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Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease affecting the digestive tract, the incidence of which is on the rise worldwide. The most common clinical manifestation of hemophilia is arthropathy secondary to recurrent joint effusions and chronic synovitis. This article reports on a rare 25-year-old male patient with both hemophilic arthropathy and Crohn's disease who was at risk for pathogenic gastrointestinal bleeding. After undergoing endoscopic pathologic testing and genetic testing, a multidisciplinary expert work-up of a treatment and nutritional plan was performed. The patient improved clinically and adhered to conservative treatment. This case report is the first report of this rare co-morbidity, demonstrating the highly pathogenic mutation locus and summarizing the clinical experience of early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unenhanced CT scans exhibit high specificity in detecting moderate-to-severe hepatic steatosis. Even though many CTs are scanned from health screening and various diagnostic contexts, their potential for hepatic steatosis detection has largely remained unexplored. The accuracy of previous methodologies has been limited by the inclusion of non-parenchymal liver regions. To overcome this limitation, we present a novel deep-learning (DL) based method tailored for the automatic selection of parenchymal portions in CT images. This innovative method automatically delineates circular regions for effectively detecting hepatic steatosis. We use 1,014 multinational CT images to develop a DL model for segmenting liver and selecting the parenchymal regions. The results demonstrate outstanding performance in both tasks. By excluding non-parenchymal portions, our DL-based method surpasses previous limitations, achieving radiologist-level accuracy in liver attenuation measurements and hepatic steatosis detection. To ensure the reproducibility, we have openly shared 1014 annotated CT images and the DL system codes. Our novel research contributes to the refinement the automated detection methodologies of hepatic steatosis on CT images, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of healthcare screening processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting anomalies in large, complex systems is a critical and challenging task, and this is especially true for high-dimensional anomaly detection due to the underlying dependency structures among sensors. To incorporate the interrelationships among various sensors, a novel sparsity-constrained vector autoregressive moving average (scVARMA) model is proposed for anomaly detection in complex systems with multisensory signals. This model aims to leverage the inherent relationships and dynamics among various sensor readings, providing a more comprehensive and accurate analysis suitable for complex systems' complex behavior. This research uses convex optimization to search for a parameterization that is sparse based on the principal of parsimony. This sparse model will not only contribute to meeting the real-time requirements of online monitoring strategies but also keeps the correlations among different sensory signals. The performance of the proposed scVARMA model is validated using real-world data from complex systems. The results affirm the superiority of the proposed scheme, demonstrating its enhanced performance and potential in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsustainable demand for wildlife and its derivatives poses a threat to global biodiversity, requiring attention and intervention. This study investigates the intent to purchase medicines containing saiga antelope horn among respondents in China. Drawing on an expanded theoretical framework rooted in a planned behavior model, and analyzing 576 valid data points collected through online research, this paper employs a structural equation model to consider influencing factors across six dimensions: attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, consumption experience, protective cognitive level, and personal characteristics. The findings reveal that 31.25% of respondents harbor a positive purchase intention toward medicines containing saiga antelope horn. Additionally, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and consumption experience exhibit positive associations with the purchase intention, while the protective cognitive level demonstrates a negative impact. A significant gender gap was identified, with women displaying a greater inclination to purchase compared to men. To support the global conservation efforts of the saiga antelope, this paper advocates for strategic interventions. Recommendations include reinforcing public science education, fostering awareness, advancing the research and development of alternative medicines, strengthening internal market controls, and employing targeted marketing strategies to shift consumer preferences. These measures collectively contribute to a holistic approach aimed at reducing the demand for wildlife products and safeguarding the saiga antelope population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insertional mutation, phenotypic evaluation, and mutated gene cloning are widely used to clone genes from scratch. Exogenous genes can be integrated into the genome during non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) of the double-strand breaks of DNA, causing insertional mutation. The random insertional mutant library constructed using this method has become a method of forward genetics for gene cloning. However, the establishment of a random insertional mutant library requires a high transformation efficiency of exogenous genes. Many microalgal species show a low transformation efficiency, making constructing random insertional mutant libraries difficult. In this study, we established a highly efficient transformation method for constructing a random insertional mutant library of Nannochloropsis oceanica, and tentatively tried to isolate its genes to prove the feasibility of the method. A gene that may control the growth rate and cell size was identified. This method will facilitate the genetic studies of N. oceanica, which should also be a reference for other microalgal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Presence of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction in limited noncentrosymmetric materials leads to novel spin textures and exotic chiral physics. The emergence of DM interaction in centrosymmetric crystals could greatly enrich material realization. Here we show that an itinerant centrosymmetric crystal respecting a nonsymmorphic space group is a new platform for the DM interaction. Taking the P 4 / nmm space group as an example, we demonstrate that the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction induces the DM interactions, in addition to the Heisenberg exchange and the Kaplan-Shekhtman-Entin-wohlman-Aharony (KSEA) interaction. The direction of DM vector depends on the positions of magnetic atoms in the real space, and the amplitude depends on the location of the Fermi surface in the reciprocal space. The diversity stems from the position-dependent site groups and the momentum-dependent electronic structures guaranteed by the nonsymmorphic symmetries. Our study unveils the role of the nonsymmorphic symmetries in affecting magnetism, and suggests that the nonsymmorphic crystals can be promising platforms to design magnetic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to study the following degenerate fractional Schrödinger–Kirchhoff–Poisson equations with critical nonlinearity and electromagnetic fields in R 3 : { ε 2 s M ([ u ] s , A 2) (− Δ) A s u + V (x) u + ϕ u = k (x) | u | r − 2 u + (I μ ∗ | u | 2 s ♯ ) | u | 2 s ♯ − 2 u , x ∈ R 3 , (− Δ) t ϕ = u 2 , x ∈ R 3 , where ε > 0 is a positive parameter, 3 / 4 < s < 1 , 0

