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Toxic substances derived from returning wheat straw to paddy fields can adversely affect the growth of subsequent rice crops. Therefore, it is important to develop tillage methods and water and fertilizer management methods that mitigate the negative impacts of straw returning. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of plow tillage and different water and fertilizer management methods on the physicochemical properties and rice yield of paddy fields. Field experiments involved eight treatments (control, fertilizer, straw, fertilizer+straw, plow tillage, water replacement, prolonged immersion, and prolonged immersion+postponed fertilizer). The phenolic acid content of the field surface water was effectively reduced by prolonged immersion. The nitrogen and phosphorus content of the field surface water was also significantly lower in the fields treated with straw returning and different water and fertilizer management methods than in the fertilizer-treated fields. The reasonable application of straw, especially under the plow tillage and water replacement treatments, could promote the growth of rice; as compared to the yields of rice grown under fertilizer and straw treatment alone, the addition of plow tillage and water replacement increased the number of effective spikes by 19.9% and 15.2%, respectively. In conclusion, the negative effects of wheat straw returning on rice growth could be effectively mitigated by a variety of methods, including plow tillage, water replacement, and prolonged immersion, which could further promote plant nutrient uptake and increase crop yield. Considering the comprehensive effects of environmental risk, plow tillage and prolonged immersion are better suited for situations in which wheat straw is returned to the paddy field.

The rapid development of the Internet makes information resources have the characteristics of language diversity, and the differences between different languages can cause difficulties in information exchange. Therefore, the integration of multilingual data resources has important application value and practical significance. In this paper, we propose a novel model based on LDA and BiLSTM-CNN to solve the multilingual short text classification problem. In our method, we make full use of topic vectors and word vectors to extract text information from two aspects, in each language, to solve the sparse problem of short text features. Then, we use Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) neural network to capture the semantic features of documents and use Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract local features. Finally, we cascade the features of each language and use SoftMax function to predict document categories. Experiments on parallel datasets of Chinese, English and Korean scientific and technological literature show that our proposed the short text classification model based on LDA and BiLSTM-CNN can effectively extract text information and improve the accuracy of multilingual text classification.

Xing, Ying-Chun, Lv, Bin-Bin, Ye, En-Qi, Fan, En-Yuan, Li, Shi-Yang, Wang, Li-Xin, Zhang, Chun- Guang, Zhao, Ya-Hui (2015): Revalidation and redescription of Brachymystax tsinlingensis Li, 1966 (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) from China. Zootaxa 3962 (1): 191-205, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3962.1.12

Brachymystax tsinlingensis Li, 1966 (Fig. 2, Table 2) Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis Li, 1966: 92 (type locality: Zhouzhi County, Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, China) Brachymystax lenok: Song, 1987: 14 (Minxian County, Weiyuan County, Zhangxian County, Zhangjiachuan County, Gansu Province; Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province, China); Qin & Wang, 1989: 52 (Upper Weihe River, Gansu Province, China) Brachymystax tumensis: Shedko, 2001: 229 Type specimens. Lectotype: NZMC 51100 (H 2057), 176.24 mm SL, Yangtze River basin: Xushuihe River, Hetaoping Village, Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Aug. 23, 1962. Paratypes: NZMC 51101-51103 (H 2058 -H 2059, H 2061), NZMC 51110-51112 (H 2063, H 2056, H 2054), 170.23-207.49 mm SL, Yangtze River basin: Xushuihe River, Hetaoping Village, Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Aug. 23 - Sept. 5, 1962; NZMC 51104-51109 (H 2064 -H 2066, H 2073 -H 2075), 187.52-228.53 mm SL, Yellow River basin: Heihe River, Dudumen Village, Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Aug. 23 - Sept. 5, 