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In this work, the Hypselotriton populations distributed in eastern Guangdong, China are studied in detail to clarify their taxonomic status. Based on morphological comparison and phylogenetic analysis, H. glaucus syn. nov. is synonymised with H. orphicus. Hypselotriton (Cynotriton) oolong sp. nov. from Mt Fenghuang in Chaozhou which used to be misidentified as H. orphicus, is revealed to be an independent lineage of subgenus Cynotriton and can be distinguished from all known congeners in morphology. By contrast, H. orphicus did not cluster within Cynotriton, but gathered with H. jiaoren comb. nov. to form a distinct unnamed clade within the genus. We therefore re-delimitate the intrageneric classification of the genus and a new subgenus Hakkatriton subgen. nov. is erected, corresponding to this unnamed clade. The Chinese Fire-bellied Newt genus Hypselotriton currently contains three subgenera and about ten known species. Identified keys to the subgenera and related congeners of genus Hypselotriton are further provided.

Abstract In order to cope with the complexity and variability of the terrestrial environment, amphibians have developed a wide range of reproductive and parental behaviors. Nest building occurs in some anuran species as parental care. Species of the Music frog genus Nidirana are known for their unique courtship behavior and mud nesting in several congeners. However, the evolution of these frogs and their nidification behavior has yet to be studied. With phylogenomic and phylogeographic analyses based on a wide sampling of the genus, we find that Nidirana originated from central-southwestern China and the nidification behavior initially evolved at ca 19.3 Ma but subsequently lost in several descendants. Further population genomic analyses suggest that the nidification species have an older diversification and colonization history, while N. adenopleura complex congeners that do not exhibit nidification behavior have experienced a recent rapid radiation. The presence and loss of the nidification behavior in the Music frogs may be associated with paleoclimatic factors such as temperature and precipitation. This study highlights the nidification behavior as a key evolutionary innovation that has contributed to the diversification of an amphibian group under past climate changes.

The expanded description of Hemiphyllodactylus hongkongensis Sung, Lee, NG, Zhang & Yang, 2018 is provided based on four newly collected specimens from eastern Guangdong Province, China, which is beyond its previously known range. The new collection also fills the distribution gap of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus in the region. Due to the absence of sufficient data, we recommend Hemiphyllodactylus hongkongensis be listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the IUCN conservation status categorization.

As a large amount of data is increasingly generated from edge devices,such as smart homes,mobile phones,and wearable devices,it becomes crucial for many applications to deploy machine learning modes across edge devices.The execution speed of the deployed model is a key element to ensure service quality.Considering a highly heterogeneous edge deployment scenario,deep learning compiling is a novel approach that aims to solve this problem.It defines models using certain DSLs and generates efficient code implementations on different hardware devices.However,there are still two aspects that are not yet thoroughly investigated yet.The first is the optimization of memory-intensive operations,and the second problem is the heterogeneity of the deployment target.To that end,in this work,we propose a system solution that optimizes memory-intensive operation,optimizes the subgraph distribution,and enables the compiling and deployment of DNN models on multiple targets.The evaluation results show the performance of our proposed system.

The genus Leptobrachella is a species-rich genus of megophrid frog. Rapid discovery of many new species within this genus emphasizes the importance of regional research. In this study, we describe a new species of Leptobrachella, Leptobrachella verrucosa sp. nov., from northwestern Guangdong Province, China, based on a combination of molecular and morphological data. A key including congeners from the same province, namely L. laui, L. liui, L. mangshanensis, L. shimentaina, and L. yunkaiensis, is provided.

Karstic landscapes play an important role in biodiversity formation and often contain high levels of endemism. However, site-endemic taxa in karstic landscapes are being threatened by exploitation and weak legal protection. In this study, we describe Odorrana concelata Wang, Zeng, & Lin, sp. nov., a limestone karst-restricted odorous frog from northern Guangdong, China. This new species shows distinctive genetic divergence and morphological differences from its congeners. Phylogenetic results suggest that the new species represents an independent lineage that is grouped with O. lipuensis and O. liboensis based on the mitochondrial 16S and 12S ribosomal RNA genes. We recommend the new species be listed as Vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN categorization as it is only known from the type locality with limited microhabitats and is threatened by habitat degradation.

[Purpose/Significance] This paper explores the influencing factors of users' willingness to pay for knowledge in online question-answering platforms from the perspective of individual-community, and provides theoretical references for the sustainable development of knowledge payment platform from the perspective of user research. [Method/Process] In this paper, the technology acceptance model and perceived value theory were combined to construct a theoretical model. Relevant data were collected through questionnaire survey, and reliability and validity tests and structural equation model analysis were conducted by using SPSS, AMOS and other softwares, and the research hypotheses were verified according to the analysis results. [Result/Conclusion] The research results verify the feasibility of the theoretical model and study the path coefficient of influencing factors of online Q&A users' willingness to pay. Perceived usefulness, practical value, hedonic value, economic cost and interpersonal influence have positive effects on users' willingness to pay for knowledge.

The recognition for the floating frogs’ genus Occidozyga is in controversy for decades, and the species diversity of these frogs has recently been considered to be underestimated. In southeastern China, two floating frog species are currently recorded, namely Occidozyga lima and Occidozyga martensii. However, their current taxonomic statuses are unresolved after a series of recent taxonomic revisions. In this work, we perform morphological examinations and phylogenetic analyses on these two recorded floating frogs from southeastern China, to clarify their current taxonomic placements. The population previously recorded as Occidozyga lima should be re-assigned to the nomenclature Occidozyga obscura comb. nov., and the population previously recorded as Occidozyga martensii should be an undescribed species which is erected as Occidozyga lingnanica sp. nov. in this work.

A new species of Leaf Litter Toad, Leptobrachella shimentaina sp. nov., is described from the Shimentai and Luokeng nature reserves of northern Guangdong Province, southern China. The new taxon can be distinguished from all recognized congeners by a combination of discrete morphological character state differences relating to its small body size (SVL 26.4–28.9 mm in six adult males, 30.1 and 30.7 mm in two adult females); a number of apparently fixed color pattern character differences (including eye coloration and color pattern features from dorsal, ventral, and dorsolateral surfaces of its head, body, limbs, and ventrum); the morphological and discrete characteristics of the external phenotype (the skin texture of dorsum and ventrum, the presence of supra-axillary and ventrolateral glands, the wide dermal fringes and rudimentary webbing on toes, and the uninterrupted longitudinal ridges under toes). Two samples of this new species previously were proposed as representing a new, unnamed species. We now substantiate this claim by providing diagnostic comparisons of discrete character differences. In addition, we also discuss taxonomic uncertainty surrounding the identity of two congeners, L. chishuiensis and L. purpurus, which we interpret as indicative of taxonomic inflation in the species-rich subfamily Megophryidae.

In this work, a new species of the genus Tylototriton is described from Guangdong, southern China. Tylototriton sini sp. nov. was recorded as T. asperrimus for decades, and was indicated to represent an independent lineage based on recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. After detailed molecular analysis and morphological comparisons, Tylototriton sini sp. nov. is recognized as a distinct species which can be clearly distinguished from all known congeners by a combination of morphological characteristics and the significant divergence in the mitochondrial gene. Because the genus Tylototriton is of high conservation concern and all formally described members are protected by law, we also provide first data on the conservation status and recommendations for IUCN categorization for Tylototriton sini sp. nov. A suggestion on the species groups division of the genus Tylototriton is also provided based on their morphological differences and phylogenetic relationships.