An electrochemical electrophilic bromination/spirocyclization of N-benzyl-acrylamides with 2-bromoethan-1-ol as the brominating reagent has been developed. The paired electrolysis employs low concentrations of bromine produced from both cathodic reduction and anodic oxidation as an electrophile, and realizes an H2O-involved electrophilic spirocyclization. A number of unexplored brominated 2-azaspiro[4.5]decanes are obtained with satisfactory yields under mild conditions, and the reaction exhibits good efficiency at the gram-scale synthesis. In addition, this approach is further highlighted by late-stage transformations and synthetic applications in constructing cyclohepta[c]pyrrole-1,6-diones via debromination tandem cyclization of brominated 2-azaspiro[4.5]decanes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data fusion enables the characterisation of an object using multiple datasets collected by various sensors. To improve optical coordinate measurement using data fusion, researchers have proposed numerous algorithmic solutions and methods. The most popular examples are the Gaussian process (GP) and weighted least-squares (WLS) algorithms, which depend on user-defined mathematical models describing the geometric characteristics of the measured object. Existing research on GP and WLS algorithms indicates that GP algorithms have been widely applied in both academia and industry, despite their use being limited to applications on relatively simple geometries. Research on WLS algorithms is less common than research on GP algorithms, as the mathematical tools used in the WLS cases are too simple to be applied with complex geometries. Machine learning is a new technology that is increasingly being applied to data fusion applications. Research on this technology is relatively scarce, but recent work has highlighted the potential of machine learning methods with significant results. Unlike GP and WLS algorithms, machine learning algorithms can autonomously learn the geometrical features of an object. To understand existing research in-depth and explore a path for future work, a new taxonomy of data fusion algorithms is proposed, covering the mathematical background and existing research surrounding each algorithm type. To conclude, the advantages and limitations of the existing methods are reviewed, highlighting the issues related to data quality and the types of test artefacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A data enhancement method based on generative adversarial network is proposed. • The method combines the advantages of data augmentation and feature selection. • Case studies on a simulated case and two real industrial processes are provided. • Comparisons to state-of-the-arts show effectiveness of the proposed method. Soft sensor plays an important role in improving product quality; however, practical applications may often face with the problem of small sample size, which is challenging for developing data-driven models in terms of feature selection and good generalization. This paper proposes a data enhancement approach for small sample size data-driven problems based on generative adversarial networks integrated with maximum relevance minimum redundancy (MRMR). First, sample expansion is performed on the initial data by using a generative adversarial network. Second, irrelevant variables are eliminated by the MRMR and optimal features are obtained. Finally, neural networks-based soft sensor modeling is performed using the augmented dataset and the selected features. The proposed method is tested on a simulated penicillin case, an actual penicillin production case and an actual erythromycin production case. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art existing methods, which verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With simple alkanes as the alkyl radical precursors under microwave irradiation, a convenient and efficient cross‐dehydrogenative alkylation reaction of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones and other N‐heteroarenes has been achieved. The protocol demonstrates a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, high atom economy and high efficiency, providing a wide range of valuable, structurally diverse C3 alkylated quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones and other alkylated N‐heteroarenes in good‐to‐excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic transformation is critical to microalgal genetic engineering which generally prefers a high transformation efficiency. Here, we describe a simple and efficient method of elevating the transformation efficiency of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Algal cells were treated ahead of transformation with zeocin at 0.2 μg mL−1 for 48 h to cause random double-strand breaks (DSB) of DNA. Active hygromycin B resistance gene (aph7) was then electroporated into the cells. Compared with the untreated cells, the transformation efficiency was significantly elevated at least one order of magnitude. The transformants verified by resequencing have one copy of aph7 inserted. We also found that the transformants from zeocin-treated cells had slightly more InDels in their coding sequence (CDS); however, all transformants survived well in our culturing conditions. This provides a broader avenue of inserting heterologous genes into microalgal genomes than the traditional methods. In addition, the method we have established should be applicable in other species, which should aid to the genetic manipulation of diverse microalgal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to widen voltage gain of bidirectional on-board charger to meet requirements of electric vehicle with different voltage levels, a novel bidirectional five-level multimode CLLC resonant converter is proposed by combining the CLLC resonant tank module (RTM) with the five-level cascaded neutral-point clamp active bridge which is composed of two three-level neutral-point clamp (3L-NPC) bridge arms. Furthermore, the converter can, respectively, establish three voltage gain modes of high, medium, and low to effectively widen voltage gain adjustment capabilities through the fixed-frequency plus phase-shift hybrid modulation independently adopted in each 3L-NPC bridge arm, while soft-switching is realized by phase control between resonant current and input voltage of RTM. Meanwhile, the key parameters of RTM would be symmetrically designed to make bidirectional power transmission characteristics, which become consistent based on soft-switching and monotonic voltage gain control. Finally, according to the simulation platform and experimental prototype, it can be shown that the practical voltage gain is close to the theoretical design gain and converter has good dynamic performances after realizing soft-switching in each mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of 2020, China has banned the consumption of wild animals to combat the spread of zoonoses. Most existing studies focus on the intention and behavior of wildlife consumption and their causes; however, few have looked at public willingness to resist wildlife consumption, as well as the cause and effects of such actions. In this study, a framework for an extended theory of planned behavior was constructed. Based on a 7-point Likert scale, a sample of 1194 respondents from eight provinces across China was obtained through an online survey. