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Exploiting the hierarchical dependence behind user behaviour is critical for click‐through rate (CRT) prediction in recommender systems. Existing methods apply attention mechanisms to obtain the weights of items; however, the authors argue that deterministic attention mechanisms cannot capture the hierarchical dependence between user behaviours because they treat each user behaviour as an independent individual and cannot accurately express users' flexible and changeable interests. To tackle this issue, the authors introduce the Bayesian attention to the CTR prediction model, which treats attention weights as data‐dependent local random variables and learns their distribution by approximating their posterior distribution. Specifically, the prior knowledge is constructed into the attention weight distribution, and then the posterior inference is utilised to capture the implicit and flexible user intentions. Extensive experiments on public datasets demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. Empirical evidence shows that random attention weights can predict user intentions better than deterministic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primulina guarouba, a new species from the limestone area of northern Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. According to the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analysis, it nests in a strongly supported clade (BP = 99%) that includes P. cordifolia, P. repanda and P. huangii. Of these, P. guarouba is similar to the P. cordifolia in morphology, but it is easily distinguished from the latter by some of the distinct characters in leaf blade, peduncles, bracts, calyx, corolla, pistil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Usually, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis is equipped with a closed ablation cell. It cannot be used for non-destructive analysis of the large-size samples which exceeds the size of the cell. OBJECTIVES To realize directly in situ non-destructive analysis of major and trace elements in the large-size samples. METHODS Based on the self-designed open sample collection port, combined with the gas exchange device, an open LA-ICP-MS analysis method was established. Taking the large-size ceramic disc sample as an example, samples can be directly determined for major and trace elements in an air environment without being broken. RESULTS Analyte aerosols produced by laser ablation were collected and sucked by open sample collector. The air in the aerosols was replaced via transfer tube by high purity argon in a gas exchange device, the analyte aerosols were then transferred into ICP-MS for detection. After non-destructive analyses by this method, large-size ceramic samples were broken and analyzed by traditional LA-ICP-MS. Relative deviations of most of 51 elements detected by the two methods were less than 10%. Only part of elements (such as P, Be, Sc, Y, La, Sm, Eu, Dy, Hf, W, etc.) had relative deviations higher than 20%, because of the extremely low contents. CONCLUSIONS The open LA-ICP-MS method is suitable for in situ non-destructive determination of major and trace elements in the large-size samples.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy and safety between endoscopic and microscopic surgery via transnasal⁃transsphenoidal approach for recurrent nonfunctional pituitary adenoma, and to explore the best way of operation. Methods The clinical data of 43 patients with recurrent nonfunctional pituitary adenoma who underwent surgery via transnasal ⁃ transsphenoidal approach were analyzed retrospectively from October 2012 to August 2019, including 21 cases of endoscopic surgery (endoscopy group) and 22 cases of microscopic surgery (microscopy group). The bleeding volume during operation, operative time, tumor total resection rate, postoperative symptom remission rate, incidence rate of postoperative complications (including intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, hypophysis function, olfactory disturbance, epistaxis, bleeding in operation area) and tumor recurrence rate were recorded. Results The bleeding volume during operation [(60.67 ± 33.27) ml vs. (111.33 ± 49.26) ml; t = 0.107, P = 0.030] and operation time [(81.77 ± 26.40) min vs. (168.95 ± 45.34) min; t = 0.006, P = 0.000] in the microscopy group were lower than those in the endoscopy group, but there was no significant difference in tumor total resection rate, postoperative symptom remission rate, incidence rate of postoperative complications and tumor recurrence rate ( P > 0.05, for all). Conclusions Neuroendoscopic and microscopic transnasal ⁃ transsphenoidal surgery are two common methods for the treatment of recurrent nonfunctional pituitary adenoma, which can achieve satisfactory results and high safety. The fusion of neuroendoscopy and microscopy is a trend of pituitary adenoma resection. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.03.011

Background: The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) remain unclear over the years. Neuroinflammation caused by surgery has been recognized as an important element in the development of POCD. Many studies also suggest that the vagus nerve plays an important role in transmitting peripheral injury signals to the central nervous system (CNS) and the resultant neuroinflammation. Previously, we have demonstrated that brain mast cells (BMCs), as the “first responders”, play a vital role in neuroinflammation and POCD. However, how the vagus nerve communicates with BMCs in POCD has not yet been clarified.Methods: In the current study, we highlighted the role of the vagus nerve as a conduction highway in surgery-induced neuroinflammation for the first time. In our model, we tested if mice underwent unilateral cervical vagotomy (VGX) had less neuroinflammation compared to the shams after laparotomy (LP) at an early stage. To further investigate the roles of mast cells and glutamate in the process, we employed KitW-sh mice and primary bone marrow-derived MCs to verify the glutamate-NR2B axis on MCs once again.Results: Our results demonstrated that there were higher levels of glutamate and BMCs activation as early as 4 h after LP. Meanwhile, vagotomy could partially block the increases and reduce neuroinflammation caused by peripheral inflammation during the acute phase. Excitingly, inhibition of NR2B receptor and knockout of mast cells can attenuateneuroinflammation induced by glutamate.Conclusion: Taken together, our findings indicate that the vagus is a high-speed pathway in the transmission of peripheral inflammation to the CNS. Activation of BMCs triggered a neuroinflammatory cascade. Inhibition of NR2B receptor on BMCs can reduce glutamate-induced BMCs activation, neuroinflammation, and memory impairment, suggesting a novel treatment strategy for POCD.