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[ Objective ] Cadmium pollution in farmland soil poses a serious threat to the quality and safety of agricultural products. To explore the characteristics of cadmium accumulation , distribution , and transport in various organs of wheat and oat under different conditions of reduced chemical fertilizer and organic fer- tilizer application is of great importance in guiding appropriate fertilizer application on crops and ensuring the safety of agricultural products. [ Methods ] Based on a 20% reduction in fertilizer application , four fer- tilization treatments were set up : Stable fertilizer 30 000 kg / hm 2 ( AM ), bioorganic fertilizer 600 kg / hm 2 ( BF ), stable fertilizer 30 000 kg / hm 2 +bioorganic fertilizer 600 kg / hm 2 ( AM+BF ), and normal fertilizer application ( CK ) . The effects of the above four different organic fertilizer treatments on cadmium accumu- lation , distribution , and transport in wheat and oat were studied. [ Results ] ( 1 ) Compared with CK , dif- ferent organic fertilizer combinations increased the biomass of wheat and oat by 6.78%-11.00%. At the same time , it reduced the overall cadmium content in various organs , with a decrease of 11.76%-47.06% in grain cadmium content. ( 2 ) The combined application of various organic fertilizers resulted in an overall decrease in the cadmium enrichment coefficient of various organs , with a decrease of 0-38.46% in the grain enrichment coefficient. The transport coefficients of cadmium from roots , stems , leaves , and pani- cles to grains were decreased by 16.67%-42.86% , 15.79%-42.03% , 0-56.10% , and 6.82% - 22.06% , respectively in BF and AM+BF treatments. ( 3 ) The decrease in stem cadmium content after oat filling period was accompanied by an increase in grain cadmium content. The transfer amount , transfer rate , and contribution rate of cadmium from various organs to grains in oats after heading stage were the highest in the stem. [ Conclusion ] Reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertil- izers could reduce cadmium content , enrichment coefficient , and transport coefficient in crop grains , and the cadmium reduction effect on oat grains was better than that on wheat. The cadmium transported from the stem after the heading stage of oats was the main source of grain cadmium accumulation.

【Objective】 Roots and leaves are highly influenced by a multitude of biotic and abiotic factors. Taking oat under drip irrigation as an example, this study delves into the response of its root and leave traits to planting density and soil amendment with water absorbent polymer. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted in 2019—2020 with intra-row planting spacing being 20 cm, and the inter-row planting spacing being 20 cm (A), 15 cm (B) and 10 cm (C), respectively. In each treatment there were two soil amendments by applying 0 and 22.5 kg/hm2 of a water absorbent polymer. Senescence traits of the roots and flag leaves in each treatment were measured. 【Result】 ①Both row spacing and soil amendment affected root activity, SOD and MDA content, and soluble protein content in the roots and leaves significantly with PA>C, while the impact on MDA content in the roots and leaves was in the order of C>A>B. Combined with soil amendment, reducing row spacing from 20 cm to 15 cm increased root activity, SOD activity in the roots and leaves, soluble protein content in the roots and leaves by 5.56%~15.27%, 4.78%~5.89%, 3.98%~10.62%, 5.20%~23.74% and 5.89%~15.04% respectively, while reducing MDA content in the roots and leaves by 11.79%~13.86% and 6.01%~14.08%, respectively. Reducing the row spacing further to 10 cm significantly reduced the above traits, except the soluble protein content, which did not show significant changes, and MDA content in the roots and leaves, which showed a significant increase. Without soil amendment, the impact of row spacing on root and leaf traits varied with growth stage and year. ③When row spacing was 20 cm, compared with no amendment, amending the soil increased SOD activity and soluble protein content in the roots and leaves by 7.52%~15.75%, 3.21%~6.47%, 7.25%~10.47%, 18.01%~22.47% and 4.87%~9.10%, respectively, while reducing MDA content in the roots and leaves by 8.79%~13.96% and 7.35%~11.67%, respectively. In contrast, the effect of soil amendment on the above traits varied when the row spacing was 10 cm. ④The senescence traits of roots and leaves were correlated with biomass and grain yield of the oat, both at significant levels. 【Conclusion】 Reducing the row spacing from 20 cm to 15 cm, combined with soil amendment by applying 22.5 kg/hm2 of the water-absorbent polymer, is effective in reducing senescence of roots and leaves of the drip-irrigated oat and consequently promoting its biological yield and grain yield.