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze netizen behavioral intention to resist consuming wild animals and their causes to provide a reference for the implementation and optimization of relevant policies. The study model passed the goodness-of-fit test, confirming the robustness of the results. The results showed that Chinese netizens' intention to resist consuming wild animals was moderate, with 55.19% willing to participate in activities against it, i.e., it is important to resist eating wild animals as a standard. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and past experience of the Chinese netizen had significant positive effects on resistance intention, i.e., (1) netizens' current living area with severe outbreaks were more likely to resist wildlife consumption, (2) highly knowledge level netizens were more likely to resist wildlife consumption than less knowledgeable ones, and (3) lower income level had higher behavioral intentions of netizens. The findings suggest that the government must take a lead role in wildlife protection and strengthen its restrictions, laws, and regulations. The media should also be used to promote conservation and popularize a protective message in favor of wild animals. Public quality and assurance of wildlife protection should be culturally reinforced to effectively ban the illegal trade of wild animals and their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The protocol shows scope simple condition, environment-friendly protocol and good functional group tolerance, providing an array of methylation products within 20 min in good to high yields. Notably, DMSO was used as both a methylation reagent and as the optimal reaction solvent. The synthesis of iron-catalyzed N -methylation of quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones using dimethyl sulfoxide as the methylating reagent is described herein. The cross-coupling reactions proceeded smoothly under visible-light irradiation, which generated the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Further investigation on the application of the methylation reaction using readily available DMSO as the methylation reagent is currently underway. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroencephalography (EEG) is capable of capturing the evocative neural information within the brain. As a result, it has been increasingly used for identifying neurological disorders, such as depression. In recent years, researchers have proposed deep-learning models for EEG-based depression detection and achieved good results. However, there are still some limitations in these models, as the varying importance across different EEG channels and the varying importance of different features within the same channel for each subject have not been adequately addressed. Furthermore, the variations in EEG data distributions among different subjects have not been fully considered, thereby compromising the universality of the model in cross-subject tasks. To address the aforementioned problems, we propose a model with a secondary subject partitioning and attention mechanism based on a graph convolution network (GCN). First, we present an attention module that can simultaneously concentrate on multiple channels with different features within each channel. Second, domain generalization based on adversarial training is added to the model, and a secondary subject partitioning method is proposed to group subjects with similar data distributions into the same domain with a shared domain label. This effectively reduces the number of domain labels and increases the data volume in each domain, thereby enhancing the domain generalization performance. Finally, in the depression recognition task, the improved domain generalization and attention modules collaborate to capture subject-invariant features. Prediction accuracies of 92.87% and 83.17% are respectively achieved on two public datasets, outperforming the state-of-the-art baseline models. Moreover, extensive ablation experiments further validate the effectiveness of each module in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we are concerned with the existence and multiplicity of solutions for the following new Kirchhoff problem involving the p-Laplace operator: { − (a − b ∫ Ω | ∇ u | p d x) Δ p u = λ | u | q − 2 u + g (x , u) , x ∈ Ω , u = 0 , x ∈ ∂ Ω , where a , b > 0 , Δ p u : = div (| ∇ u | p − 2 ∇ u) is the p-Laplace operator, 1 < p < N , p < q < p ∗ : = (N p) / (N − p) , Ω ⊂ R N (N ≥ 3 ) is a bounded smooth domain. Under suitable conditions on g, we show the existence and multiplicity of solutions in the case of high perturbations (λ large enough). The novelty of our work is the appearance of new nonlocal terms which present interesting difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edge computing perfectly integrates cloud computing centers and edge-end devices together, but there are not many related researches on how the edge-end node devices work to form an edge network and what the protocols used to implement the communication among nodes in the edge network. Aiming at the problem of coordinated communication among edge nodes in the current edge computing network architecture, this paper proposes an edge network routing and forwarding protocol based on target tracking scenarios. This protocol can meet the dynamic changes of node locations, and the elastic expansion of node scale. Individual node failures will not affect the overall network, and the network ensures efficient real-time with less communication overhead. The experimental results display that the protocol can effectively reduce the communications volume of the edge network, improve the overall efficiency of the network, and set the optimal sampling period, so as to ensure that the network delay is minimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we give a generalized definition namely strongly α , h ‐ m -convex function that unifies many known definitions. By applying this new definition, we present inequalities for unified integral operators which have connection with many of the well-known results for different kinds of convex functions. Moreover, this paper at once provides refinements and generalizations of a lot of fractional integral inequalities which are identified in remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nannochloropsis oceanica is a marine microalgal species with both economic value and biological importance. It grows fast, contains rich oils, reproduces asexually, holds a small and haploidy genome, and is easy to be modified genetically. However, the genetic study of N. oceanica is scarce. Very less genetic bases of its traits have been deciphered, and no gene has been isolated from it with the function verified simultaneously via either genetic or reverse genetic approaches or both (de novo cloned). Changing medium salinity may aid to control harmful organisms met during large scale cultivation. As a stress, it may also facilitate the accumulation of desirable chemicals including fatty acids. In order to decipher the genetic basis of the low salinity tolerance of N. oceanica, we mutated N. oceanica with Zeocin. In total, five mutant bulks were constructed at equal number of cells, 100 mutants each, which were tolerant to a discontinuous serial of salinities from that of 100% of f/2 to that of a mixture of 4% of f/2 and 94% of BG11. The bulks were genotyped through whole genome re-sequencing and analyzed with bulked mutant analysis (BMA) newly modified from bulked segregant analysis (BSA). In total, 47 SNPs and 112 InDels were found to associate with the low salinity tolerance, and around them a set of low salinity tolerance associating genes were identified. A set of annotatable genes commonly found between control and different salinities indicated that the genes functioning in gene expression, energy metabolism and cellular structure may be involved in the low salinity tolerance. These associating molecular markers and genes around them were not enough for outlining the physiological mechanism underlining the tolerance; however they should aid to improve N. oceanica genetically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgal strains (lines), either economically or ecologically important or both, are usually clones derived from a single cell. The functions of their genes are verified usually through either loss of function or gain of function approaches, for example, overexpression, knockout, silencing, and editing. In comparison with plants and animals, the genetic studies of microalgae are scarce, and less genes were de novo cloned. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR-seq) are widely used to identify the linking markers or control genes of sexually reproducing organisms. In order to avoid genotyping, a large amount of individuals in genome-wide association study (GWAS), we modified BSA and BSR-seq in this study to bulked mutant analysis (BMR) and bulked mutant RNA sequencing (BMR-seq). In order to generate stable variations, we used Zeocin to cause the double-strand breaks of DNA (DSBs), and generate rich InDel variations during DNA repairing. We identified a set of growth performance associating SNPs and InDels among the bulked DNA and bulked RNA. We found that the function-known genes either containing these variations or locating upstream or downstream of these variations are highly related to the complex growth performance trait of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Our findings verified that Zeocin is effective to create rich InDels in monoploid and asexual N. oceanica genome, and BMA and BMR-seq are applicable for identifying the associating SNPs and InDels of the growth performance trait. We prefer to use BMA to identify trait associating genes and variations; microalgae are fast growing with a short generation time, and mRNAs are the transcripts of genes and share the variations with DNA. We believe that the methods we developed in this study will facilitate the genetic studies of the traits of diverse microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary Key Scientists Organic fluorine compounds are ubiquitous and pivotally important organic molecules, yet their activation and transformation have long been a formidable challenge due to the high energy and low reactivity of C—F bonds. Organic electrosynthesis, an environmentally benign synthetic method in organic chemistry, enables a myriad of chemical transformations without the need for external redox reagents. In recent years, organic electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for achieving the activation and transformation of C—F bonds in fluorine‐containing compounds. This review aims to succinctly recapitulate the latest advancements in the electrochemical defluorinative transformations of C—F bonds and to delve into the reaction design, mechanistic insights, and developmental prospects of these methods.In 1959, Lund was the first to pioneer the electroreduction of CF3 to CH3 group. Electrochemistry has lately provided new opportunities for efficient conversion of organic fluorides. In 2020, Zhou and coworkers discovered the electrochemical defluorinative carboxylation of α‐CF3 alkenes. Lambert and colleagues reported electrophotocatalytic defluorinative amination of aryl fluorides. Electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones was developed by Lennox and coworkers in 2021. In the same year, Wang and Guo disclosed electrochemical radical defluorinative alkylation of α‐CF3 alkenes with Katritzky salts as the alkyl radical precursors. Subsequently, Wu and Liao described a transition‐metal‐free, site‐selective C—F arylation of polyfluoroarenes with (het)arenes using paired electrophotocatalysis. In 2023, numerous efforts were made to achieve electrochemical C—F bond activation. Xia and Guo developed an organoboron‐controlled method for the chemoselective electrochemical sequential (deutero)hydrodefluorination of trifluoroacetamides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable selection plays an important role in soft sensor development. Either including redundant variables or missing important variables can degrade the modeling performance, affecting practical industrial applications. This paper proposes a novel neural networks-based hybrid beneficial variable selection (HBVS) and modeling method for effective soft sensing. First, irrelevant variables are removed through evaluating mutual information (MI) between all candidate variables and the quality variable. Second, proxy variables are introduced and a hidden gain-based evaluation method is employed to temporarily sort variables according to their significance, which facilitates to make use of process knowledge. Then, false discovery rate is employed to identify the model consistency, through which beneficial variables are determined. The proposed soft sensor development method is tested on a penicillin simulation process, and two actual industrial processes, including an oil refining process and an actual penicillin production process. Comparisons to state-of-the-art existing methods verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method. • A neural networks-based variable selection and modeling method is proposed. • It is an end-to-end feature selection method for nonlinear soft sensor. • Three application examples are provided. • Comparisons to state-of-the-arts show effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Current status of MECs for CO 2 electromethanogenesis was summarized. • The working principles of CO 2 electromethanogenesis were summarized. • Several test methods was proposed to analyze the properties. • The critical factors effecting CH 4 production have been discussed. Abstract Given the aggravated greenhouse effect caused by CO 2 and the current energy shortage, CO 2 capture and reuse has been gaining ever-increasing concerns. Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) has been considered to be a promising alternative to recycle CO 2 bioelectrochemically to low-carbon electrofuels such as CH 4 by combining electroactive microorganisms with electrochemical stimulation, enabling both CO 2 fixation and energy recovery. In spite of the numerous efforts dedicated in this field in recent years, there are still many problems that hinder CO 2 bioelectroconversion technique from the scaling-up and potential industrialization. This review comprehensively summarized the working principles, extracellular electron transfers behaviors, and the critical factors limiting the wide-spread utilization of CO 2 electromethanogenesis. Various characterization and electrochemical testing methods for helping to uncover the underlying mechanisms in CO 2 electromethanogenesis have been introduced. In addition, future research needs for pushing forward the development of MECs technology in real-world CO 2 fixation and recycling were elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CH-8 oil reservoir holds the characteristics of near-source and multi-source in Ordos Basin, China. The sterane is one of the effective biomarkers in the study of oil-source correlation. The research results show that the parent material source and maturity degree of source rocks (CH-7, CH-9 and CH-10) and crude oil (CH-8) are similar. At the same time, the diasterane parameters of DiaC27βα(20S + 20R), DiaC28βα(20S + 20R) and DiaC29βα(20S + 20R) can distinguish the source rocks into 5 types with great result, including