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As a fossil fuel-dependent nation, Kazakhstan is caught between issues and possibilities in its search for a sustainable energy transition. Despite its tremendous resources, Kazakhstan’s renewable energy capacity is 1%, much behind its non-renewable peers. According to this research, green fiscal policies in renewable energy firms are needed to reduce the country’s political and economic dependence on the global oil sector. This report emphasizes regional collaboration and Kazakh-stan’s potential leadership in Central Asian Green Economy projects. Kazakhstan can promote renewable energy adoption and economic sustainability by forming regional alliances.

Kazakhstan is a country with a very high level of literacy in which international standards have been implemented for higher education. Through the last decades, the Republic of Kazakhstan has taken severe steps to implement electronic technology and virtual training to diversify elearning. Thus, IT specialists and experts in developing virtual research laboratories at the university level need to be included in this process. Every year there is an increase in the number of citizens who are willing to build their "digital" culture, and many people from Kazakhstan are ready to acquire new knowledge via elearning at universities and in the workplace. This study noted readiness six factors that propel the adoption of elearning: technological, human resources, content, leadership, educational, and cultural readiness-- with technological readiness and content readiness being the most important. It also examined several challenges to elearning implementation and further noted that there is a lack of adequate time to manage a large number of students online in elearning lessons, but this is the least of challenges for advancing elearning. Elearning is further affected by time constraints to create course content. Additionally, this study concluded that a heavy workload was the major challenge that marred the advancement of elearning and thus rankedfirst among the challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Kazakhstan is one of the few countries worldwide endowed with a wealth of diverse natural resources. However, the country has yet to fully exploit these resources, for a variety of reasons, including high levels of corruption, ambiguous laws that cause confusion to the judiciary and consumers. The aim of this paper is to explore the exploitation of natural resource in the country from an international legal perspective. The article demonstrates how corruption hinders the exploitation of natural resources in Kazakhstan. It also describes how the current law seeks to address the issue of natural resource exploitation, noting its ambiguities. The paper concludes by highlighting the provisions made in the UN Declaration concerning Rights to Exploit Natural Resources, and makes recommendations concerning how Kazakhstan's government can promote the rights of citizens to enjoy access to the land and natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]