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Additional file 5: Figure S2. Secondary structure of the protein deduced from multiple AOX protein sequence alignments with ESPrit. The four snail AOXs in this study are highlighted in yellow on the left. �� ��-Helix, �� 310-helix, hash symbol diiron binding motif. White characters on the red background indicate the complete identical protein sequences, blue frames indicate the homologous regions; the characters highlighted in blue represented the specific C-terminal motifs (NP-[YF]-XPG-[KQE]) in animal AOXs.

Additional file 9: Table S4. Mortality rate (%) of snails after WPN treatment, with the AOX inhibitor (SHAM) added at 0 h or 6 h.

Additional file 7: Figure S4. Expression and identification of recombinant OhAOX protein in SDS-PAGE and the specificity of anti-OhAOX polyclonal antiserum in western blot. a Expression of recombinant proteins. M protein marker, lane 1 uninduced Escherichia coli with recombinant OhAOX���pGEX-4 T-1, lane 2 induced E. coli with pGEX-4 T-1, lane 3 precipitate of induced E. coli lysis with recombinant OhAOX���pGEX-4 T-1, lane 4 supernatant of induced E. coli lysis with recombinant OhAOX���pGEX-4T-1, lane 5 induced E. coli with OhAOX���pGEX-4T-1. b Purification of recombinant protein. Lane 1 Supernatant of induced E. coli lysis with recombinant OhAOX���pGEX-4 T-1, lane 2 flow-through after GST beads binding, lanes 3���5 washing solution, lanes 6���8 elution of recombinant protein. c Total protein of snail and purified recombinant OhAOX. Lane 1 Total protein extracted from whole O. hupensis snail, lane 2 purified recombinant OhAOX without GST tag. d Specificity of mouse anti-OhAOX serum by western blot. Lane 1 Total protein of O. hupensis snail, lane 2 PBS, lane 3 purified recombinant OhAOX protein, lane 1' control for lane reacted with mouse PBS immune serum, lane 3' control for lane 3 reacted with mouse PBS immune serum.

Additional file 3: Table S3. Genetic diversity of each locus in adult worms from mice infected with two methods.

Additional file 5: Table S5. Genetic diversity of each locus in miracidia from the liver/stool of mice in Method I and Method II.

Additional file 4: Table S4. Genetic diversity of combined nine loci in worms from each mouse in Method I and Method II.

Additional file 1: Table S1. The information for nine microsatellite markers used in this study.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Genetic diversity of nine microsatellite loci in all genotyped cercariae from snails of two groups.

Studies on the enzymology of snails are important in the study of molluscicidal mechanism. The alteration of activities of enzymes after molluscicidal treatment was reported in large numbers of papers. This paper reviews the progress of studies on the enzymology of snails under the treatment of molluscicides.[

To investigate the knowledge and practice of residents about schistosomiasis prevention and control in endemic areas of Jingzhou City, Hubei Province after the disease transmission being controlled, so as to provide the valuable information for formulating an efficient health education and intervention strategy.The residents were selected by using the cluster sampling method and investigated with questionnaires in Jiangling County and Gong'an County, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, and the data were analyzed by using the descriptive analysis method, Chi-square tests and logistic regression.In a total, 826 available questionnaires were obtained with 100% of valid rate. Among them, 97.0% of the interviewee knew schistosomiasis, and 86.3% knew that the infection happened by contacting water containing cercariae. The residents in elder age (41-84 years) had higher awareness rates than the residents in lower age (6-17 years), about the regions of epidemic area (In the investigation areas, Jiangling County and Gong'an County, the awareness rates of the residents about schistosomiasis prevention and control are higher, and we should strengthen the health education and behavior intervention, especially in the students of middle and primary schools to help them have the self-protection ability efficiently.

Schistosomiasis diagnosis plays an important role in the schistosomiasis control. The early detection of schistosomiasis can help to find the infectious source and prevent advanced schistosomiasis effectively. Up to now, serodiagnosis and parasitological diagnosis are used commonly to detect the infection of

To identify a myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) inThe complete cDNA of MyD88 inThe cDNA ofMyD88-dependent signaling pathway is present in

It is important to design an agent with logical and decisive rationality in agent organization. Recent study about organization focuses on the definition of agent organization model and the analysis of organization formation and evolution, an attractive and challenging issue is how to combine logical and decisive rationality into a uniform framework. This paper aims at arguing the combination with logic and decision in agent organization. To pursue this aim, we extend the notions of commitment and obligation with utility in agent organization and utility reflects agent decision. In order to systematize the notions, formal tools are introduced to describe them as well as the semantics of utility for commitment and obligation are defined. We specify the properties and consequences of the extension for agent organization.