1962. Other specimens. NZMC 197877-197885 (9), 63.48-170.62 mm SL, Yangtze River basin: Xushuihe River, Dajiangou, Huangboyuan Village, Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Nov. 20, 2012; NZMC 197886, 82.02 mm SL, Yangtze River basin: Hongshuihe River, Hetaoping Village, Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Nov. 21, 2012; NZMC 197888-197892 (5), 85.20-161.62 mm SL, Yangtze River basin: Hongshuihe River, Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Nov. 21, 2012; NZMC 197893 - 99 (7), 68.53- 255.56 mm SL, Yellow River basin: Xianyihe River, Xianyiguan, Caojiawan Village, Longxian County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Nov. 22, 2012; NZMC 197900-197910 (11), 64.65-257.30 mm SL, Yellow River basin: Guanshangou River, Guguan Village, Longxian County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Nov. 22, 2012; NZMC 197913-197916 (4), 154.85-178.91 mm SL, Yellow River basin: Sujiahe River, Sujiahe Village, Longxian County, Shaanxi Province, China P.R., Nov. 22, 2012. Diagnosis. Brachymystax tsinlingensis can be distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characteristics: no spots on operculum; gill rakers 15-20; lateral-line scales 98-116; pyloric caeca 60-71. Re-description. General body features are shown in Figure 2. Morphometric and meristic characters are listed in Table 2. Body elongated, compressed. Dorsal profile rising slightly from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin, then sloping gently to adipose-fin origin, and then sloping slightly to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile horizontal to pelvic-fin origin, then upward clearly to caudal fin. Caudal peduncle moderately compressed. The greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin, and least depth of caudal peduncle close to caudal-fin base. Head blunt, top broad, flat at center. Blunt-snouted, lower jaw nearly equal to or slightly shorter than upper jaw. Teeth on the upper and lower jaws. Anterior nostril tubular and short, next to posterior nostril. Eyes large and rounded, nearer to snout lip than to trailing edge of operculum; interorbital broad. Pair of short rictal barbels, shorter than half of eye diameter. Gill opening large, reaching or extending downwards beyond pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers developed and sparse. TABLE 2. Biometric data for species of Brachymystax. Brachymystax tsinlingensis (n= 50) Brachymystax lenok (n= 84) Brachymystax tumensis (n= 14) Number of branched rays Dorsal fin 10-11 9-10 9-10 Anal fin 9 8-10 8-10 Pectoral fin 15-16 14-17 15-16 Pelvic fin 9 8-9 9 Number of countable characters rakers 15-20 17-29 23-25 Lateral-line scales 98-116 111-158 111-124 Pyloric caeca 60-71 70-111 55-65 Circumpedunclar scales 34-40 34-40 32-48 Mean�� Mean�� Range(mm) Range (mm) Range(mm) Mean��SD (mm��SD) SD (mm��SD) SD (mm��SD) Standard length 63.48-257.3 147.22 �� 53.81 76.21-340.36 202.73 �� 63.61 112.86-133.45 123.29 �� 6.87 % standard length Body depth 10.87-31.05 21.66 �� 3.02 12.04-38.97 22.81 �� 2.40 20.64-25.55 22.72 �� 1.39 Predorsal length 38.53-59.28 47.78 �� 2.83 36.65-62.71 48.80 �� 3.06 45.02-50.77 47.90 �� 1.72 Head to dorsal 15.34-37.72 29.48 �� 3.32 25.89-44.88 31.72 �� 2.77 27.32-33.57 29.89 �� 1.96 Dorsal-fin base length 12.02-19.64 15.21 �� 1.37 8.97-22.42 13.11 �� 1.95 11.60-15.07 13.52 �� 0.98 Dorsal-fin length 16.56-24.79 21.06 �� 1.66 14.30-29.66 19.1 �� 2.30 14.30-21.12 18.76 �� 1.60 Preanal length 61.18-85.22 77.62 �� 3.77 68.34-91.41 79.67 �� 4.18 73.86-78.88 76.51 �� 1.25 Anal-fin base length 8.90-13.07 10.71 �� 0.86 7.01-12.95 9.53 �� 0.96 8.90-10.78 9.99 �� 0.59 Anal-fin length 14.37-20.10 16.87 �� 1.16 12.38-23.01 15.38 �� 1.57 13.36-15.55 14.63 �� 0.64 Prepectoral length 21.69-33.80 26.10 �� 2.98 17.33-30.56 23.83 �� 1.88 22.17-27.84 24.77 �� 1.68 ���Continue on the next page Dorsal-fin origin in front of vertical line of pelvic-fin origin, nearer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base; distance between snout tip and dorsal-fin origin nearly equal to distance from posterior end of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin. Dorsal fin short, posterior end of base opposite to pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral fin insertion in vertical through posterior margin of operculum, pectoral fin short, not reaching to upright position of dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin insertion nearer to anal-fin base than to pectoral-fin origin, opposite to third or fourth branched ray of dorsal fin, end not