Search

Heterosis is a crucial factor in enhancing crop yield, particularly in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). This research utilised six sorghum restorer lines, six sorghum sterile lines, and 36 hybrid combinations created through the NCII incomplete double-row hybridisation method. We evaluated the performance of F1 generation hybrids for leaf photosynthesis-related parameters, carbon metabolism-related enzymes, and their correlation with yield traits during the flowering stage. Results showed that hybrid sorghum exhibited significant high-parent heterosis in net photosynthetic rate (P n), transpiration rate (T r), stomatal conductance (G s), apparent leaf meat conductance (AMC), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase, and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS). Conversely, inter-cellular carbon dioxide concentration (C i), instantaneous water uses efficiency (WUE), and sucrose synthase (SuSy) displayed mostly negative heterosis. Traits such as 1000-grain weight (TGW), grain weight per spike (GWPS), and dry matter content (DMC) exhibited significant high-parent heterosis, with TGW reaching the highest value of 82.54%. P n demonstrated positive correlations with T r, C i, G s, RuBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, GWPS, TGW, and DMC, suggesting that T r, C i, and G s could aid in identifying high-photosynthesis sorghum varieties. Concurrently, P n could help select carbon-efficient sorghum varieties due to its close relationship with yield. Overall, the F1 generation of sorghum hybrids displayed notable heterosis during anthesis. Combined with field performance, P n at athesis can serve as a valuable indicator for early prediction of the yield potential of the F1 generation of sorghum hybrids and for screening carbon-efficient sorghum varieties. There is limited information on the hybridisation of enzymes linked to these characteristics. Understanding hybrid dominance of photosynthetic traits and their associated enzymes in sorghum is crucial for identifying sorghum hybrids with highly dominant combinations and selecting suitable parents. This study utilised 36 sorghum hybrid F1 generations and their respective parents to assess hybrid dominance in leaf photosynthetic parameters, key enzyme activities during photosynthesis, yield formation, and other relevant factors, while also examining their correlation with yield in field conditions. This article belongs to the Collection Machine Learning for Plant Stress Phenotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite hybrid dominance contributing to the genetic improvement of crops, little is known about heterosis and inheritance patterns of endogenous substances in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) root bleeding sap. In this study, six sterile and six restorer lines of sorghum and 36 hybrid sorghum combinations formulated as incomplete double-row crosses were selected as test materials, and heterosis, combining ability, heritability, and their interrelationships of root bleeding sap endogenous substances in different hybrid sorghum combinations and their parents were investigated. The results showed that the root bleeding sap of the F1 generation of hybrid sorghum had a high heterosis in both soluble sugar content and amino acid content at the flowering stage, and the average high-parent heterosis was 129.34% and 74.57%, respectively. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (CTK), gibberellic acid (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), soluble sugar, amino acid, and root bleeding intensity were mainly affected by non-additive genetic effects of the genes. Soluble protein was affected by additive genetic effects of the genes and had a high narrow heritability (75.50%), which could be selected at low generations in breeding. The combining ability analyses showed that the sterile lines 521A and 170A, and the restorer lines Ji318R and 0–30 were promising parents with high general combining ability. Correlation analysis showed that all endogenous substances of root bleeding sap were positively correlated with the sum of parental general combining ability (GCA) at highly significant levels, and IAA, CTK, GA3, ABA, soluble sugar, amino acid, and root bleeding intensity were positively correlated with male GCA at significant or highly significant levels. Therefore, the GCA of the restorer lines root bleeding sap endogenous material or the sum of both parents' GCA can be used to predict the performance of wounding endogenous material in the F1 generation of hybrid sorghum. Overall, this study results can help elucidate heterosis mechanisms of root bleeding sap endogenous material and improve sorghum quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise pollution is the most serious environmental pollution, which seriously affects people's normal life and physical and mental health, as well as normal production work. Therefore, noise control is necessary, but before noise control, the first thing to do is to identify the location of the noise source, and the noise control work is meaningless when the noise cannot be identified. Flat plate structures are a fundamental part of complex ship structures, and their vibration, noise, and their interrelationships when excited by the outside world are receiving increasing attention. The core of the research in this paper is the identification of the sound source of the vibrating plate. A method combining phase conjugation with interior boundary element method is developed for the identification of the pressure and normal velocity distribution of a vibrating plate. An interior problem is formed by enclosing the phase conjugation array plane and the plate surface. The pressures at the array elements are phase-conjugated as the specified pressure boundary condition. The impedance relationship between the surface pressure and the surface normal velocity of the plate is utilized as a specified impedance boundary condition. The interior boundary element method is applied to solve the interior problem. The identification of the surface pressure and normal velocity distribution is studied numerically. The numerical results show that with the array located in the near field the proposed method achieves subwavelength focusing to identify the surface pressure and normal velocity distribution and clearly shows