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To obtain a superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surface, a kind of special coupling structure was fabricated on the aluminum alloy surface by a couple ways which was electro-brush plating combined with laser processing. The surface has excellent anti-adhesion and corrosion resistance property. The contact angle can reach as high as 155.1°, while the sliding angle less than 5.6°. The morphological feature, chemical structures, and wettability of resultant surfaces were characterized by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and water contact angle measurements. The surface corrosion resistance was researched by a corrosion resistance experiment. The results show that surface consists of micro-scale grooves and like-cauliflower mastoids, the grooves in a regular arrangement with mastoid structures for a coupling structure on the surface. The special coupling structure makes the surface already have superhydrophobicity. The wettability of the surface changes from hydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity. There have no peaks from other phases can be detected between electro-brush plating surface and aluminum alloy substrates. The peak intensity is changed by laser processing, and the organization structure of the material is further refined. The corrosion resistance of the surface that is fabricated by couple ways improves.

Morphological trait‐matching and species abundance are thought to be the main factors affecting the frequency and strength of mutualistic interactions. However, the relative importance of trait‐matching and species abundance in shaping species interactions across environmental gradients remains poorly understood, especially for plant–insect mutualisms involving generalist species.Here, we characterised variation in species and trait composition and the relative importance of trait‐matching and species abundance in shaping plant–Hymenoptera and plant–Diptera mutualisms in four meadows across an elevational gradient (2,725–3,910 m) in Yulong Snow Mountain, Southwest China. We also evaluated the effects of morphological traits of flower visitors and plant composition on their foraging specialisation (d' and normalised degree).There was a high degree of dissimilarity in the composition of Hymenoptera and Diptera visitors and their visited plants between communities. This variation was mainly driven by the spatial replacement of species. Both for plant–Hymenoptera and plant–Diptera networks, trait‐matching between nectar tube depth and proboscis length was a stronger predictor of the interactions between temporally co‐occurring plants and flower visitors than species abundance. Fourth‐corner analyses revealed statistically significant trait‐matching between nectar tube depth and proboscis length in plant–Hymenoptera networks at all sites, suggesting that Hymenoptera consistently foraged on plant species with nectar tube depths matching their proboscis lengths. By contrast, significant trait‐matching in plant–Diptera networks was only observed at the two lower elevation sites. The species‐level specialisation d' of flower visitors increased significantly as the proboscis length and the difference in nectar tube depth between the plant community and the plants visited by flower visitors increased.Our results highlight that the importance of trait‐matching in shaping pairwise interactions and niche partitioning depends on the specific features (e.g. species composition and trait availability) of the plant–pollinator system. For specialised plant–Hymenoptera systems, trait‐matching is an important determinant of species interactions, whereas for generalist plant–Diptera systems, trait‐matching is relatively unimportant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activity can modify the distribution of species abundance in a community leading to the appearance of new dominant species. While many studies report that an alien plant species which becomes increasingly dominant can change species composition, plant–pollinator network structure and the reproductive output of native plant species, much less is known about native plant species which become dominant in their communities.Euphorbia jolkinii Boissier (Euphorbia, hereafter) has become a dominant native plant in the over‐grazed meadows of Shangri‐La, SW China. During the flowering season of Euphorbia and over 2 years, we quantified the impact of Euphorbia on plant richness and flower visitor richness in 12 subalpine meadows along a gradient of Euphorbia dominance. We also evaluated the floral preferences of flower visitors, interaction evenness of plant–flower visitor networks and the deposition of pollen on the stigmas of two co‐flowering plant species (Gentiana chungtienensis and Anemone rupestris) in each meadow.The species richness of flower visitors to non‐Euphorbia plants was negatively correlated with Euphorbia dominance. As the proportion of Euphorbia increases, flower visitors to Euphorbia decreased, while flower visitors to other co‐flowering plants increased. Interaction evenness decreased as the proportion of Euphorbia increased. Furthermore, the conspecific pollen deposition of one of the two co‐flowering plant species studied, G. chungtienensis, decreased as the proportion of Euphorbia increased.Synthesis. There appears to be little substantive difference between the impact of a newly dominant native plant and the impacts reported for many alien plants on native plant–pollinator communities. This lack of difference suggests that dominance, in addition to plant origin (alien vs. native), could play an important role in influencing the structure and functioning of native communities. This finding has considerable implications for restoration ecology. Thus, communities where natural dominance order has been changed due to anthropogenic activity may not be considered a problem as all the species are native—in reality though, they may be as damaged as communities invaded by alien species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollination networks are usually constructed and assessed by direct field observations which commonly assume that all flower visitors are true pollinators. However, this assumption is often invalid and the use of data based on mere visitors to flowers may lead to a misunderstanding of intrinsic pollination networks. Here, using a large dataset by both sampling floral visitors and analyzing their pollen loads, we constructed 32 networks pairs (visitation versus pollen transport) across one flowering season at four elevation sites in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains region. Pollen analysis was conducted to determine which flower visitors acted as potential pollinators (pollen vectors) or as cheaters (those not carrying pollen of the visited plants). We tested whether there were topological differences between visitation and pollen transport networks and whether different taxonomic groups of insect visitors differed in their ability to carry pollen of the visited plants. Our results indicated that there was a significantly higher degree of specialization at both the network and species levels in the pollen transport networks in contrast to the visitation networks. Modularity was lower but nestedness was higher in the visitation networks compared to the pollen transport networks. All the cheaters were identified as peripheral species and most of them contributed positively to the nested structure. This may explain in part the differences in modularity and nestedness between the two network types. Bees carried the highest proportion of pollen of the visited plants. This was followed by Coleoptera, other Hymenoptera and Diptera. Lepidoptera carried the lowest proportion of pollen of the visited plants. Our study shows that the construction of pollen transport networks could provide a more in‐depth understanding of plant–pollinator interactions. Moreover, it suggests that detecting and removing cheater interactions when studying the topology of other mutualistic networks might be also important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]