CH-7, CH-10, CH9-WQ, CH9-HXK and CH9-SN. In addition, the dominated source of CH-8 crude oil is CH-7 source rock, the CH9-WQ source rock may make a small amount of contribution and the other of source rocks have little contribution to CH-8 crude oil in Shanbei area of Ordos Basin, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel type of Nitrogen-Boron-Carbon ternary nanosheets (NBCs) was prepared directly from graphitic-phase carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) and achieved high yields. In these NBCs, the molar content of nitrogen and boron can exceed that of carbon, at the same time with good electronic conductivity. It was observed that there is a coexistence tendency for B/N two elements which was able to maintain the aromaticity of micro-regions. The Morphology analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectrum results point to a two-dimensional conjugated dominated structure. In addition, NBCs exhibited superior electrochemical performance for ORR with much better methanol tolerance and catalytic stability than commercial Pt/C catalyst. NBCs also showed excellent catalytic activity for HER in aqueous solutions over a wide range of pH values, including acidic, neutral and alkaline conditions. These ternary nanosheets of such high N and B content has not been previously reported and potentially open up a broad research and application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most important components in high-speed trains, demands are improved on the mechanical and tribological properties of materials for brake pads. In this study, a newly developed copper metal matrix composite (Cu-MMC) for the aforementioned brake pads was fabricated by powder metallurgy route. The microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-MMC were investigated. Cu-MMC was tribo-evaluated by a full-scale dynamometer, and special attention was paid on the braking performances during emergency stop-braking at initial speeds from 300 to 380 km/h. Examination and analysis of the worn surface and subsurface corroborated the wear mechanism. The results indicate that Cu-MMC exhibits excellent properties and can meet the technical requirements, so it holds great promise for applications in high-speed trains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilic medium and precursors were used to synthesize a hydrophilic electro-catalyst for overall water splitting. The cobalt sulfide (Co 3 S 4 ) catalyst exhibits a layered nanosheet structure with a hydrophilic surface, which can facilitate the diffusion of aqueous substrates into the electrode pores and towards the active sites. The Co 3 S 4 catalyst shows excellent bifunctional catalytic activity for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solution. The assembled water electrolyzer based on Co 3 S 4 exhibits better performance and stability than that of Pt/C-RuO 2 catalyst. Thereforce the hydrophilic Co 3 S 4 is a highly promising bifunctional catalyst for the overall water splitting reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation seeks to assess the impact of fillers on the mechanical characteristics of entirely biodegradable composites, introducing an advanced solution to fulfil long-term durability demands within point-of-purchase (POP) industries. The inclusion of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fillers on the various properties of the flax fibre-reinforced composites, after accelerated irradiation in an ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure has been investigated in the present study. Different types of flax fibre-reinforced poly lactic acid (PLA) biocomposites (with and without filler) were fabricated. The mechanical (tensile and flexural), and physical properties of the specimens were assessed after 500 h of exposure to accelerated UV irradiation of 0.48 W/m2 at 50 °C and were compared with those of the unexposed specimens. The results indicate that the presence of the inorganic filler significantly improved the performance of the biocomposites compared to the unfilled biocomposites after UV exposure. After adding 20% of fillers, the tensile strength was increased by 2% after UV degradation, whereas the biocomposite without filler lost 18% of its strength after UV exposure. This can be attributed to the change in the photo-degradation of the PLA due to the presence of the CaCO3 filler, which acts as a safeguard against UV light penetration by creating a protective barrier. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the degraded specimen surface show substantial difference in the surface topography of the composites with and without fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signatures of natural stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ 15 N) of individual amino acid (AA) have been confirmed to be a potentially effective tool for elucidating nitrogen cycling and trophic position of various organisms in food webs. In the present study, a two-stage derivatisation approach of esterification followed by acylation was evaluated. The biological samples underwent acid hydrolysis and the released individual AA was derivatived into corresponding N -pivaloyl-isopropyl (NPIP) esters for nitrogen isotopic analysis in gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). Usually, 13 individual AA derivatives were separated with fine baseline resolution based on a nonpolar gas chromatography column (DB-5 ms). The minimum sample amount required under the presented conditions is larger than 20 ngN on column in order to accurately determine the δ 15 N values. The δ 15 N values determined by GC-C-IRMS with a precision of better than 1‰, were within 1‰ after empirical correction compared to the corresponding measured by element analysis (EA)-IRMS. Bland-Altman plot showed highly consistency of the δ 15 N values determined by the two measurement techniques. Cation-exchange chromatography was applied to remove interfering fraction from the extracts of plant and animal samples and without nitrogen isotope fractionation during the treatment procedure. Moreover, this approach was carried out to estimate the trophic level of various natural organisms in a natural lake environment. Results highly proved that the trophic level estimated via the presented AA method well reflected the actual food web structure in natural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chang 9-Chang 10 Formation in the Ordos Basin has been explored intensively in recent years. However, the accumulation timing and migration paths of the oil in the formation reservoir are still unclear. This study uses reservoir geochemistry and software basin modeling to study the hydrocarbon accumulation periods of the oil-bearing sandstones in four wells in different areas of the basin. The results show that the principal oil charging period of the Chang 9-Chang10 formation was from 100 Ma – 130 Ma. The Chang 10 oil reservoirs in the Shanbei area and the Chang 9 oil reservoirs in the Jiyuan and Longdong areas experienced a single oil charging period. However, the Chang 9 oil reservoirs in the central lake area experienced two oil charging periods, from 190 Ma – 210 Ma and from 100 Ma – 130 Ma. The relative abundances of 1,8-/2,7-Dimethylcarbazole and PSNs/Ens carbazole indicate that there are hydrocarbon charging points in the source rocks of the Chang 7 formation in the Jiyuan area, and charging points of Chang 9 source rocks in the Shanbei area. Chang 9 crude oil in the Longdong area shows the characteristics of long distance migration. This study improves understanding of the hydrocarbon accumulation process in the Chang 9-Chang 10 oil reservoirs, which will inform and support