reaching to anus. Anal fin short, insertion nearly at midway between pelvic-fin origin and caudal-fin base, origin nearly opposite to adipose-fin origin. Adipose-fin origin nearer to caudal-fin base than to dorsal-fin base. Caudal-fin bifurcate, upper lobe equal to lower one. Lateral line complete, almost straight. Body covered by small scales. Lateral-line scales 98-116, rows of scales above lateral line 20-28, below lateral line 20-28. Predorsal scales 47-70, regularly arranged. Circumpeduncular scales 34-40. Gill rakers 15-20. Pyloric caeca 60-71. Air bladder with one chamber, larger than eye diameter, with thin membrane and slim vessel connecting to intestine. Coloration. Live individual (Fig. 3): body generally brownish, back dark brownish, light yellowish on sides and whitish on belly. A number of black oval spots with light pinkish edges scattered on back and sides except on operculum; 7-8 dark spots on the bases of dorsal fin and adipose fin. Around 10 light blackish bars on side of body. Orange on the edges of pectoral fin, pelvic fin, anal fin and caudal fin. Preserved specimens (Fig. 2): lectotype specimen had been fixed and preserved in formalin since 1962, and then transferred to alcohol in 2005. Body dark brownish, back darker and belly lighter. Spots on back and sides; bars on sides. All fins light grayish. Distribution. This species is only found in parts of the Taibai Mountains segment of the Qinling Mountians, including Heihe, Xushuihe and Qianhe, which are located in the Yangtze and Yellow River basins in China (Fig. 4). Although reported in South Korea, the identification of this population needs to be confirmed. Habitat. Brachymystax tsinlingens inhabits mountainous rivers of 900-2300 m above sea level and seldom is found in the rivers on the plain. Substrates are composed of gravel and larger stones. This species lives mainly in two environments, shallow areas of streams (0.3-0.5 m) and deep pools (> 15 m) which alternate with one another in rivers. During the breeding season, B. tsinlingensis spawns at shallows. Stream water is typically clear, has high transparency and is slightly alkaline, with a velocity 0.2-0.5 m /s. Shore vegetation is prolific. This species is typically found syntopically with Phoxinus lagowskii, P. oxycephalus, Paracobitis variegatus, Pseudorasbora parva, Triplophysa sellaefer, T. shaanxiensis, T. robusta and T. dalaica, based on our investigations from 2012- 2013. Etymology. The name of this species, tsinlingensis, is derived from the name of the area in the Qingling Mountains where the species was collected., Published as part of Xing, Ying-Chun, Lv, Bin-Bin, Ye, En-Qi, Fan, En-Yuan, Li, Shi-Yang, Wang, Li-Xin, Zhang, Chun- Guang & Zhao, Ya-Hui, 2015, Revalidation and redescription of Brachymystax tsinlingensis Li, 1966 (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) from China, pp. 191-205 in Zootaxa 3962 (1) on pages 193-198, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3962.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/231855, {"references":["Li, S. C. (1966) On a new subspecies of fresh-water trout, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, from Taipaishan, Shenxi, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 3, 92 - 94. [In Chinese]","Song, S. L. (1987) Salmonidae. In: Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Province, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Lanzhou University (Eds.), Fishes in Qinling Mountain Area. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 14 - 15. [In Chinese]","Qin, S. Z. & Wang, S. A. (1989) Studies on the subspecies of Brachymystax lenok (Pallas), China. Salmon Fishery, 2, 52 - 61. [In Chinese]","Shedko, S. V. (2001) List of cyclostomes and fishes from freshwaters of Primorye. V. Y. Levanidov's Biennial Memorial Meetings, 1, 229 - 249. [in Russian]"]}

A refractive-index sensor with micro-structured defect was proposed and demonstrated,and its refractive-index characteristics were studied experimentally.After inserting a segment of thin-core fiber into a standard single-mode fiber,high-order cladding modes were excited and interfered with the core mode to form an in-fiber modal interferometer because of the mismatch between thin-core fiber and standard single-mode fiber.By decreasing of the cladding-diameter of the thin-core fiber,the evanescent field of the cladding modes was enhanced,which improved the sensitivity of refractive-index.Experimental results show that the proposed device has advantages of low loss,low cost,high sensitivity and good linearity.

