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The recent discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) has opened a new avenue for investigating the equation of state (EOS) of dense matter in compact stars, which is an outstanding problem in astronomy and nuclear physics. In the future, next-generation (XG) GW detectors will be constructed, deemed to provide a large number of high-precision observations. We investigate the potential of constraining the EOS of quark stars (QSs) with high-precision measurements of mass $m$ and tidal deformability $\Lambda$ from the XG GW observatories. We adopt the widely-used bag model for QSs, consisting of four microscopic parameters: the effective bag constant $B_{\rm eff}$, the perturbative quantum chromodynamics correction parameter $a_4$, the strange quark mass $m_s$, and the pairing energy gap $\Delta$. With the help of hierarchical Bayesian inference, for the first time we are able to infer the EOS of QSs combining multiple GW observations. Using the top 25 loudest GW events in our simulation, we find that, the constraints on $B_{\rm eff}$ and $\Delta$ are tightened by several times, while $a_4$ and $m_s$ are still poorly constrained. We also study a simplified 2-dimensional (2-d) EOS model which was recently proposed in literature. The 2-d model is found to exhibit significant parameter-estimation biases as more GW events are analyzed, while the predicted $m$-$\Lambda$ relation remains consistent with the full model., Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures; accepted by JCAP

The goal of alpha factor mining is to discover indicative signals of investment opportunities from the historical financial market data of assets, which can be used to predict asset returns and gain excess profits. Recently, a promising framework is proposed for generating formulaic alpha factors using deep reinforcement learning, and quickly gained research focuses from both academia and industries. This paper first argues that the originally employed policy training method, i.e., Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), faces several important issues in the context of alpha factors mining, making it ineffective to explore the search space of the formula. Herein, a novel reinforcement learning based on the well-known REINFORCE algorithm is proposed. Given that the underlying state transition function adheres to the Dirac distribution, the Markov Decision Process within this framework exhibit minimal environmental variability, making REINFORCE algorithm more appropriate than PPO. A new dedicated baseline is designed to theoretically reduce the commonly suffered high variance of REINFORCE. Moreover, the information ratio is introduced as a reward shaping mechanism to encourage the generation of steady alpha factors that can better adapt to changes in market volatility. Experimental evaluations on various real assets data show that the proposed algorithm can increase the correlation with asset returns by 3.83\%, and a stronger ability to obtain excess returns compared to the latest alpha factors mining methods, which meets the theoretical results well., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures

We describe a representation targeted for anatomic objects which is designed to enable strong locational correspondence within object populations and thus to provide powerful object statistics. The method generates fitted frames on the boundary and in the interior of objects and produces alignment-free geometric features from them. It accomplishes this by understanding an object as the diffeomorphic deformation of an ellipsoid and using a skeletal representation fitted throughout the deformation to produce a model of the target object, where the object is provided initially in the form of a boundary mesh. Via classification performance on hippocampi shape between individuals with a disorder vs. others, we compare our method to two state-of-the-art methods for producing object representations that are intended to capture geometric correspondence across a population of objects and to yield geometric features useful for statistics, and we show improved classification performance by this new representation, which we call the evolutionary s-rep. The geometric features that are derived from each of the representations, especially via fitted frames, is discussed.

We semi-analytically investigate the post-merger evolution of the binary quark star merger. The effective-one-body method is employed to estimate the energy and angular momentum dissipation due to gravitational waves in the inspiral phase. Three major mechanisms of energy and angular momentum dissipation are considered in the post-merger phase: mass outflows, neutrinos, and gravitational waves. The proportion of each mechanism could be determined by baryon number, energy and angular momentum conservation laws as well as the equilibrium model for rotating quark stars. Applying this analysis to the GW170817 event suggests two important conclusions: 1) a remnant quark star whose mass is smaller than the maximum mass of a uniformly rotating quark star can collapse before its rotational energy is dissipated via electromagnetic radiation (i.e., $\sim 100\,\mathrm{s}$) as the angular momentum left in the remnant quark star might not be large enough to sustain the additional self-gravity of the supramassive quark star due to the angular momentum dissipation of mass outflows, neutrinos and gravitational waves; 2) considering a general quark star equation of state model, a constraint on the maximum mass of cold and non-rotating quark stars is found as $M_{\mathrm{TOV}}\lesssim2.35^{+0.07}_{-0.17}\,M_{\odot}$, assuming a delayed collapse occurred before a large fraction of the total rotational energy ($\color{blue} \gtrsim 10^{53}\,$erg) of the merger remnant was deposited into the merger environment for the GW170817 event. These constraints could be improved with future merger events, once there are more evidences on its post-merger evolution channel or information on the amount of post-merger gravitational wave and neutrino emissions inferred from the multi-messenger observations., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures, comments are welcome

Multi-behavioral recommendation optimizes user experiences by providing users with more accurate choices based on their diverse behaviors, such as view, add to cart, and purchase. Current studies on multi-behavioral recommendation mainly explore the connections and differences between multi-behaviors from an implicit perspective. Specifically, they directly model those relations using black-box neural networks. In fact, users' interactions with items under different behaviors are driven by distinct intents. For instance, when users view products, they tend to pay greater attention to information such as ratings and brands. However, when it comes to the purchasing phase, users become more price-conscious. To tackle this challenge and data sparsity problem in the multi-behavioral recommendation, we propose a novel model: Knowledge-Aware Multi-Intent Contrastive Learning (KAMCL) model. This model uses relationships in the knowledge graph to construct intents, aiming to mine the connections between users' multi-behaviors from the perspective of intents to achieve more accurate recommendations. KAMCL is equipped with two contrastive learning schemes to alleviate the data scarcity problem and further enhance user representations. Extensive experiments on three real datasets demonstrate the superiority of our model.