future oil and gas exploration in the area. • Oil charging period of the Chang 9 and Chang10 oil formation were determinate by geochemical methods. • The path of petroleum accumulation is traced by two geochemical parameters of crude oil. • There are differences in the time and times of accumulation in different areas in Ordos Basin. • The hydrocarbon accumulation process of the Chang 9-Chang 10 oil formation was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently commercial silicon-based solar cells are usually absorbing only a narrow band of sunlight within the visible light range; thus, their conversion efficiency is low. This challenge has been partially improved by using up-converting or down-converting luminescent materials. Amongst those materials, rare earth luminescent materials doped with other rare earth elements have been developed and demonstrated significant improvement of conversion efficiency. This work reports a novel complex Zn 0.4 Eu 0.6 (TTA) 2 phenCl 0.6 (named Eu–Zn in short) that have been synthesized through divalent Zn2+ doping into a trivalent Eu3+ luminescent Eu(TTA) 3 phen matrix. The properties of the Eu–Zn compound have been characterized by using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-Atomic Emission spectrum, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) and Photoluminescence (PL) Spectra. The Eu–Zn complex is further integrated in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films through solution casting and the composite thin film has lower luminescent quantum yield than that of the Eu–Zn complex alone. The Eu–Zn/PMMA composite film as a down-converting luminescent coating layer is constructed in monocrystalline silicon (MCSi, active area of 156 cm2) and polycrystalline silicon (PCSi, active area of 100 cm2) solar cell modules. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of both MCSi and PCSi modules shows a decrease in the range of 370–400 nm with the increase of Eu–Zn concentration. The conversion efficiency of MCSi cell is improved by 0.37% (from 14.37% to 14.74%) with the concentration of Eu–Zn at 1%. [Display omitted] • The Eu–Zn thin film has obvious improvement of luminescence intensity. • Both MCSi and PCSi solar cell with Eu–Zn films have good UV-light responses for down-conversion. • Both types of Si solar cells with Eu–Zn thin films have enhanced short-circuit currents and conversion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, an event‐triggered control policy is developed for a robotic manipulator with flexible joint (RMFJ) in the presence of finite‐time convergence under the requirement of output constraints. Due to the vibration existing in the flexible joint, compared with the rigid manipulator, it is exceedingly difficult for RMFJ to design an adaptive method for realizing highly accurate control. In order to reduce and restrain the vibration of the flexible joint, a finite‐time convergence policy is designed by introducing the fractional order term. Moreover, the angular displacements of the link are constrained in the predefined region by using the Barrier function, which further enhances the operation safety. Neural networks learning is used to approximate unknown model parameters. Event‐trigger design is used to reduce the communication burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the ultimate bearing strengths of pin-loaded double shear and T-bolt loaded connections were studied in thick composites, where the diameter of the pin equates to the thickness of the laminate. These bearing strengths were obtained for E-glass/epoxy laminates of [(±45, 03)n ,±45] and a Vf of 54%. It is found that the values for ultimate bearing failure and first non-linearity of pin-loaded connections should be reduced by 25% and 38%, respectively, when applied to T-Bolt connections. The failure modes prior to ultimate failure were primarily dominated by fibre matrix shear-out and delamination. As far as laminates with specific reinforcement architecture and a large percentage of reinforcement orientated to the load axis are concerned, the long-term service life of T-bolt connections may be impacted due to the visible onset of damage at a similar level to that accepted by Germanischer Lloyd for load introduction zones. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Silver nanoparticulate enhanced aqueous silane/siloxane emulsions and their efficacy against biofouling mechanisms are presented within this study. Different concentrations of silver nanoparticulates were added into viscous shear-thinning aqueous treatments and key attributes required for facade remedial applications assessed. Water repellence, biofouling resistance, and aesthetical alteration were studied to assess key treatment attributes. In addition, assessment of the porosity, sorptivity, and treatment depth was used to identify penetration and facade protection efficacy and morphological alteration of the masonry substrate. Results showed that silver nanoparticulate incorporation did not impede treatment penetration, better water repellent attributes were achieved with increased concentration while effectively conserving the morphology and aesthetics of the substrate. It was concluded that the reduced bioreceptivity observed primarily stemmed from the silver nanoparticulates ability to sanitise the surface, and that only small concentrations (<0.5%wt) were required to attain significantly beneficial improvements. Treatments were deemed practically and commercially viable for retrofit and heritage projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CH 4 generation reached 298.0 mL/L/d at −1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl with η CE of 75.8%. • Moderate EPS played a curial role in aggregation and stability of biofilm. • hdrA , ehaA , and ehbC were putative genes for direct extracellular electron transfer. • Potential extracellular electron transfer pathway for CH 4 formation was proposed. Bioeletromethanogenesis, as a cutting-edge option to capture CO 2 and produce multi-carbon biofuels, has received extensive attraction. However, how electroactive biofilm (EAB) as the biocatalyst drives CO 2 electromethanogenesis is still not well recognized. In this study, a two-chamber bioelectrochemical cell equipped with a hybrid skirt-shaped cathode was constructed and the electrocatalytic performance of EAB and the electron shuttling mechanisms involved in extracellular electron transfer (EET) were systematically studied. The EAB colonizing on biocathode showed an excellent cathodic electrocatalytic activity and the minimum charge transfer resistance. The CH 4 production rate of 298.0 ± 46.7 mL/L/d was obtained at the cathodic potential of −1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl with the highest Coulombic efficiency of 75.8 ± 9.9%. The gel-like extracellular polymeric substances, secreted by EAB, facilitated the adhesion/aggregation of microbes and EAB development. Further analysis suggested that CO 2 electromethanogenesis exhibited a positive association with Methanobacterium (54.4%) in EAB. Moreover, metagenome analysis confirmed the presence of direct EET-related genes (i.e., hdrA , ehaA , and ehbC), which accelerated the formation of corresponding functional protein complexes (particularly heterodisulfide reductase A, HdrA) and electron exchange. The mechanism for electron shuttling process in catalyzing CO 2 electromethanogenesis was further proposed. This study provides a new insight into direct extracellular electron transfer (DEET) mechanisms of CO 2 electromethanogenesis, and is useful for promoting EAB electrocatalytic activities and CO 2 emission reduction and reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model-independent