evident in case studies of unmedicated PPS. We conclude by suggesting that the brain may adapt to this dysregulation by co-opting the DAN network, which is implicated in the related function of problem-solving, towards complex decision-making. The extent of utilization of the DAN network in complex decision-making may be moderated by psychosis severity.

It is a fact that surface electron accumulation layer with sheet electron density in the magnitude of ~1013 cm−2 on InN, either as-grown or Mg-doped, makes InN an excellent candidate for sensing application. In this paper, the response of hydrogen sensors based on Mg-doped InN films (InN:Mg) grown by molecular beam epitaxy has been investigated. The sensor exhibits a resistance variation ratio of 16.8% with response/recovery times of less than 2 min under exposure to 2000 ppm H2/air at 125 °C, which is 60% higher in the magnitude of response than the one based on the as-grown InN film. Hall-effect measurement shows that the InN:Mg with suitable Mg doping level exhibits larger sheet resistance, which accords with buried p-type conduction in the InN bulk. This work shows the advantage of InN:Mg and signifies its potential for sensing application.

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