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Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PPFFs) following total hip arthroplasty (THA) present a significant clinical challenge due to their increasing incidence with an aging population and evolving surgical practices. Historically, classifications were primarily based on anatomical fracture location, the stability of the implant, and bone quality surrounding the implant. We critically analyzed 25 classification systems, highlighting the emergence and adaptations of key systems such as the Vancouver classification system (VCS) and the Unified classification system (UCS), which are lauded for their simplicity and effectiveness yet require further refinement. VCS, developed in 1995, categorizes fractures based on the site, implant stability, and bone quality, and remains widely used due to its robust applicability across different clinical settings. Introduced in 2014, UCS expands the VCS to encompass all periprosthetic fractures with additional fracture types, aiming for a universal application. Despite their widespread adoption, these systems exhibit shortcomings, including the incomplete inclusion of all PPFF types and the imprecise assessment of implant stability and surrounding bone loss. These gaps can result in misclassification and suboptimal treatment outcomes. This paper suggests the necessity for ongoing improvements in classification systems to include emerging fracture types and refined diagnostic criteria, ensuring that they remain relevant to contemporary orthopedic practices and continue to facilitate the precise tailoring of treatment to patient‐specific circumstances. This comprehensive historical review serves as a foundation for future innovations in classification systems, ultimately aiming to standardize PPFF treatment and improve patient prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel design scheme was put forward for full face gear axle, taking the excellent characteristics of face gear drive, such as simple structure, low noise, low sensitive to installation errors and high interchangeability and so on. Firstly, the working principle and characteristics were analyzed. Secondly, based on face gear forming principle and structural conditions, a 3D model and virtual prototype for face gear axle were built. Then the kinematics and dynamics simulation were carried out with ADAMS/View2013 software for the face gear drive in straight driving condition and turning driving condition to analyze the torque and angular velocity. Finally, the machining test of face gear was carried out and face gear test bench was set up. Meanwhile, the differential performance experiments of axle were completed. The simulation results are consistent well with the experimental results, demonstrating the validity of the design scheme. These contributions would improve engineering applications of face gear axle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]