the response shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Improving the edible quality and nutrition of gluten‐free (GF) products is vital for patients to improve their coeliac disease (CD). This study explored the effect of the addition of soybean protein isolate (SPI), ovalbumin (OVA), and whey protein (WP) on the cooking characteristics of rice‐maize‐potato (RMP) GF pasta and made a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of GF pasta. The addition of SPI at higher concentrations would seriously increase the cooking loss of GF pasta. In contrast, the addition of OVA and WP could improve the cooking stability of GF pasta. The amount of OVA and WP powder in GF flour was positively correlated with gelatinization and gel stability, and negatively correlated with cooking loss. Moreover, the addition of OVA to GF flour improved the chewiness, hardness, elasticity and tensile properties of GF pasta based on texture profile analysis. Furthermore, 13 GF pasta with different additions of protein powder were studied based on principal component analysis to evaluate the comprehensive quality of GF pasta. The consistent results of GF pasta cooking characteristics and their ranking in comprehensive quality evaluation verified the reliability of this method. This study provides a reasonable instruction for quality improvement of GF pasta and a theoretical basis for the comprehensive quality evaluation of GF pasta, which could facilitate the development of foods with high cooking characteristics and nutrition suitable for patients with CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic hyperbolic metamaterials are artificial materials with hyperbolic dispersion characteristics and strong anisotropy. Their negative refractive properties are the theoretical basis for studying the implementation of high-resolution focused superlenses. In response to the problem that the recognition of far-field noise sources is limited by the resolution of 0. 5 times wavelength acoustic Rayleigh diffraction recognition, combined with the excellent control effect of acoustic metamaterials on sound waves, a hyperbolic metamaterial that can achieve sub wavelength super-resolution imaging is introduced, and its negative refractive characteristics are used to design an acoustic hyperbolic structure for working at a frequency of 2 271. 5 Hz. The dispersion and negative refraction characteristics of the hyperbolic structure of this configuration were analyzed, and the results show that, the group velocity direction of sound waves propagating in this hyperbolic metamaterial is perpendicular to the wave vector and follows the normal direction of the dispersion curve. The research in this paper provides some design references for realizing arbitrary regulation of sound wave and elastic wave, as well as focusing, locating, identifying and amplifying noise sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the long‐term impacts of early coal mining on human capital outcomes. Based on coal mines across 260 prefectures in late Qing China (c.1840–1912), we find that early coal mining led to a significant rise in schooling years in 2000. We trace the historical channels and show that the influence of early coal mining has persisted through and helped shape the modernization of China, which includes local industrialization and a complimentary supply of educational infrastructure. These results suggest that in contrast to other grabbing mineral extraction, inclusive coal mining systems benefit long‐term human capital accumulation and economic growth, not mining activity per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attitude and velocity of inertial navigation are included in a group at the same time. According to two kinds of definition of error, the left error model and right error model of Lie group are formed. In view of two Lie group error models based on Euler angles, a comparison and analysis of two error models are carried out, and the difference of two error models based on Lie group is given. In view of two typical integrated navigation system of strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS)/global position system (GPS) and SINS/Doppler velocity log (DVL), a suitable error model selection scheme is proposed. The vehicle test and boat test results show that the two error models based on Lie Group are more suitable to SINS/GPS and SINS/DVL respectively, especially with large initial misalignment angles. The selected error model has a better position accuracy, convergence speed and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drip irrigation has a close relationship with the growth and development of maize grains and yield formation in semiarid areas. To explore the response mechanism of grain yield formation to drip irrigation quotas, a 2-year pond planting experiment was conducted under controlled conditions, by using two maize varieties with differences in drought resistance as experimental materials. Six treatments were set up, including CK1 (drought-resistant variety, 500 mm), T1 (drought-resistant variety, 350 mm), T2 (drought-resistant variety, 200 mm), CK2 (drought-sensitive variety, 500 mm), T3 (drought-sensitive variety, 350 mm), and T4 (drought-sensitive variety, 200 mm). The changes in maize grain filling characteristics, related hormones, enzyme activity related to starch synthesis, sugars and amino acids contents, and yield were analysed. The results showed that 100-grain weight at different filling times, filling rate, average filling rate, auxin, cytokinin, acid sucrose invertase, sucrose synthase, starch synthase, and adenosine diphosphate glucose pyro phosphorylase activities in maize grains decreased and the abscisic acid content and content of various amino acids and sugars in grains increased with the decrease in drip irrigation quota. The percentage of changes in drought-sensitive maize varieties was relatively high. The maize yield decreased with the decrease in drip irrigation quota. In summary, there was no significant difference in grain filling characteristics, hormone content, starch synthesis enzyme activity, and yield between maize treated with T1 (drought-resistant variety, 350 mm) and the control treatment. This effectively maintained grain growth and yield formation, achieving the goal of water saving and stable yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]