Microphysogobio wulonghensis sp. nov. (Fig. 2; Table 1) Holotype. ASIZB 176476, 41.2 mm standard length (SL), Wulonghe River (36 o 43 ’ N, 120 o 44 ’ E), Laiyang County, Shandong Province, China; 3 May 1929. Paratypes. ASIZB 43503, 41.6 mm SL; ASIZB 176473 - 75 (3 specimens), 39.8–46.8 mm SL; ASIZB 176477 - 86 (10), 30.8–43.1 mm SL. Other data including locality as for holotype. Diagnosis. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characteristics: two-thirds of area between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin scaleless (Fig. 2 a); upper lip with one row of well-developed and compressed triangular papillae; two lateral pads on lower lip well-developed, contacting each other behind medial pad (Fig. 2 b1, 2b 2). The new species is most similar to Microphysogobio amurensis, M. anudarini, M. chinssuensis, M. hsinglungshanensis, M. linghensis, M. rapidus and M. yaluensis in having incompletely scaled regions on the thoracic and abdominal areas. Additionally, the distributions of these eight species are all north of the Yangtze River (Fig. 3). However, the new species differs in having upper lip with well-developed papillae (vs. simple upper lip without papillae in M. linghensis), upper lip with compressed triangular papillae, lateral pads contacting each other behind medial pad (vs. upper lip with umbonate papillae, lateral pads separated each other behind medial pad in M. amurensis, M. chinssuensis, M. hsinglungshanensis, M. rapidus and M. yaluensis), two-thirds of area between pectoralfin origin and pelvic-fin origin scaleless (vs. scaleless region restricted to area before pelvic-fin base in M. anudarini). Description. General body features are shown in Fig. 2. Morphometric and metristic characteristics are listed in Table 1. Body small, slim and elongated. Thoracic and abdominal regions flat, caudal region compressed. Dorsal profile rising gently from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin, then almost horizontal, or sloping slightly to end of caudal peduncle. Ventral profile horizontal to anal-fin base, then rising gently to caudal fin. Caudal peduncle short and moderately compressed. Greatest body depth exactly at dorsal-fin origin; least depth of caudal peduncle closer to caudal-fin base than to dorsal-fin base. Anus and urogenital opening at one third of area from pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin. Air bladder smaller than eye diameter, with slim vessel connecting to intestine, divided into two chambers, anterior chamber oblate, enclosed by thick fibrous capsule; posterior chamber much smaller than anterior one. continued. Microphysogobio rapidus Microphysogobio yaluensis Dorsal fin iii, 7 iii, 7 Anal fin ii, 6 ii, 6 Pectoral fin i, 12 – 13 i, 9 – 13 Pelvic fin i, 7 i, 7 Total vertebrae 38 – 41 33 – 41 Gill rakers 22 – 25 10 – 26 Lateral-line scales 36 – 38 34 – 39 Scales above lateral-line 4 4 Scales below lateral-line 2 2 Pre-dorsal scales 10 10 Circumpeduncular scales 12 12 Max Min Mean SD Max Min Mean SD Standard length 59.5 54.9 57.2 2.1 60.6 30.7 43.7 6.6 In % of standard length Body depth 19.7 17.1 18.3 1.4 22.2 15.6 19.0 1.5 Pre-dorsal length 46.6 45.8 46.2 0.3 49.4 42.9 45.9 1.5 Head edge to dorsal 23.6 22.3 23.2 0.6 28.4 21.9 24.9 1.8 Dorsal-fin base length 15.6 13.7 14.7 0.8 22.7 12.0 15.3 1.7 Dorsal-fin length 23.7 21.8 22.6 0.8 28.4 19.5 25.4 1.5 Pre-anal length 77.1 73.9 75.1 1.4 84.9 74.1 78.2 2.2 Anal-fin base length 10.9 8.5 9.8 1.0 13.7 6.7 9.8 1.8 Anal-fin length 15.7 14.1 15.0 0.7 19.6 12.5 15.9 1.4 Pre-pectoral length 26.0 24.5 25.4 0.7 27.9 16.8 24.8 1.7 Pectoral-fin base length 6.9 5.5 6.2 0.7 7.9 4.2 5.6 0.8 Pectoral-fin length 20.7 19.5 19.9 0.6 