As with the laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory (LIGO), the matched filtering technique will be critical to the data analysis of gravitational wave detection by space-based detectors, including LISA, Taiji and Tianqin. Waveform templates are the basis for such matched filtering techniques. To construct ready-to-use waveform templates, numerical relativity waveforms are a starting point. Therefore, the accuracy issue of numerical relativity waveforms is critically important. There are many investigations regarding this issue with respect to LIGO. But unfortunately there are few results on this issue with respect to space-based detectors. The current paper investigates this problem. Our results indicate that the existing numerical relativity waveforms are as accurate as 99% with respect to space-based detectors, including LISA, Taiji and Tianqin. Such an accuracy level is comparable to that with respect to LIGO.

Cortical surface reconstruction (CSR) from MRI is key to investigating brain structure and function. While recent deep learning approaches have significantly improved the speed of CSR, a substantial amount of runtime is still needed to map the cortex to a topologically-correct spherical manifold to facilitate downstream geometric analyses. Moreover, this mapping is possible only if the topology of the surface mesh is homotopic to a sphere. Here, we present a method for simultaneous CSR and spherical mapping efficiently within seconds. Our approach seamlessly connects two sub-networks for white and pial surface generation. Residual diffeomorphic deformations are learned iteratively to gradually warp a spherical template mesh to the white and pial surfaces while preserving mesh topology and uniformity. The one-to-one vertex correspondence between the template sphere and the cortical surfaces allows easy and direct mapping of geometric features like convexity and curvature to the sphere for visualization and downstream processing. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on infant brain MRI, which poses significant challenges to CSR due to tissue contrast changes associated with rapid brain development during the first postnatal year. Performance evaluation based on a dataset of infants from 0 to 12 months demonstrates that our method substantially enhances mesh regularity and reduces geometric errors, outperforming state-of-the-art deep learning approaches, all while maintaining high computational efficiency.

The previous smart contract code comment (SCC) generation approaches can be divided into two categories: fine-tuning paradigm-based approaches and information retrieval-based approaches. However, for the fine-tuning paradigm-based approaches, the performance may be limited by the quality of the gathered dataset for the downstream task and they may have knowledge-forgetting issues. While for the information retrieval-based approaches, it is difficult for them to generate high-quality comments if similar code does not exist in the historical repository. Therefore we want to utilize the domain knowledge related to SCC generation in large language models (LLMs) to alleviate the disadvantages of these two types of approaches. In this study, we propose an approach SCCLLM based on LLMs and in-context learning. Specifically, in the demonstration selection phase, SCCLLM retrieves the top-k code snippets from the historical corpus by considering syntax, semantics, and lexical information. In the in-context learning phase, SCCLLM utilizes the retrieved code snippets as demonstrations, which can help to utilize the related knowledge for this task. We select a large corpus from a smart contract community Etherscan.io as our experimental subject. Extensive experimental results show the effectiveness of SCCLLM when compared with baselines in automatic evaluation and human evaluation.

By effectively controlling the dipole-dipole interaction, we investigate the characteristics of the ground state of bright solitons in a spin-orbit coupled dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate. The dipolar atoms are trapped within a double-lattice which consists of a linear and a nonlinear lattice. We derive the motion equations of the different spin components, taking the controlling mechanisms of the diolpe-dipole interaction into account. An analytical expression of dipole-dipole interaction is derived. By adjusting the dipole polarization angle, the dipole interaction can be adjusted from attraction to repulsion. On this basis, we study the generation and manipulation of the bright solitons using both the analytical variational method and numerical imaginary time evolution. The stability of the bright solitons is also analyzed and we map out the stability phase diagram. By adjusting the long-range dipole-dipole interaction, one can achieve manipulation of bright solitons in all aspects, including the existence, width, nodes, and stability. Considering the complexity of our system, our results will have enormous potential applications in quantum simulation of complex systems.

