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In this work, a novel internal heat absorption technology using inorganic material rods is employed during the solidification process of steel ingots, aiming to control their solidification and improve the quality of the final product. The study investigates the effect of the insertion depth of inorganic materials on the solidification microstructure and macrosegregation of 2.5-ton 42CrMo ingots. The mechanical properties of samples from the product are also tested. A numerical simulation model for casting 2.5-ton ingots is established and implemented in Ansys Fluent fluid simulation software, with inorganic material rods set at different preset depths. The simulation explores the physical processes of the melting and floating of inorganic materials in molten steel, as well as their effects on the temperature and flow fields of the material. The results show that deeper insertion of inorganic materials (200 mm from the hot top) reduces the tendency for macrosegregation compared to that at the insertion depth of 100 mm. Specifically, the positive segregation area decreases by 10.35%, while the negative segregation area decreases by 15.32%. Moreover, deeper insertion results in a significant refinement of the solidification microstructure, ultimately enhancing the mechanical properties of the products machined from the ingots (i.e., the yield strength increased by 4.7%). The numerical simulation results indicate that as the placement depth of inorganic materials in the ingot mold increases, the cooling effect becomes more significant, the flow area of molten steel initiated by the inorganic materials expands, and the linear velocity of the double-circle flow increases. This further explains why the solidification quality of the ingots improves with the increasing placement depth of inorganic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) is one of the important payloads carried by the Zhurong rover, China's first Mars exploration mission Tianwen‐1. The laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument of MarSCoDe is mainly used to detect major and trace elements on the surface of Mars. The quantitative analysis of alkali trace elements, namely lithium (Li), strontium (Sr), and rubidium (Rb), holds significance in unraveling the geological evolution of the Zhurong landing site. This study focuses on establishing univariate calibration models using MarSCoDe LIBS spectra from 84 samples tested in the ground laboratory. The accuracy of these models, within a few parts per million (ppm), was subsequently validated through the analysis of 12 onboard MarSCoDe Calibration Targets (MCCTs). With these models, Li, Sr, and Rb concentrations in the surface targets during the initial 300 sols (Martian days) traverse were determined. These concentrations ranged from 6 to 18, 106–628, and 22–87 ppm, respectively. Our results suggest that Li, Sr, and Rb are mainly related to the igneous rock components in the rocks and soils at the Zhurong landing site. The major secondary minerals in MarSCoDe scientific targets are likely small amounts of sulfates, which appear to have formed from the acidic weathering of recent surface brine. Clay minerals are likely either absent or very sparse in the scientific targets. The surface igneous materials at the landing site likely have originated from the most recent lava flow during the Amazonian epoch. Plain Language Summary: Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) is a crucial instrument carried by China's Zhurong rover on the Tianwen‐1 mission, the country's first Mars exploration mission. The primary function of the laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) on MarSCoDe is to measure the composition of Martian surface materials. Studying lithium (Li), strontium (Sr), and rubidium (Rb) can help us understand the history of where Zhurong is located. This study has developed precise models using MarSCoDe LIBS data from 84 ground test samples to measure these elements. The high accuracy of these models was verified through the Martian results of 12 MarSCoDe Calibration Targets (MCCTs). Using these models, we determined Li, Sr, and Rb contents in the surface targets during the first 300 Martian days of Zhurong rover exploration. Our results indicate that elevated Li, Sr, and Rb contents are primarily related to the magmatic rocks in MarSCoDe Martian targets. These targets contain small amounts of sulfates, which possibly formed due to recent acidic erosion connected to surface salty water. Clay minerals are likely either absent or very few in these targets. The surface magmatic materials where Zhurong is located likely formed from the most recent lava flow. Key Points: Lithium, strontium, and rubidium concentrations have been obtained by a Mars surface composition detector using univariate modelsLithium, strontium, and rubidium are primarily associated with the igneous rock components in the rocks and soils at the Zhurong landing siteThe surface igneous materials may originate from an Amazonian lava flow, possibly with minor acidic weathering from recent surface brine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]