search strategies have been increasingly proposed in recent years because on the one hand there has been no clear signal for new physics and on the other hand there is a lack of a highly probable and parameter-free extension of the standard model. For these reasons, there is no simple search target so far. In this work, we try to take a new direction and ask the question: bearing in mind that we have a large number of new physics theories that go beyond the Standard Model and may contain a grain of truth, can we improve our search strategy for unknown signals by using them "in combination"? In particular, we show that a signal hypothesis based on a large, intermingled set of many different theoretical signal models can be a superior approach to find an unknown BSM signal. Applied to a recent data challenge, we show that "mixture-of-theories training" outperforms strategies that optimize signal regions with a single BSM model as well as most unsupervised strategies. Applications of this work include anomaly detection and the definition of signal regions in the search for signals of new physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using high‐precision zircon U‐Pb ID‐TIMS geochronology, tuffs from the Chang 9 shale and the Chang 7 shale were dated. The tuff in the Chang 9 shale is 241.47 ± 0.17 Ma, which falls between the top tuff age of 241.06 ± 0.12 Ma and the bottom tuff age of 241.558 ± 0.093 Ma in the Chang 7 shale. These reveal that the Chang 9 and Chang 7 shales are contemporaneous, belonging to the Ladinian stage of the Middle Triassic. This insight expands the region of the main source rock of Chang 7 to the northeast and will inform the search for the deep Chang 9 shale petroleum system, increasing the scope for exploring the Chang 7 shale system in northern Shaanxi. The research results clarify the relationship between the two sets of shale in the Yanchang Formation and redefine the distribution range of the Chang 7 shale in the Ordos Basin. At the same time, it shows that there is a cross‐layer problem in the stratigraphic division of the Yanchang Formation in different regions, the high‐precision U‐Pb dating technology providing a reference for the fine stratigraphic correlation of other continental basins in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies into environmental conditions and their effects on the properties of renewable materials are gaining significant attention in the research field, particularly for natural fibres and their resultant composites. However, natural fibres are prone to water absorption because of the hydrophilic nature of the fibres, which affects the overall mechanical properties of natural-fibre-reinforced composites (NFRCs). In addition, NFRCs are based mainly on thermoplastic and thermosetting matrices, which could be used in automobile and aerospace components as lightweight materials. Therefore, such components have to survive the maximum temperature and humid conditions in different parts of the world. Based on the above factors, through an up-to-date review, this paper critically discusses the effects of environmental conditions on the impact performance of NFRCs. In addition, this paper critically assesses the damage mechanisms of NFRCs and their hybrids by focusing more on moisture ingress and relative humidity in the impact damage behaviour of NFRCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model-independent search strategies have been increasingly proposed in recent years because on the one hand there has been no clear signal for new physics and on the other hand there is a lack of a highly probable and parameter-free extension of the standard model. For these reasons, there is no simple search target so far. In this work, we try to take a new direction and ask the question: bearing in mind that we have a large number of new physics theories that go beyond the Standard Model and may contain a grain of truth, can we improve our search strategy for unknown signals by using them "in combination"? In particular, we show that a signal hypothesis based on a large, intermingled set of many different theoretical signal models can be a superior approach to find an unknown BSM signal. Applied to a recent data challenge, we show that "mixture-of-theories training" outperforms strategies that optimize signal regions with a single BSM model as well as most unsupervised strategies. Applications of this work include anomaly detection and the definition of signal regions in the search for signals of new physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With shale oil becoming an increasingly important resource in global oil and gas exploration and development, the breakthrough pressure of crude oil in shale series source rocks has become an important topic for research on hydrocarbon migration. Shale has long been recognized as an effective source and cap rock, with, up to now, the most common method used for breakthrough pressure testing in shale being the gas method. However, this paper sets out a new system for testing the breakthrough pressure of crude oil in siltstone, mudstone, and shale based on differences in electrical resistance between crude oil and formation water. The breakthrough pressure of crude oil with different lithology was tested in different directions using this method. The results show that breakthrough pressure anisotropy can be observed in mudstone, shale, and siltstone, and that the breakthrough pressure parallel to the bedding direction is one fourth or one seventh of the breakthrough pressure perpendicular to the bedding direction. The horizontal breakthrough pressure of shale is one twentieth to one third of that of mudstone and siltstone, and the vertical breakthrough pressure of siltstone is one seventh of that of mudstone and shale. The breakthrough pressure anisotropy of crude oil reveals that the main migration direction in shale series source rocks is in the direction of bedding unless faults or fractures are encountered. The main migration channels in shale series source rocks are in the horizontal direction, and hydrocarbon migration occurs more easily in laminar shale than in mudstone. Horizontal migration is also the principal mode of hydrocarbon expulsion in thick mudstone and shale. The breakthrough pressure experiments on crude oil in this study also reveal the migration directions and modes in intra-source rocks. This improves on the existing oil migration model and has great significance for understanding the migration of oil in shale source rocks. • A novel breakthrough pressure testing system based on resistance difference is established. • There is strong anisotropy of oil breakthrough pressure in mudstone, shale and siltstone. • The main oil migration channel in shale series rocks is in the direction of horizontal bedding. • The oil migration model for source rocks is improved by the breakthrough pressure experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulation of surface wettability is of vital significance to diamond-like carbon (DLC) serving as multi-functional coatings in many important fields. In this study, hydrogen-free DLC films with highly adjustable surface wettability induced by surface local hybridized structures were deposited on silicon substrates by RF magnetron sputtering under different substrate temperatures and RF powers. A non-monotonic dependency of surface wettability on the hybridization states, which is just inverse for polar and non-polar liquids, was found on the homogeneous DLC films with nanoscale surface roughness. In particular, the wetting transition from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity occurred on the DLC films in contact with water. A clear picture about the essential correlation of surface wettability to microstructures of DLC films was drawn in terms of detailed analysis of surface energy components associated with the evolution of sp2-C bonds or clusters in content, type and distortion. Further, a possible mechanism accounting for the wetting transition of the DLC films was also proposed. This work aims to reveal the wetting nature of hydrogen-free DLC films versus graphite and diamond, and provide an available strategy to fabricate high-performance DLC films with special surface wettability used in aqueous environment. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen-free DLC films were deposited on silicon substrates with a mirror finish by RF magnetron sputtering. • Deposited films are smooth and homogeneous. • Surface wettability of deposited films is heavily regulated from high hydrophilicity to strong hydrophobicity. • Surface wettability of deposited films is dominated by content and structure of sp2-C bonds and clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The real-world continuous double auction (CDA) market is a dynamic environment. However, most of the existing agent bidding strategies are simply designed for static markets. A new detecting method for bidding strategy is necessary for more practical simulations and applications. In this paper, we present a novel agent-based computing approach called the GDX Plus (GDXP) model. In the proposed model, trades are decided according to the market events in history combined with the forecast of market trends. The GDXP model employs a dynamic adjustment mechanism to make the bidding strategy adapt to the shocks in a dynamic environment. The experimental results of the comparison between GDXP and other typical models, with respect to both static and dynamic CDA markets, demonstrate the performance of the GDXP model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To replace conventional toxic variants, hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with different viscosities and concentrations were incorporated into aqueous emulsions. Physical stability and thermal stability was assessed through centrifugation and thermal conditioning respectively. Relevant rheological properties were used to help further understand stability mechanisms. The colour, gloss, water contact angle and treatment depth were also assessed to characterise imparted performance to terracotta roofing tiles. Improved water repellence with concentration and chain-length respectively was achieved. The treatment depth and stability results showed that a silane/siloxane balance was required for optimisation. Emulsions did not alter the visual aesthetics of the substrate significantly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study a novel zinc oxide nano-particulate water repellent emulsion was applied to brick and mortar samples. The treatment used was an aqueous silane/siloxane hybrid emulsion designed to penetrate deep into a substrate. Possible water repellence and thermal insulation for household energy saving was investigated. Tests on brick and mortar assessed; porosity, treatment depth, surface energy, water contact angle, thermal conductivity and visual aesthetics. In addition, two model houses were built with one treated with the emulsion. A heating and monitoring regime was developed to quantitatively evaluate heating energy consumption in different conditions. It was found that the treatment imparted significant water repellence and enhanced thermal insulation to treated samples. The results from contact angle and surface energy measurements showed that the substrates became highly hydrophobic. Experimental results from the model houses showed approximately 5% heating energy reduction in dry conditions and approximately 20% in wet conditions. In addition, the internal humidity was reduced across various temperature scenarios. Negligible aesthetical alteration of substrates and ease of application additionally prove that significant contribution can be made by similar treatments in future nationwide retrofit projects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the evaluation of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nano-particulate aqueous facade emulsions for water repellent and thermal insulation applications. Treated bricks were assessed by; thermal conductivity, water contact angle (WCA), water vapour permeation, water absorption and treatment depth measurements. In addition, a theoretical model was produced which was used to evaluate possible financial and energy saving potential of such treatments. Nano-particulate emulsions showed a 5% water beading improvement over the emulsion control. Thermal insulation of the treated samples improved significantly in wet conditions and was attributed to reduced water ingress. The titanium dioxide treatment showed approximately 45% lower sorptivity values compared to the emulsion control. Each emulsion achieved 13–14mm treatment penetration while still allowing water vapour permeation to occur. Theoretical modelling showed that all emulsions reduced energy consumption considerably allowing real financial savings to be made. Nano-particulate emulsions improved saving potential against the emulsion control by approximately 32%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel polymer cream was applied to brick and mortar in an attempt to reduce water absorption and to improve thermal insulation for household heating energy saving. Tests were carried out on surface energy, water contact angle, thermal conductivity and sorptivity of brick and mortar with and without cream treatment. A model house was built and a heating and monitoring system was developed to quantitatively evaluate the heating energy consumption in different conditions before and after cream treatment. It was found out that cream treatment can successfully impart good water repellence and enhanced the thermal insulation of the brick and mortar. The results from contact angle and surface energy measurements showed that the materials became highly hydrophobic. Experimental results from the model house showed approximately 9% heating energy consumption reduction in dry conditions and approximately 50% in wet conditions. In addition, the internal humidity typically was reduced to almost 1/3 of that of the control. It has been demonstrated that the novel cream treatment on masonry buildings can help reduce damp problems and save household heating energy consumption which can make a significant contribution to addressing social, environmental, ecological and economic problems resulting from climate change and global warming. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper briefly reviews the rising damp phenomenon with a discussion of the controlling mechanisms and contributing factors such as capillary effect, water absorption, evaporation and salt formation. It also presents the results of a study on rising damp based upon a practical year-long test. Measurements were made on rising damp on walls made from different mortars and the observations were compared with theoretical models. It was found that mortar characteristics would significantly affect the height of rising damp. It was also observed that there was a strong correlation between rising damp and the Sharp Front Model, and the rate of absorption of water into the mortar was a key factor in determining the height of the rising damp front. In addition, walls with rising damp treatment are warmer than their control counterparts due to a reduction in surface moisture evaporative cooling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]