Massive black holes (MBHs) are crucial in shaping their host galaxies. How the MBH co-evolves with its host galaxy is a pressing problem in astrophysics and cosmology. The valuable information carried by the binary MBH is encoded in the gravitational waves (GWs), which will be detectable by the space-borne GW detector LISA. In the GW data analysis, usually, only the dominant $(2,2)$ mode of the GW signal is considered in the parameter estimation for LISA. However, including the higher harmonics in parameter estimation can break the degeneracy between the parameters, especially for the inclination angle and luminosity distance. This may enable the identification of GW signals without electromagnetic counterparts, known as ''dark sirens''. Thus, incorporating higher harmonics will be beneficial to resolve the Hubble tension and constrain the cosmological model. In this paper, we investigate the role of higher harmonics in the parameter estimation for GWs emitted by binary MBHs. We demonstrate that including $(3,3)$ mode can lead to a $10^3$-times improvement in angular resolution and a $10^4$-times improvement in luminosity distance. Meanwhile, our results indicate that considering higher harmonics increases the probability of identifying over 70% host galaxies from $10^{-2}\,\rm{Gpc}^3$ cosmological volume threshold (corresponding $10^5$ host galaxies), while the probability less than 8% for only the $(2,2)$ mode. Thus, our results underscore the importance of including higher modes in the GW signal from binary MBHs, for LISA at least $(3,3)$ mode., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables; accepted by Physical Review D

The study of US-China relations has always been a crucial topic in our economic development [4][5][7], and the US presidential election plays an integral role in shaping these relations. The presidential election is held every four years, and it is crucial to assess the impact of the 2020 election on China to prepare for the potential effects of the 2024 US presidential election on the Chinese economy [8][16][20]. To achieve this, we have gathered statistical data from nearly 70 years and analyzed data related to the US economy. We have classified the collected data and utilized the analytic hierarchy process [1][2][3] to evaluate the President's policy implementation.This approach allowed us to obtain a comprehensive ranking of the indicators [6][9][11][33]. We then quantified the index data and employed the entropy weight method to calculate the weight of each index data. Finally, we used the weighted total score calculation to evaluate the economic status of the United States in a hierarchical manner after the election of Presidents Trump and Biden [15][18]. We optimized the index system by incorporating additional dimension indexes such as "foreign policy". We then crawled China's specific development data from 1990-2020 and substituted it into the model for analysis and evaluation. This enabled us to obtain detailed quantitative index data of the degree of influence [10][12][14]. To address China's shortcomings in science and technology innovation, we recommend strengthening economic cooperation with developed countries, diversifying market development, and actively expanding the domestic market through feasible solutions [13][16][23][36]., Comment: PKU-NUS Annual International Conference on Quantitative Finance and Economics

In future gravitational-wave (GW) detections, a large number of overlapping GW signals will appear in the data stream of detectors. When extracting information from one signal, the presence of other signals can cause large parameter estimation biases. Using the Fisher matrix (FM), we develop a bias analysis procedure to investigate how each parameter of other signals affects the inference biases. Taking two-signal overlapping as an example, we show detailedly and quantitatively that the biases essentially originate from the overlapping of the frequency evolution. Furthermore, we find that the behaviors of the correlation coefficients between the parameters of the two signals are similar to the biases. Both of them can be used as characterization of the influence between signals. We also corroborate the bias results of the FM method with full Bayesian analysis. Our results can provide guidance for the development of new PE algorithms on overlapping signals, and the analysis methodology has the potential to generalize., Comment: 40 pages, 14 figures; accepted by Classical and Quantum Gravity

Compact binaries are an important class of gravitational-wave (GW) sources that can be detected by current and future GW observatories. They provide a testbed for general relativity (GR) in the highly dynamical strong-field regime. Here, we use GWs from inspiraling binary neutron stars and binary black holes to investigate dipolar gravitational radiation (DGR) and varying gravitational constant predicted by some alternative theories to GR, such as the scalar-tensor gravity. Within the parametrized post-Einsteinian framework, we introduce the parametrization of these two effects simultaneously into compact binaries' inspiral waveform and perform the Fisher-information-matrix analysis to estimate their simultaneous bounds. In general, the space-based GW detectors can give a tighter limit than ground-based ones. The tightest constraints can reach $\sigma_B<3\times10^{-11}$ for the DGR parameter $B$ and $\sigma_{\dot{G}}/G < 7\times10^{-9} \, {\rm yr}^{-1} $ for the varying $G$, when the time to coalescence of the GW event is close to the lifetime of space-based detectors. In addition, we analyze the correlation between these two effects and highlight the importance of considering both effects in order to arrive at more realistic results., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables; accepted by Physics Letters B

The Fisher information matrix (FM) plays an important role in forecasts and inferences in many areas of physics. While giving fast parameter estimation with the Gaussian likelihood approximation in the parameter space, the FM can only give the ellipsoidal posterior contours of parameters and lose the higher-order information beyond Gaussianity. We extend the FM in gravitational-wave (GW) data analysis using the Derivative Approximation for LIkelihoods (DALI), a method to expand the likelihood while keeping it positive definite and normalizable at every order, for more accurate forecasts and inferences. When applied to the two real GW events, GW150914 and GW170817, DALI can reduce the difference between FM approximation and the real posterior by 5 times in the best case. The calculation time of DALI and FM is at the same order of magnitude, while obtaining the real full posterior will take several orders of magnitude longer. Besides more accurate approximations, higher-order correction from DALI provides a fast assessment on the FM analysis and gives suggestions for complex sampling techniques which are computationally intensive. We recommend using the DALI method as an extension to the FM method in GW data analysis to pursue better accuracy while still keeping the speed., Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures; accepted by ApJ