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Cymbidium goeringii is an economically important ornamental plant, and flower color is one of the main features of C. goeringii that contributes to its high economic value. To clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of anthocyanins in mediating differences in color among varieties, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to perform anthocyanin-targeted metabolomics of seven C. goeringii varieties, including 'Jin Qian Yuan' (JQY), 'Jin Xiu Qian Yuan' (JXQY), 'Miao Jiang Su Die' (MJSD), 'Qian Ming Su' (QMS), 'Shi Chan' (SC), and 'Yang Ming Su' (YMS), as well as the C. goeringii. We detected 64 anthocyanins, including cyanidins, delphinidins, malvidins, pelargonidins, peonidins, petunidins, procyanidins, and flavonoids. We identified six shared differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including cyanidin-3- O -rutinoside, delphinidin-3- O -sophoroside, pelargonidin-3- O -rutinoside, peonidin-3- O -(6- O -malonyl-beta-D-glucoside), peonidin-3- O -sophoroside, and chalcone. Most DAMs were enriched in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that the differentially expressed metabolites were significantly enriched in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Analysis of the content of differentially expressed metabolites indicated that peonidin-3- O -(6- O -malonyl-beta-D-glucoside) was the key metabolite underlying color differences among C. goeringii varieties. Procyanidin B2, pelargonidin-3-O-galactoside, and naringenin might also affect the color formation of JQY and QMS, SC, and MJSD, respectively. The results of this study shed light on the metabolic mechanism underlying flower color differences in C. goeringii at the molecular level. Our findings will aid future studies of the mechanism of flower color regulation in C. goeringii and have implications for the breeding of new varieties. Supplementary Material Supplementary Material File [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection affects the global population and is responsible for acute hepatitis. Although most acute HAV infections can resolve spontaneously, there are about 15,000–30,000 deaths occurring annually worldwide. Therefore, it is important to study the mechanism of HAV infection. Recent studies have shown that HAV can be cloaked in the host membrane and exit cells nonlytically. This unique form of HAV is called quasi-enveloped HAV (eHAV) and is infectious and resistant to neutralizing antibodies. eHAV makes HAV different from many picornaviruses and provides a new pathway to HAV infection. In this review, we briefly summarize the characteristics and functions of eHAV in HAV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by Enterovirus 71 (EV71) pose a serious threat to children, causing severe neurogenic complications and even fatality in some patients. However, the pathogenesis of EV71 infections in the CNS remains unclear. Methods: An in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) model was constructed by coculturing brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and astrocytes in transwell inserts for simulating CNS infections. EV71 virions and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from EV71‐infected cells (EV71‐sEVs) were isolated from the cell culture supernatant by density gradient centrifugation. The BBB model was separately infected with EV71 virions and EV71‐sEVs. The mechanism of crossing the BBB was determined by inhibiting the different endocytic modes. A murine model of EV71 infection was constructed for confirming the results of in vitro experiments. Results: The EV71‐sEVs containing viral components were endocytosed by BMECs and released on the abluminal side of the BBB model, where they infected the astrocytes without disrupting the BBB in the early stages of infection. The integrity of the tight junctions (TJs) between BMECs was breached via downregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling in the late stages of infection. Conclusions: EV71 utilized the circulating sEVs for infecting the CNS by crossing the BBB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research has demonstrated that higher social support is associated with better psychological health, quality of life, cognition, activities of daily living and social participation, but the relationship between social support and sleep quality remains unknown. Aims: This study aimed to assess the incidence of poor sleep quality, clarify the relationship between social support and sleep quality amongst stroke patients and determine whether anxiety and depression symptoms mediate this relationship. Methods: We conducted a quantitative, cross‐sectional study involving 238 patients with stroke (median age of 61 [range 29–87] years, 68.1% male) recruited from a comprehensive tertiary care hospital between September 2019 and January 2020. A self‐administered, structured questionnaire was used for the survey. The mediating effect of anxiety and depression symptoms was assessed using the bootstrap method via Model 4 (parallel mediation) of the SPSS PROCESS macro. Results: Results showed that the incidence of poor sleep quality amongst stroke patients was 65%. Mediation analysis showed that social support exerted significant direct effects on sleep quality, and anxiety and depression symptoms mediated the relationship between social support and sleep quality. Conclusion: Measures should be taken to enhance social support to improve the sleep quality of stroke patients. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Patients with stroke have a high rate of sleep disorders, anxiety and depression symptoms.Anxiety and depression symptoms have a negative effect on sleep quality.Social support may be an effective intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms and improve sleep quality amongst stroke patients. What this paper adds? The incidence of poor sleep was high amongst stroke patients.Social support had a direct positive effect on sleep quality.Anxiety and depression symptoms played multiple mediating roles in the relationship between social support and sleep quality. The implications of this paper: Our study adds to the existing literature by clarifying how social support impacts the sleep quality of stroke patients.We suggested improving the sleep quality of stroke patients through enhancing social support and reducing anxiety and depression symptoms, especially in patients with low levels of social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium catenatum, which grows on the semi humid rocks in the mountains, has been at the top of the 'Nine Immortals of China' since ancient times. It is a kind of yin tonic medicine and its main active component is polysaccharide. Cellulose synthase-like D(CslD) genes were predicted to catalyse the biosynthesis of 1,4-β-d-glycan backbone of hemicelluloses, which plays fundamental roles in plant development. To investigate the role of CslD in the development of D. catenatum, eight CslD genes (DcCslD1,2a,2b,3a,3b,4a,4b,5) were identified. The results of protein prediction and analysis showed that CslD2a/2b/4a/4b proteins were acidic proteins. All the proteins had obvious hydrophobic or hydrophilic regions, and had transmembrane structure. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the DcCslD family could be divided into group I, II, III and IV. DcCslD proteins had a typical Cellulose synthase domain and similar protein structures to the CslDs of other plants. Their promoter regions contain cis regulatory elements related to stress and hormone response. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the identified DcCslDs were differentially expressed in roots, stems and leaves. Most of them were highly expressed in stems and leaves. The environmental stresses examination showed that the expression levels of DcCslD5 were closely associated with drought-recovery treatment; the expression levels of DcCslD1, DcCslD2a, DcCslD2b, DcCslD3a and DcCslD5 were significantly influenced by low temperature. This study systematically analyzed the sequence characteristics of CslD protein of D. catenatum, which can provide reference for further study on the function of CslD protein in the polysaccharide metabolism of D. catenatum. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2021.1941252. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]