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We propose a new methodology to estimate empirically the input price-induced technical change and total factor productivity (TFP) growth in China. Our primary goal is to test Hicks' induced innovation hypothesis by examining whether technical change in China has been induced by sharp increase in input prices that have accompanied its rapid economic growth. Utilizing the idea of a firm's two-stage optimization problem, we develop a new parametric form of the variable profit function wherein the derived input demand and output supply functions can be easily constrained to be regular, and the functional structure is parsimonious in the number of parameters. Applying this methodology to Chinese time series data for 1986–2015, we find that not only is wage-induced innovation significant and quantitatively important, but also that it substantially buffers a long-term decline in TFP growth that would otherwise be quite substantial. We conclude that China's economic growth is predominantly driven by wage-induced innovation along with massive injection of heavily subsidized physical inputs in public works and huge investment in industrial sectors.

We investigate the effect of rising labor costs on induced technological change in China's secondary industry. While previous studies have focused primarily on induced technology change in agriculture and in energy production/environmental protection, there has been little evidence relating to China's adjustments as rising labor costs affect its global competitiveness in the manufacturing sector. Building on insights developed in a rich literature, we propose a model linking changes in labor productivity to changes in labor costs, and the availability of physical capital. Importantly, we derive testable hypotheses to distinguish induced innovation from standard substitution of capital for labor under fixed technology. These hypotheses are tested using both firm- and provincial-level data. Our empirical results support the hypothesis that rising wages have induced labor-saving innovation in China, at least in the decade of the 1990s, but less so or not at all after the middle of the next decade.

Using data from CHIPS 1995-2013, we find polarization of employment from middle-income Skilled jobs to work in the Unskilled and Self-Employment job categories. This redistribution of employment is consistent with the automation of routine noncognitive tasks in the skilled sector as analyzed in a number of papers on advanced economies and some work on the Chinese economy. While the Unskilled and Self-Employment jobs remain below median income, the redistribution of employment has not been associated with a commensurate polarization of labor income. We find no evidence of polarization of either employment or income at the upper end of the job-skill spectrum.

We investigate the role of factor-priced-induced innovation in mediating the employment impact of expanding production in China. Our empirical approach implements concepts developed in Acemoglu (2010) and complements the approaches summarized by Wei, Xie, and Zhang (2017) that focus on directly observable aspects of innovation (R&D, patent activity, etc.); labor-force characteristics including the availability of "surplus" labor, investments in human capital; and investments in physical capital. It complements work on the causes of a decline in labor's share in total output as documented in Bai and Qian (2010) and in Molero-Simarro (2017). Our empirical results to date support the hypothesis that wage-induced technology change has influenced productivity growth in China, at least in the decade of the 1990s, but perhaps less so or not at all after the middle of the next decade.

This paper is aimed to investigate the value of using con-beam computer tomography(CBCT)to evaluate bone volume and labial bone wall integrity in the anterior maxillar,and guide atraumatic immediate implant.Thirty patients who planed to receive atraumatic immediate implant in the anterior maxillar under-went CBCT scan. After analysis of 6 patients with 8 tooth labial bone wall intact, alveolar crest width is greater than 5mm, less than or equal 7mm, which suitable for atraumatic immediate implant and bone defects not filling,while 14 patients 20 tooth labial bone wall intact, alveolar crest width is greater than 7mm, which suitable for atraumatic immediate implant and bone defects need to be filled by bio-oss collagen. 10 patients 14 tooth labial bone wall defects or bone buried teeth, which did not suitable for atraumatic immediate implant and excluded in this study.The treatment outcomes were Assessed postoperatively.According to the results of 20 patients with 28 tooth completed the atraumatic immediate implant, 14 patients 20 bone defects were filled by bio-oss collagen.CBCT detected the value of anterior maxillary alveolar bone and alveolar bone measured value is consistent. The research shows that CBCT imaging plays an important role in determining bone quality and evaluating labial bone wall integrity in anterior maxillar and guiding atraumatic immediate implant.

We study the dispersion in rates of provincial economic- and TFP growth in China. Our results show that regional growth patterns can be understood as a function of several interrelated factors, which include investment in physical capital, human capital, and infrastructure capital; the infusion of new technology and its regional spread; and market reforms, with a major step forward occurring following Deng Xiaoping's South Trip in 1992. We find that FDI had much larger effect on TFP growth before 1994 than after, and we attribute this to emergence of other channels of technology transfer when marketization accelerated. We find that human capital positively affects output per worker and productivity growth. In particular, in terms of its direct contribution to production, educated labor has a much higher marginal product. Moreover, we estimate a positive, direct effect of human capital on TFP growth. This direct effect is hypothesized to come from domestic innovation activities. The estimated spillover effect of human capital on TFP growth is positive and statistically significant, which is very robust to model specifications and estimation methods. The spillover effect appears to be much stronger before 1994. We conduct cost-benefit analysis and a policy experiment, in which we project the impact of increases in human capital and infrastructure capital on regional inequality. We conclude that investing in human capital will be an effective policy to reduce regional gaps in China as well as an efficient means to promote economic growth.

The aim of the thesis is to describe structural changes in the U.S. natural gas industry after implementation of hydraulic fracturing method which exploit natural gas from shale. In order to provide a complex description; environmental, market impacts and political interests are taken into consideration. Consequently, cluster analysis looks for a change in relations among various factors arising on the market. Tested periods are carefully chosen according to market events and results of statistical tests. One may conclude, it is a complexity of market, technology improvement and government behaviour which influence natural gas industry in USA.