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Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer, and most patients have a good prognosis. However, the thyroid cancer differentiation status strongly affects patient response to conventional treatment and prognosis. Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanisms that influence the differentiation of thyroid cancer is very important for understanding the progression of this disease and improving therapeutic options. In this study, SETMAR as a key gene that affects thyroid cancer differentiation is identified. SETMAR significantly regulates the proliferation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT), thyroid differentiation‐related gene expression, radioactive iodine uptake, and sensitivity to MAPK inhibitor‐based redifferentiation therapies of thyroid cancer cells. Mechanistically, SETMAR methylates dimethylated H3K36 in the SMARCA2 promoter region to promote SMARCA2 transcription. SMARCA2 can bind to enhancers of the thyroid differentiation transcription factors (TTFs) PAX8, and FOXE1 to promote their expression by enhancing chromatin accessibility. Moreover, METTL3‐mediated m6A methylation of SETAMR mRNA is observed and showed that this medication can affect SETMAR expression in an IGF2BP3‐dependent manner. Finally, the METTL3‐14‐WTAP activator effectively facilitates the redifferentiation of thyroid cancer cells via the SETMAR‐SMARCA2‐TTF axis utilized. The research provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid cancer dedifferentiation and provides a new approach for therapeutically promoting redifferentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, endoscopic‐assisted lateral neck dissection (EALND) is performed to reduce postoperative scarring of the anterior neck. This study aimed to compare surgical outcomes between EALND and conventional open lateral neck dissection (COLND) for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with lateral lymph node metastases (LNM). Methods: The study reviewed 103 PTC patients who were classified on the basis of surgical type and statistically compared using propensity score matching analysis. Results: The mean operation time is longer, and the cost of surgery is higher in the EALND group than COLND group (all p < 0.05). The numbers of retrieved and positive level II LNs, the rate of level II LNs detection between two groups do not differ significantly (all p > 0.05). The incidence of postoperative neck numbness is lower, and patients are more satisfied with postoperative neck scarring in the EALND group than COLND group (all p < 0.05). The common complications of two groups are transient recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and transient hypoparathyroidism. Conclusions: EALND is safe and feasible compared with COLND. The incision is more aesthetically satisfactory, which makes EALND a surgical approach for PTC patients with lateral LNM. Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:2221–2227, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited by the dynamic range of the detector, saturation artifacts usually occur in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging for high scattering media. The available methods are difficult to remove saturation artifacts and restore texture completely in OCT images. We proposed a deep learning-based inpainting method of saturation artifacts in this paper. The generation mechanism of saturation artifacts was analyzed, and experimental and simulated datasets were built based on the mechanism. Enhanced super-resolution generative adversarial networks were trained by the clear–saturated phantom image pairs. The perfect reconstructed results of experimental zebrafish and thyroid OCT images proved its feasibility, strong generalization, and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of prophylactic lymph node dissection in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) patients without radiographically lateral neck metastases. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. Participants: Patients who underwent primary surgery for MTC between 2011 and 2019 and without structural disease of the lateral neck preoperatively. Main outcome measures: Locoregional recurrence, disease‐free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were examined. Results: The patients were divided into two groups: the central lymph node dissection (CLND) only group and the prophylactic lateral lymph node dissection (PLND) group, which included CLND and ipsilateral lateral lymph node dissection (LLND). A total of 89 patients were included: 71 patients in the CLND group and 18 patients in the PLND group. Although there were no significant differences in age, gender, multifocality, capsule invasion or TNM stage between the two groups, the tumour size and preoperative median calcitonin levels were different. The recurrence rate was 4.2% for the CLND group and 5.6% for the PLND group (p > 0.05). DFS among the CLND and PLND groups was 95.4% and 94.4%, and OS among the groups was 100% and 94.1% (p > 0.05) at 5 years. The biochemical cure rates were similar. Conclusions: PLND in the absence of structural disease of the lateral neck preoperatively is not associated with improved survival in patients with sporadic MTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]