27.5 18.8 23.4 2.1 Pre-pelvic length 53.4 51.7 52.5 0.9 75.4 19.7 51.0 5.6 Pelvic-fin base length 5.7 4.8 5.4 0.4 6.8 3.7 5.2 0.7 Pelvic-fin length 16.1 14.1 15.2 0.8 21.1 13.6 17.7 1.6 Caudal-peduncle length 16.6 12.8 15.4 1.8 19.7 9.2 14.3 2.5 Caudal-peduncle depth 8.0 7.6 7.9 0.2 10.9 7.9 9.1 0.6 Head length 24.0 22.7 23.1 0.6 24.4 20.0 22.5 1.2 In % of head length Head depth 768.5 60.8 65.1 3.2 73.3 56.6 63.6 3.9 Head width 766.3 16.6 51.8 24.0 74.9 55.4 66.4 3.8 Snout length 446.0 40.1 43.7 2.6 46.0 29.1 36.5 3.4 Eye diameter 333.4 31.8 32.9 0.7 39.5 24.7 30.7 2.9 Interorbital width 320.3 17.9 18.7 1.1 36.0 18.1 26.8 3.1 Mouth width 339.9 19.6 28.3 8.7 40.9 23.3 30.8 4.2 Rictal barbel length 217.0 11.2 13.4 2.6 26.4 12.0 16.6 3.1 Head triangular from side view. Snout short, rounded, smaller than eye diameter, depressed in front of nostrils. Anterior nostril tubular, short, next to posterior nostril. Mouth inferior, curved; corners opposite to posterior nostrils. Upper lip thick, covering upper jaw; upper jaw invisible when mouth closed; upper lip with one row of welldeveloped and compressed triangular papillae, two or more rows of papillae on corner of mouth. Lower lip divided into three pads, middle one heart-shaped; fleshy protuberances without vertical gap in the center; two lateral pads well-developed and connected to upper lip at corners of mouth, with many papillae, contacting each other behind medial pad. Pair of short rictal barbels, shorter than half of eye diameter. Eyes large and rounded. Interorbital profile slightly concave. Gill openings large, extending downward beyond pectoral-fin base. Gill rakers well-developed. Pharyngeal teeth in one row, 5 - 5. Dorsal-fin origin anterior to pelvic-fin origin, nearer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base; distance between snout tip and dorsal-fin origin nearly equal to distance from posterior end of dorsal-fin base to caudal-fin origin. Dorsal fin short, end of dorsal-fin base opposite to posterior end of pelvic-fin base; last unbranched ray soft. Pectoral fin short, ending two scales away from pelvic-fin origin when adpressed; insertion at vertical through posterior margin of operculum, end extending opposite to dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic-fin insertion midway between pectoral-fin origin and anal-fin base, opposite to second or third branched ray of dorsal fin. Anal fin short, insertion nearly midway between pelvic-fin origin and caudal-fin base. Caudal fin bifurcate, upper lobe slightly shorter than lower one. Lateral line complete, almost straight. Body covered by moderately sized cycloid scales. Lateral-line scales 31 (1 specimen), 32 (4), 33 (2), 34 (1), 35 (3), 36 (3) or 37 (1). Scales above lateral line 4, below lateral line 2 (12) or 3 (3). Pre-dorsal scales 10, regularly arranged. Circumpeduncular scales 8 (1) or 10 (14). Two-thirds of area between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin scaleless. Coloration in alcohol. The specimens were fixed and preserved in formalin in 1929, and transferred to alcohol in 2005. Body brownish, back darker and belly lighter. 8-9 large dark brown spots along mid-side from gill opening to caudal-fin base. Each lateral-line scale has a dark spot. All fins light grayish. Distribution. From the collection record, the new species is only found in the Wulonghe River, a costal river in the Shandong Peninsula (Fig. 3). The locality is near Laiyang County, Shandong Province, China. Etymology. The name, wulonghensis, is derived from the name of the collection locality, Wulonghe River (“he” means river in Chinese). The names of most species in this genus are based on the collection locality.