Intercropping, particularly within legume‐based systems, has been shown to enhance yields and optimize resource use efficiency. Yet, the potential contribution of intercropping on soil microbial communities and functions to soil nutrients cycling are not fully understood. We conducted the same field experiments at Youyu (Site1) and Zhangbei (Site2) in Northern China to evaluate the impact of oat/soybean intercropping on the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure, composition, and co‐occurrence networks. Our results indicated that intercropping significantly modified the bacterial community structure for both oat and soybean at Site1, with changes observed only in the oat community at Site2. Specifically, intercropping led to a substantial increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Patescibacteria in the oat rhizosphere by 48.3% and 65.4% (Site1), respectively. Conversely, in the soybean rhizosphere at Site1, there was a notable decrease in the abundance of Patescibacteria and Nitrospirae by 32.4% and 40.0%, respectively. The soil bacterial functional groups demonstrated robust positive correlations with key soil parameters such as available nitrogen (Nmin), available phosphorus (Avail‐P), and the activities of nitrogen‐ and phosphorus‐acquiring enzymes in the rhizosphere. In conclusion, intercropping is an effective agricultural practice for enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus cycling by reshaping the soil bacterial community, offering a distinct advantage over monoculture practices. This insight underscores the potential of intercropping to foster sustainable soil nutrient management, highlighting the importance of integrating such practices into modern agricultural strategies to ensure long‐term productivity and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic acid (HA) is considered a promising soil amendment for improving soil fertility. However, the effects of HA application on the microbial community, especially in aeolian sandy soils of semi-arid regions, remain insufficiently elucidated. To address this gap, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the changes in soil properties, bacterial and fungal diversity, and community structure in a buckwheat field in the fourth year after a single application of lignite humic acid (L-HA) at 0 (L-HA0), 2 (L-HA1), 4 (L-HA2), and 6 (L-HA3) ton·ha−1 in an aeolian sandy soil in Inner Mongolia, China. The results demonstrated that four years after L-HA application, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in soil pH, accompanied by an increase in soil water content and nutrient levels, including organic matter and total N, available P, and K. Additionally, the application of L-HA enhanced microbial biomass C and N and stimulated enzyme activities, such as urease and invertase, with these effects being more pronounced at higher application rates (L-HA2 and L-HA3). However, HA addition did not significantly (p < 0.05) affect soil microbial biomass P or alkaline phosphatase activity. The L-HA amendment enhanced the α-diversity indices of soil bacteria but did not significantly (p < 0.05) affect soil fungal diversity. The addition of L-HA induced significant changes in the composition of the soil microbial community at both the phylum and genus levels, with significant variability in microbial responses observed across the different L-HA application rates. The incorporation of L-HA notably enriched the composition of bacterial and fungal communities at the phylum level, particularly those involved in carbon cycling, including the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota and the fungal phyla Ascomycota and Rozellomycota. At the genus level, higher L-HA application rates, specifically L-HA2 and L-HA3, exerted statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on most bacterial and fungal genera. Specifically, these treatments increased the abundance of bacterial genera, such as Rokubacterium and fungal genera, including Plectosphaerella, Tausonia, Talaromyces, and Clonostachys. Conversely, the relative abundance of the bacterial genera Vicinamibacter and Subgroup_7, as well as the fungal genus Niesslia, was significantly reduced. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that bacterial community compositions were closely associated with soil parameters, such as available P (AP), microbial biomass carbon (SMC), microbial biomass nitrogen (SMN), microbial biomass phosphorus (SMP), and invertase, while all tested soil parameters, except for alkaline phosphatase, significantly influenced the fungal community structure. Given that the changes in these soil parameters were highly correlated with the amounts of L-HA addition, this suggests that the impacts of long-term L-HA amendment on the soil bacterial and fungal communities were linked to alterations in soil physicochemical and biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research describes a methodology for the preparation of 2-formyl-2'-nitrobiaryl derivatives, which are used as intermediates in the synthesis of a variety of substituted heterocyclic compounds incorporating the phenanthridine ring system.

Abstract Background Skeletal muscle growth and maintenance are essential for human health. One of the muscle regulatory genes, namely myostatin, a member of transforming growth factor-β, plays a dominant role in the genetic control of muscle mass. Myostatin is synthesized as a precursor protein, which generates the N-terminal propeptide and the C-terminal mature myostatin peptide by a post-translational cleavage event. Previously, transgenic over-expression of myostatin propeptide in skeletal muscle results in significant muscle growth in early stages of development. The objectives of present study were to further characterize muscle growth in later stages of life and to identify genes and their expression patterns that are responsible for adult muscle build-up by myostatin propeptide. Results Immunohistochemical staining with an antibody to the N-terminus indicates a high level of myostatin propeptide present in the muscles of transgenic mice while there were no apparent differences in myostatin protein distribution in the muscle fibers between the transgenic and wild-type mice. Main individual muscles increased by 76–152% in the transgenic mice over their wild-type littermate mice at 12 months of age. A large number of nuclei were localized in the central and basal lamina of the myofibers in the transgenic mice as the number of nuclei per fiber and 100 μm2 area was significantly higher in transgenic mice than wild-type mice. By systemic comparisons of global mRNA expression patterns between transgenic mice and wild-type littermates using microarray and qRT-PCR techniques, we have identified distinct gene expression patterns to support adult muscle build-up by myostatin propeptide, which are comprised of enhanced expressions of myogenic regulatory factors and extracelullar matrix components, and differentially down-regulated expressions of genes related to protein degradation and mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Conclusion The results present a coordinated pattern of gene expressions for reduced energy utilization during muscle build-up in adult stage. Enhanced muscle buildup by myostatin propeptide is sustained by reduced ATP synthesis as a result of a decreased activity of protein degradation. Myostatin propeptide may have a therapeutic application to the treatment of clinical muscle wasting problems by depressing myostatin activity.